2. *
No
Method/
Approach
Language/Culture Language Learning
Language
Teaching
1 Grammar
Translation
Literacy language
Culture: literature and
fine arts
Exercise mental
muscle
Have students
translate from
target
language (TL)
texts to native
language
2 Direct
Method
Everyday spoken
language
Culture: history,
geography, everyday life
of TL speakers
Associate meaning
with TL directly
Use spoken
language in
situation with
no native-
language
translation
3. No
Method/
Approach
Language/Culture Language Learning Language Teaching
3 Audio-
Lingual
Method
Sentence and sound
patterns
Overcome native
language habits.
From new TL habits
Conduct oral/aural
drills and pattern
practice
4 Cognitive
Code
Approach
Grammar rules From and text
hypotheses to
discover and acquire
TL rules
Do inductive/
deductive grammar
exercise
5 Silent
Way
Unique
spirit/melody
Develop inner
criteria for
correctness by
becoming aware of
how the TL works
Remain silent in
order to subordinate
teaching to learning.
Focus student
attention; provide
meaningful practice
6. No
Method/
Approach
Language/
Culture
Language Learning
Language
Teaching
10
Content-
based, Task
based, and
Participatory
Approaches
Medium for
doing/ learning
Attend to what is
being communicated
not the language
itself, except when
form-focused
Engage students in
learning other
subject matter,
task, or in
problem-solving
around issues in
their lives
11
Learning
Strategy
Training,
Cooperative
Learning,
and Multiple
Intelligences
Learn how to learn Teach listening
strategies,
cooperation; use a
variety of
activities that
appeal to different
intelligences
8. *
*What does it mean by grammar being taught deductively?
The students are given the grammar rules and examples, are told
to memorize them, and then are asked to apply the rules to other
examples. For example:
Past tense => Subject + Past Verb + Object
James came late yesterday.
Selena went to market last night.
*What does it mean by grammar being taught inductively?
The students are presented with the examples and they figure out
the rule or generalization from the examples. For example:
I will go to Japan next year.
Students generalize with:
Future Tense => Subject + will + Present Verb + Object
9. **Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2000. Techniques and
Principles in Language Teaching. New York:
Oxford University Press.
*TEFLIN. 2014. Recent Issues in English
Language Education Challenges and Directions.
Solo: UNS Press.