Obstetric Analysis Lab

Obstetric Analysis Lab
The results show that 1 tablet of Quick–eze is most effective in neutralizing the stomach because the number of moles of HCl reacted with the NaOH
is 0.00216 moles (one tablet), which is less than Gaviscon. The number of moles of NaOH that were added from the burette is 0.00327 moles (one
tablet of Gaviscon). However, the actual number of moles of calcium carbonate in a Gaviscon tablet is 0.0019 moles, but for Quick–eze, the number of
moles is 0.0079 moles (actual amount of base in both tablets). This means that the number of moles added from the burette was more compared to the
actual amount, which affects the accuracy of the results. However, these results are somewhat precise because of the minor difference between the
experiment results... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is an indirect technique, where reagent 1 (ant–acid tablet) reacts with excess reagent 2, the analyte (HCl) in reaction, where some reagent 2 remains
in the solution and the sodium hydroxide is the titrant (reactant 3). For example; a known mass of the Gaviscon ant–acid tablet dissolves in an excess
known volume and concentration of HCl and reacts. Then, the remaining amount of HCl acid will be titrated with a known concentration of sodium
hydroxide to a phenolphthalein endpoint. By performing this experiment, the amount of excess acid will be determined and then the amount of HCl
acid reacted with the ant–acid tablet will be calculated. Aim The purpose of this experiment is to determine the most effective commercial ant–acid
tablet in neutralising the Gastric acid by using the back–titration technique. Hypothesis It is hypothesised that Quick–eze (ant–acid) tablet will be the
most effective antacid tablet in neutralizing the gastric acid because of its active ingredients. The actual amount of base (Carbonate) in both
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay about Exp 4 Soo Jin Park 73426
Name: Soo Jin Park
Date: 03/30/2015
Exp 4: Properties of Gases
Lab Section: 73426
Data Tables:
Hydrogen
Step B: Describe the zinc and acid reaction.
As placing a small piece of Zn(mossy zinc) metal into the test tube containing the diluted HCI(Hydrochloric Acid) solution, gas bubbles rose from the
solution slowly at the beginning and vigorously in process of time. As this reaction continued for a long time, transparent solution turned into white
opaque color and black precipitates were formed and floated.
Step G: Record your observations with the flame and the hydrogen gas.
When gently squeezing a small portion of the hydrogen gas into the flame, the flame showed small flash with a pop.
Oxygen
Step B: Describe the hydrogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part 3
Step F: Observe and record the reaction results with the limewater.
The lime water turned into white opaque color, and gas bubbles and white precipitate was formed, as placed the open end of the gas delivery
tube(reaction between Alka Seltzer tablet + water) into the limewater.
Part 4
Step C: Record your observations of your breath with the limewater.

As I blow gently into the limewater with a straw, the limewater turned into opaque white color.
Conclusion:
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate some physical and chemical properties of gases and to use these properties to identify these gases
when they are encountered.
I could learn how to identity Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and hydrogen and oxygen mixture when they are present through this experiment.
Before conducting this experiment, I should know the combustion chemical reaction first to predict right results. The most interesting thing was the
experiment for gases of hydrogen and oxygen mixture. Through the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, H2O is produced. H2O is water as we
know. So I just expected that flame would blow out due to the water vapor. But it was wrong. The flame grew bigger with a pop and a flash.
To reduce error for this experiment, it was crucial to collect right amounts of gases from the reaction and handle it quickly for the next step due to
properties of gases.
Questions:
A. Why do

