Physics project investigatory project

1. PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO -: MRS. NAMITA GURU (PGT PHY)
SUBMITTED BY-:
CLASS-: XII-B (Science) ROLL NO. -:
SESSION -: 2017-18
SCHOOL -: KV NO.2 CRPF, BBSR

2. INDEX:-
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Introduction
 Objective
 Apparatus required
 Theory
 Conclusion
 References

3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS
project titled ‘ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION’ has been successfully
completed by of Class XII in partial
fulfilment of curriculum of CENTRAL
BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE)
leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2017-2018.
INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: -

4. It gives me great pleasure to express my
gratitude towards our Physics teacher NAMITA
GURU MAM for her guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the
project. Without her motivation and help the
successful completion of this project would not
have been possible.

5. INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic
field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating
principle of transformers, inductors and many types of electrical
motors and generators. Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using the concept of lines of force. These equations for
electromagnetic induction are extremely important since they
provide a means to precisely describe how, many natural physical
phenomena in our universe and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not
only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but
it also makes possible a host of technological innovations that
define modern society. Understanding Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so many
aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind

6. Faraday’s law. From natural phenomena, such as the light we
receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality of
life, such as electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a great
impact on many aspects of our lives.
Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby an
electric field is induced, or generated by a changing magnetic
field.
In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires around

7. opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to induce current.
Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different
phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on
a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated by an electric
force due to a changing magnetic field.
APPARATUS REQUIRED -:
Insulated Copper wire
An iron rod
A strong magnet A draw board for base/platform
A light emitting Diode (LED)

8. OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and
a strong magnet.
THEORY
The magnetic flux (B) through a surface is the component
of the magnetic field passing through the surface. The SI
unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is ,
Maxwell.

9. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which
contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the
change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux
passing through a surface of vector area S is
Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit
of Wb/m2(T). is the area of the surface and is the angle
between magnetic field lines and the normal. For a varying
magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through a
small amount of area where we may consider the magnetic field
to be constant.
From the magnetic vector potential and the fundamental theorem
of the curl, the magnetic field may be defined as
where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the
surface, which is denoted as
LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that
“The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is
equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic
flux through the circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds true only when the
closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in
other circumstances as discussed below.

10. A different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all
circumstances.
The magnetic flux changes due to the change in magnetic
field.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the
wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop.
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting
the wire to create an open circuit.
And attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to Lorentz force law,
And the EMF of the wire loop is
The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time varying
magnetic field is always accompanied by spatially varying, non-
conservative electric field and vice versa.
The Maxwell-Faraday equation is

12. CONCLUSION
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid nineteenth
century, describes a very important electromagnetic concept.
Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s law is not hard to grasp. It relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field.
This concept has many far reaching ramifications that touch
our lives in many ways: from shining of the sun to
electricity and power in our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s law has on
us.

13. REFERENCES
www.howstuffworks.com
www.scienceforall.com
www.100scienceprojects.com
Ncert Textbook
Google images