Some notes

2. The restlessness of the 16th century
was increased by new geographical and
scientific discoveries which weakened the
old models of the world and the universe.
By around 150 AD, the Alexandrian
astronomer Ptolemy had written the
Geography, which defined the discipline
of geography and laid down the principles
of global mapping.
In Ptolemy's view of the universe, the sun
and the planets revolved around a
stationary earth. Below the moon was the
world of mutability; above it, that of
permanence.

3. Copernicus was born in Poland but studied in Italy. He created a
new model of the solar system in which the sun was at the centre,
with the earth and the other planets moving around it.

5. The invention of the telescope by
Galileo Galilei proved that the earth
turns around the sun; moreover, the
Italian astronomer established the
scientific method, that is , the study
of physical world by sensory
observation, experiment and by
mathematical measurement.