What is Fermentation? Essay
Introduction:
Fermentation a metabolic process with occurs in the absence of oxygen molecules also known as an anabolic reaction. It is a process of glycolysis in
which sugar molecules are used to create ATP. Fermentation has many forms the two most known examples are lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation
(Cressy). Lactic acid fermentation is used in many ranges from food production such as bacteria to its use by fatigued muscles in complex organisms
(Cressy). When experimenting with organisms such as yeast which was done in this experiment you follow the metabolic pathway of Alcoholic
fermentation (Sadava). Where the sugar molecules are broken down and become ethanol (Sadava). But the end product of fermentation is the
production of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Showing that an acidic medium will still allow for yeast to ferment with little to no change from a neutral pH which is supposed to be the optimal
condition. But I predict that there will be a significant change in how yeast will react in different conditions.
Methods:
Collect to 2 large beakers both large beakers are to be filled with hot water (labtutor). Then obtain seven conical tubes these will be used to collect
the levels of gas, you will also need test tube a stopper and a plastic tube (labtutor). You want to fill the conical tube to at least 50 ml of water
(Cressy). Take the four conical tubes filled with water and place two in each beaker, to do this you must invert the tube and cover the release hole
as to not lose any water (Cressy). Then place the beakers with the tubes in the bath so they can be at the same temperature as the bath (Cressy).
Next mark all of your test tubes in number order to be sure which tube contains what concentrations and pH (Cressy). Having mixed a solution to the
specifications of 2.5 ml of glucose in all tubes, 3 ml of yeast in 2 tubes of pH 5, 2 tubes of pH 9, and the single pH 7 tube, the remaining two tubes will
contain no yeast as they will be negative controls. Next add 2 ml of pH buffer 3 tubes will receive pH of 5, three will receive a pH of 9 and a single
tube of pH 7. Finally add pure water to make sure all test tubes have 10 ml of solution. When making the solutions

A Brief Note On Raising And Lowering Ph
Year 12 Chemistry ERT Pool Chemistry.
Yaza George
Raising and lowering pH
Adding an acid to the pool water reduces the pH.
If the Total alkalinity of the pool water is within the recommended parameters of 80 – 120ppm, pH reducer should be added according to the
instructions on the container. The acid should usually be added to water and mixed before dosing the pool. The pump should be running when the acid
is slowly distributed around the pool. Low pH in swimming pool water may cause one or more of these problems: eroding of the pool plaster or
grouting corroding of the metal pool accessories (steps, heater, etc.) staining resulting from metal corrosion rapid dissipation of chlorine requiring
increased dosage burning eyes and nose dry, itchy skin and scalp perishing of swimwear, pool toys and accessories
Adding a base or alkali raises the pH of the pool water. If the total alkalinity is normal, pH increaser should be added according to the instructions on
the containerbefore trying to increase the pH.
pH+pOH=14 pH=–logвЃЎ(H+) pOH=–logвЃЎ(OH–) pH=14–pOH pOH=14–pH
The term "free chlorine" refers to hypochlorous acid ( ) which exists in aqueous solution. This chemical species kills bacteria and attenuates algal
growth, preventing diarrhea, swimmer 's ear and various skin and respiratory problems. Elemental chlorine, , will also work but is dangerous as it is
poisonous at high concentrations. Alternatively If is used the product will slowly dissolve into the water to produce

Chemical Reaction and Solution
AP Chem Exam – '98
1.Solve the following problem related to the solubility equilibria of some metal hydroxides in aqueous solution.
(a)The solubility of Cu(OH)2(s) is 1.72 x10–6 g/100. mL of solution at 25В° C.
(i)Write the balanced chemical equation for the dissociation of Cu(OH)2(s) in aqueous solution.
Cu(OH)2 Cu 2+ + 2 OH –
(ii)Calculate the solubility (in mol/L) of Cu(OH)2 at 25 В°C.
(1.72 x10–6 g/0.100 L)(1 mol/97.5 g) = 1.76 x10–7 mol/L
(iii)Calculate the value of the solubility–product constant, Ksp, for Cu(OH)2 at 25 В°C.
Ksp = [Cu 2+][OH –]2 = [1.76 x10–7][3.53 x10–7]2 = 2.20 x10–20
(b)The value of the solubility–product constant, Ksp, for Zn(OH)2 is 7.7 x10–17 at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
в€†Hcomb = в€‘в€†HЛ
љЖ’(products) – в€‘в€†HЛ
љЖ’(reactants)
– 3058 kJ/mol = [6 (– 393.5) + 3 (– 285.85)] – [X + 0] = – 161 kJ
(c)Calculate the value of the standard free–energy change, в€†GЛ
љ, for the combustion of phenol at 25В° C.
в€†SЛ
љ = в€‘SЛ
љ(products) – в€‘SЛ
љ(reactants)
[6 (213.6) + 3 (69.91)] – [144.0 + 7 (205.0)] = – 87.67 J

в€†GЛ
љ = в€†HЛ
љ – Tв€†SЛ
љ = – 3058 – 298(– 0.08767) kJ = – 3032 kJ
(d)If the volume of the combustion container is 10.0 L, calculate the final pressure in the container when the temperature is changed to 110.В° C.
(Assume no oxygen remains unreacted and that all products are gaseous.)
(2.000 g phenol)(mol phenol/94.113 g)(7 mol O2/mol phenol) = 0.1488 mol O2 mol of gaseous product = 6/7 (0.1489) + 3/7 (0.1489) = 0.1913 mol
P = [pic] = 0.601 atm
4.(a)Solutions of tin(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride are mixed.
Sn 2+ + Fe 3+ Sn 4+ + Fe 2+
(b)Solutions of cobalt(II) nitrate and sodium hydroxide are mixed.
Co 2+ + OH – Co(OH)2
(c)Ethene gas is burned in air.
C2H4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
(d)Equal volumes of equimolar solutions of phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed.
H3PO4 + OH – H2PO4 – + H2O
(e)Solid calcium sulfite is heated in a vacuum.
CaSO3 CaO + SO2
(f)Excess hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of diamminesilver(I) nitrate.
H + + Cl – + Ag(NH3)2 + AgCl + NH4 +

Alka-Seltzer
After adding distilled water, alka–seltzer began bubbling extensively, as the two substances react and form CO2(g) and a buffer. Sodium bicarbonate
also bubbled mildly, as it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which then breaks into CO2(g).
Aspirin, Alka–seltzer, and Tylenol showed up acidic from the Universal indicator, whereas sodium bicarbonate and the unknown were blue and basic.
This is because sodium is a non–reactive ion, as it is part of NaOH, a strong base, where as bicarbonate attaches to H+ ions to form carbonic acid, thus
increasing OH– concentration and pH. On the other hand, Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, forms salicylic acid and acetic acid, lowering pH.
Alka–seltzer also showed up as acidic because it contains aspirin. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the first part, there may have been cross contamination of materials, especially since periods before us had already performed the experiment.
During chromatography, our spot sizes were initially very varied, as we didn't know exactly how much of each substance to place when we began.
Thus, the substances in more abundance would have greater opportunity to travel up with the eluent, skewing the results. In the beginning, we even put
6–7 drops, causing some of the substances to mix together. Touching the TLC plate may also have disrupted some of the substances traveling up.
Improvements and Adjustments
If we were to repeat this lab, we would make sure to ensure the equipment was clean and the substances were not contaminated before proceeding. For
chromatography, we would only put one drop from the micro pipettes onto the TLC plate, instead of the 6 we started out with initially. This would
allow the substances to stay separate, and our results would be more accurate. We may also have touched the TLC plate during the experiment, so we
would be more careful to only touch the edges of the plate.

Limiting Reaction Lab Report
The objective of this experiment was to calculate the mass of hydrogen collected and to compare it to the theoretical mass of hydrogen that should have
been produced based on the limiting reagent off this reaction.
First a 500 mL beaker was filled with little temperature water and then placed on the base of the Buretrol stand. A piece of magnesium ribbon was
obtained and the weights of this ribbon was taken and recorded. There after a string also a certain length was wound around this magnesium ribbon.
Next 100 mL gas measuring tube was partially filled wi an approximate amount of hydrochloric acid. The rest of the gas measuring tube was completely
filled with water. Thereafter the string with the magnesium ribbon was suspended inside the

Coal Seam Gas
Coal seam gas (CSG) is mostly composed of methane and is typically attached to coal underground. This gas is released when pressure on the coal
seam is reduced by removing water from the seams (Queensland Government, 2014 ). In order to obtain the gas, wells are drilled into the coal
seams, bringing water from the coal seams to the surface. This process reduces pressure and allows the gas to be released (Queensland Government,
2014 ). CSG is an important energy resource in Queensland and production of this gas takes up an ever–increasing proportion of Queensland gas use.
Almost every farmer in Queensland depends at times on underground water. The effect of CSG extraction using underground fracturing on
underground water is not clear. Basic sets of impacts that are broadly well understood are that aquifer levels will sink dramatically and will
depressurise. It also risks groundwater contamination and the salt that is present in the water of coal seams will be brought to the surface as well, in
a quantity of about 1.8 million tonnes of salt per year (ABC, 2010). There are several types of water contamination that are possible. One is through
the injection of chemicals through the fracking processes, which will go underground and can travel to nearby water systems that are in use (Gasfield
Free Northern Rivers, 2014). Another is through chemicals that naturally exist in coal seams being taken out of the coal seams and exposed to other
the various water systems nearby. Some of

Acid Base Gas Case Study
After examining the acid–base gas levels, the patient is diagnosed with metabolic alkalosis with partial compensation because of the increase of base
components due to baking soda consumption and the decrease of acid components by excessive vomiting. The patient's pH level is 7.48, which is
above the normal range of 7.35–7.45 labeling it a base. A base lowers the amount of free hydrogen ions in solution and although a weak base, it can
prevent major changes in the body fluid pH. An example of a weak base is bicarbonate or HCO3 which levels are high as well at 34mEq/L. The
normal range for HCO3 is 22–24. The PaCO2 level of 55mmHg is labeled an acid due to its high level. The normal range is 35–45 with less than 35
resulting in alkalosis and greater than 45 as acidosis. The acid–base balance of the blood has an excess of base resulting in alkalosis. Alkalosis is a
decrease in the free hydrogen ion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the severity of the alkalosis, the patient experienced a generalized motor seizure caused by the overexcitement of the nervous system. The
imbalance is dangerous for an 83–year old patient because someone with alkalosis has muscle weakness that can result in falls. Older patients taking
drugs and with chronic health problems are at greater risk for acid–base imbalance due to breathing problems as well as hypokalemia. The renal
function is less effective due to thee increased excretion of bicarbonate. (Ignatavicius, 2015). By understanding the cause and effects of acid–base
imbalances, interventions can be made to ensure patient safety and better health care. Acid–base imbalances in elderly patients are dangerous due to
the increased health problems they have as well as certain drugs that are taken that may lead to other problems such as hypokalemia and

Limewater Test Lab Report
1. Limewater Test: As we exhaled CO2 in the limewater solution, the CO2 reacted with Ca(OH)2 and changed the clear colorless limewater solution to
precipitated white solution. The precipitation was caused due to the calcium in the limewater solution. It took us 5 attempts to turn the clear colorless
limewater solution to a milky white solution. 2. Phenolphthalein Indicator Test: As phenolphthalein indicator was added to NaOH and H2O solution, it
made the solution turn clear pink. The phenolphthalein indicator detects the presence of the base in the solution by changing the color of the solution
from clear colorless to clear pink. As we exhaled into the pink solution, the CO2 reacted with the NaOH and H2O solution. This makes the solution...
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Phenolphthalein Indicator Test: CO2 (g) + H2O(l) ––> H2CO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ––> Na2CO3(aq) + 2H2O(l) How would the results of
both tests be affected if you performed the tests immediately after vigorously exercising for several minutes? Explain. Performing vigorous
exercise requires a high demand of energy in order to be accomplished, the body adapts to this change by increasing the rate of aerobic cellular
respiration which would produce more energy to meet the needs. As a result there would be much more carbon dioxide being exhaled from the
body as it is one of the waste products produced during aerobic cellular respiration. CO2 is specifically formed during the Pyruvate oxidation and
Kreb Cycle stage of the cellular respiration. To exemplify during pyruvate oxidation one of the steps is a decarboxylation reaction in which the
carboxyl group of pyruvate is removed to from CO2. Overall for one glucose molecule two molecules of CO2 is released during pyruvate oxidation
as glycolysis yields two pyruvate molecules. Furthermore the Krebs Cycle also produces CO2 molecules during the oxidation of isocitrate which
produces a–ketoglutarate. Another CO2 molecule is also produced during the oxidation of a–ketoglutarate. This reaction produces the molecule
succinyl CoA. As a result two CO2 molecules are produced for one acetyl–CoA. These points exemplify how the increase rate of cellular respiration
would increase the rate of CO2 being exhaled. In connection to the lab investigation this would speed up the rate of reactions as there would be a
much higher concentration of CO2 being exhaled compared to when the body is at rest. As a result this would increase the amount of product being
produced because of the increase of CO2 in the reaction. Due to which the lab experiment would occur at a higher rate and it would be faster as

Essay about Acid/ Base properties of an antimicrobial agent
Chem 253
Lab 1: Acid/Base Properties of an Antimicrobial Agent
09/03/13
Purpose The purpose was to determine the acid and base properties of the antimicrobial agent sodium benzoate. Theory Sodium has mainly been used
in food processing to avoid growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms. It is commonly used to preserve foods and beverages that have an acidic pH
. Rather than benzoic acid, sodium benzoate is used because it is generally soluble in most aqueous solutions but benzoic acid is not.
Reaction Sodium benzoate mixed with water, dissociates into benzoate and sodium ions.
Hydrogen chloride, which is a gas, will exist in ionized form when combined with water to form hydrochloric acid.
Then when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moisten the filter paper in the funnel with a little distilled water, and make sure that the moist filter paper fits snugly in the bottom of the Buchner
funnel with no folds or bends in the filter paper visible. Use the thick rubber tubing from your drawer to provide vacuum from the "aspirator" to your
"filter flask." Be sure you are connecting the tubing to the "aspirator," not to the water or gas outlet. Turn on the water to a low volume to create a
vacuum in the filter flask but not so much that you flood the sink.
6) Transfer the crystals (quantitatively) from Step 4 to the funnel. Use about 5 mL of distilled water to rinse any solid that remains in the beaker onto
the filter paper. Let the solid air–dry with the aspirator running for a few minutes.
7) Place the filter paper with solid in the oven for about 15 minutes to dry. Weigh and then dry again for 5 minutes. Weigh again. If your second weight
differs from the first weight by more than 0.5%, dry again for 10 minutes. Continue this process until successive weighing's are within 0.5%.
For this lab, we must be sure to always wear our safety glasses whenever we are in the laboratory and wear gloves when we are conducting an
experiment. Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate used in this experiment can be mild irritants to the skin. We must be careful not to get them on our skin
or

Effects And Effects Of Acid Rain And Its Effects
Acid Rain: its Effect
Acid rain refers to precipitation that is more acidic (having lower pH levels) than average. In more detail, acid rain is a type of precipitation that has
mixtures of wet and dry materials coming from the atmosphere, which includes more nitric and sulphuric acids (Conserve Energy Future: Acid Rain).
Acid rain can also be written as "Acid Deposition" because the acid rain could come down as other precipitation, for instance, snow. This became a
worldwide problem due to the effects it can have on land, aquatic ecosystems, buildings, vegetation and more. The acidity of the acid rain will distort
the pH levels and break down the elements to harm whatever this type of precipitation touches.
First things first, what is a pH level? The pH level is short for potential hydrogen, and the level is used to find the acidity of an aqueous solution. The
scale ranges from zero to fourteen, and seven being the most neutral level in the scale. The higher the level (over level 7), it contains more oxygen, and
more alkaline it is. Lower the level (below level 7), it becomes more acidic and contains less oxygen. Do not think that dropping one level in the pH
scale won't make a big difference, "...the pH scale is a logarithmic measure. This means that every pH change of one is a tenfold change in acid
content." ("Acid Rain: The Environment"). Rain, for instance, should be around 5.3 to 6.0 pH level of acidity, a little acidic but not too much to harm
things drastically.

Which Metal Out Of Galvanized Iron
The problem of the experiment is: which metal out of galvanized iron, copper, stainless steel, and steel will rust the least in acetic acid? The
hypothesis is: If Copper is placed in the acetic acid then it will be the material that loses the least mass when mass lost is related to material
submerged. The independent variable is what type of metal is being used. The dependent variable is the percent of mass lost while submerged in the
vinegar. The controls include the amount of vinegar per sample, the same person pouring the vinegar, the same scale taking measurements, and the
same amount of time submerged in the vinegar. The standard of comparison is how much the mild steel corrodes because that is the metal currently
used to make the gas tanks at gas stations. The experiment designed to test this starts with cleaning of five different samples of copper, iron, mild
steel, and stainless steel. After that, the mass of each sample is measured using an electronic balance. Then, each sample is put in a cup, and
submerged in 200 mL of vinegar. They are then left in the vinegar for about 24 hours. Next, after the 24 hour period, each sample is then taken out,
cleaned, and measured again. This process is repeated one more time. After the experiment is done, you calculate the percent of each sample lost by
day, and find the average of those. Then, the metals are compared by percent of mass lost to find the most corrosion resistant. Materials... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is also five samples of copper, iron, mild steel, and stainless steel. Another item used is an electronic balance. Even more things used for this
experiment are vinegar, steel wool, water, paper towel, and a

The Concentration Of A Solute
Colorimeter A colorimeter is a piece of equipment that is used to measure the concentration of dilute solutions (intensity of light). The colorimeter is
mainly used to determine the concentration of a known solute (chemical that is placed into a solvent and dissolved) in a given solution by using
Beer–Lambert's Law which states that the concentration of a solute is proportional to the absorbance. According to Beer's law, "when monochromatic
light passes through the coloured solution, the amount of light transmitted decreases exponentially with increase in concentration of the coloured
solution". Equation for Beer's law = It = Ioe–KC According to Lambert's law "the amount of light transmitted decreases exponentially with increase in
thickness of the colored solution". Equation for Lambert's law = It = Ioe–kt According to Beer–Lambert's Law "the quantity of light absorbed by a
substance dissolved in a fully transmitting solvent is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through
the solution". Beer–Lambert's Law = IE/Io = e–KCT IE = intensity of emerging light K = a constant Io = intensity of incident light C = concentration e
= base of neutral logarithm T = thickness of the solution Colorimetry can be used for testing water quality. This process involves adding a chemical
reagent to a water sample and then measuring it to identify the chemicals present. The concentration of certain chemicals can

Carbon Dioxide Gas Essays
06.05 Rate and Collision Theory: Assessment Instructions
Investigation of the Rate of a Reaction
Background:
The reaction you will be investigating is the reaction that occurs when an Alka–Seltzer tablet is placed into a given amount of water. Alka–Seltzer is an
over–the–counter antacid and pain relief medication that is dissolved in water before it is ingested. Each tablet contains aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid),
citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate. As the tablet dissolves in water, the bicarbonate ions in the tablet react with the hydrogen ions from the acids that
are also contained in the tablet. The carbon dioxide gas produced by the reaction is what causes the bubbling that can be observed.
HCO3– (aq) + H+ (aq) в†’ H2O (l) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be sure to write a detailed procedure for each lab design so that the same procedure can be followed accurately by anyone who reads it. Include
details on the setup, the control of variables, and how the rate of each trial will be compared.
For each of your two reactions, most of the reactants and products can be difficult to see, and concentration can be difficult to measure without the
proper laboratory equipment. Therefore, it is recommended that the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced over a given amount of time be used to
help qualitatively compare the reaction rates of each trial. If you have another way you would like to compare rates of this reaction, feel free to
explain it thoroughly in your written lab procedure.
Be sure your instructions include multiple trials for each factor to help ensure that the results of your investigation are more reliable.
Discussion and Conclusion:
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1.What two factors did you investigate in your procedure, and why did you choose to compare these two factors?
2.What other factors did you need to control during your investigation? Explain how you controlled each one in your procedure.

3.What was your prediction about the results of each factor tested in your two lab procedures? Explain your predictions based on your knowledge of
the dissolving process, collision theory, and reaction rates.
4.In your own words, explain the collision theory,

Air Bag Essay
On a normal, particular day, you are on your way to work, driving in your car. All of sudden, out of the blue, an accident occurs and you got rear ended
from another car, cause the air bag from your car to deploy, plowing in front of you. Most drivers believe the air bags is inflated from a gas, but really
it is a product from a chemical reaction from sodium azide. In every car, there are sensors that detects collisions. The sensors send electric signals to the
canister that contains the sodium azide and dentate a small amount of igniter compound. The heat from the ignition starts to decompose to the sodium
azide and generate nitrogen gas to inflate the air bag. Surprisingly, the air bag can fully inflate 0.03 seconds. Although air bags... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Any other heme proteins and other metalloenzymes are inhibited by the sodium azide. Azide also inhibits the ATP hydrolase activity of the
mitochondrial F–ATPase but not its synthetic activity. The F–ATPase in the eubacteria and the chloroplast share similar effect as the azide. The azide
ions interact the ОІ–phosphate of ADP with the residue of the ADP–binding catalytic subunit, ОІDP, thus occupying the position between the
catalytically essential amino acids, ОІ–Lys–162 in the P loop and the "arginine finger" residue, О±–Arg–373. This is similar to the y phosphate
occupying the ATP–binding subunit, ОІTP. The ОІTP substance appears to tighten the side of the nucleotide, enhancing its affinity and thereby
stabilizing the state with bound ADP. The similar functions share F–ATPase embeds the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Sodium Azide inhibits
ATP hydrolysis by binding F1 catalytic domain, assembling three О±– and three ОІ–subunits. The membrane–bound sector contains a central stalk and
a peripheral stalk appears to be alter as the sodium azide inhibits. During ATP hydrolysis, the F1
–ATPase is trapped in a catalytic state because either
the ADP has fail to releaseenzyme during the ATP hydrolysis, or the ADP is bound from the medium. This has a major effect on the ADPВ·Mg2+,
heavily affected by sodium azide. The sodium azide blocks the catalytic sites to inactivate the ATP

Bread Produced with 100% Ontario Based Flour
In January, 2013 we began our experimental work by conducting detailed analysis of results of bread produced with 100% Ontario based flour. Since
direct application of Ontario based flour resulted in excessive dryness, and reduced volume of bread, we decided to conduct series of semi – industrial
trials in order to adapt our present formula to new flour chemical composition. The objective of our investigation in this phase was to apply Ontario
flour, and get the bread with the same moisture, and volume as it is originally.
After this first attempt in January, 2013 we firstly tried to increase gluten structure. Gluten is additive commonly used in bakery industry which primary
function is to enhance gas retention capacity, water absorption, and retention, as well as, increase dough strength. Initially, our formula contained 3– 4
% of gluten, and we tested formulas with up to 10% of gluten. Increasing of gluten did not give significant results, and formulas with 10% of gluten
had increase of volume of about 10%. We did not test formulas with more than 10% of gluten because it is very expensive additive, and it is not
economically to apply it in higher concentrations.
After learning that gluten does not give expected results, our next step was increasing protein level by introducing the balancing the flours. We decided
to introduce harder wheat flours with higher concentration of proteins. Average protein level of Ontario flour is 10.5%, while west flours contain 12.7
В±

Leisure Pool Lab
The leisure pool (swimming pool) is one of the main sources which attracts the public to the centre. In order to keep the pool clean, a chemical known
as chlorine. Chlorine is chemical that is toxic, irritant and is pale green. Chlorine is proven is kill bacteria that are hazardous to humans through a
chemical reaction. This chemical reaction takes place as once the chlorine is placed in the water it breaks down in to various chemicals which
including two chemicals known as hypochlorous acid (HOCI) and hypochlorite ion (OCI–). These two specific chemicals kill microorganism and
bacteria by destroying the enzymes inside the cell as the lipids (fats) on the cell walls are attacked by the chemicals. Once this process occurs the cells
are oxidized and are made harmless. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the pH of the water is below 7 it is acidic and it causes aggressive water, irritation to the eyes and damages the pool. If the pH of the water is above
7.6 it is too great and causes the chlorine disinfection to be poorer, skin irritation and

200 Things to Know to Pass the Chemistry Exam
200 Things to Know to Pass the Chemistry Exam 1. Protons are positively charged (+) with a mass of 1 amu. Example: Which has the greatest nuclear
charge? Cl–35Ar–40K–39Ca–402. Neutrons have no charge and a mass of 1 amu. 3. Electrons are small and are negatively charged (–) with a mass of
almost 0 amu.. 4. Protons & neutrons are in an atom's nucleus (nucleons). Which has the greatest number of nucleons? Sn–119Sb–122Te–128I–1275.
Electrons are found in "clouds" (orbitals) around an atom's nucleus. Where is most of the mass of an atom found? Where is most of the size (volume)
of an atom found? 6. The mass number is equal to an atom's number of protons and neutrons added together. What is the... Show more content on
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1 gram1 liter1 mole22 grams 32. An empirical formula is the simplest mole ratio among the elements in a compound. Use the mole map to convert
percent (mass) to moles. Find the empirical formula of a compound composed of 75% carbon and 25% hydrogen. 33. Electron dot model is a way of
representing the valence electron of an atom.represents the electron–dot symbol of this element C O B N 34. The kernel of an atom includes
everything in an atom except the atom's valence electrons. The kernel of this element contains 11 protons and 10 electrons OFNeNa 35. Polyatomic
ions (Table E) are groups of atoms, covalently bonded together, with an overall charge. Nitrate: ............, NH4+: ............., sulfite: ............., etc. Which of
the following contains both ionic and covalent bonds? NaOHCH3OHNaClCl2 36. Coefficients are written in front of the formulas of reactants and
products to balance chemical equations. They give the ratios of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. ...2.....Na
+.......Cl2пѓ ...2......NaCl 37. Chemical formulas are written so that the charges of cations and anions neutralize (cancel) one another. calcium
phosphate: Ca2+ PO43– = ............ 38. When naming binary ionic compounds, write the name of the positive ion (cation) first, followed by the name
of the

Chlorine
Chlorine
Zachary Grindle
Chemistry 1301
Professor Bott
June 24, 2010
Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.453, atomic number 17, is a member of the halogen family (VIIA), and its symbol is "Cl". Chlorine contains 17
protons and 18 neutrons in is nucleus. There are two isotopes for chlorine as well; Cl–35 and Cl–37. Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish
chemist Carl Wilhelm Sheele. Sheele came upon chlorine when he put a few drops of hydrochloric acid (HCl), then known as muriatic acid, onto a
piece of manganese dioxide (MnO2). This caused a reaction where the pricduct was a yellowish–green gas that would later be named chlorine. At this
point Sheele thought that this gas contained oxygen and was some sort of oxygen compound, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ferric chloride's physical state is an orange to brown–black solid.
Hydrogen Gold Chloride (HAuCl2)
Hydrogen gold chloride is formed again from volcanic reactions. Volcanoes release gases that include steam,carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen,
hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide. The magma that come from volcanoes contains gold and when this magma and the gases react together, one
of the compounds formed is hydrogen gold chloride. The physical state is red crystals.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
At room temperature hydrochloric acid is a colorless gas. HCl is the compound known as hydrochloric acid, much like H2O is the compound known as
water. Hydrochloric acid is produced naturally from the earth, with volcanic eruptions being one outlet.
Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl4)
Titanium Tetrachloride is made by a chemical reaction involving titanium dioxide, chlorine gas, and carbon at 1,000 degrees Celsius. When mixed
together titanium tetrachloride and carbon dioxide gas are formed. Here is how the reaction looks: TiO2 + 2Cl2 + C –––––– TiCl4 + CO2. The

physical state of titanium tetrachloride is a yellow liquid.
Trichlorosilane (HSiCl3)
In the process of getting pure silicon, trichlorosilane is used as an intermediate compound. First silicon must be separated from oxygen where it is
found naturally as SiO2. This reaction

The Effect Of Temperature And Ph Levels On Enzyme Activity
Joshua Kwon
Sep 19, 15
Biology p 4
How Do Changes in Temperature and pH Levels Affect Enzyme Activity? Lab Report
In biology class, we've learned that sugars produce energy and to use sugars to gain energy, an organism needs a proper enzyme should exist to break
it down the chemical bonds of the sugar. Enzymes and proteins are important in organisms because they are involved in most chemical reactions that
take place inside of an organism. Our example of an important enzyme was catalase, which breaks down H2O2. H2O2 is a natural by–product and
toxic. When H2O2 contacts catalase, it breaks down into water and oxygen. Our group got curious about how changes in temperature and pH levels
affect enzyme activity. Since enzymes are group of protein and protein can break easily byacid, base, and hot temperature. To experiment our question,
we used catalase solution, 3% H2O2 solution, 0.1 M HCl solution, 0.1 M NaOH solution, a beaker, an O2 gas sensor, sensor interface on a
Chromebook, pH paper, and safety gloves. Therefore, we conducted experiments to test how enzyme activity in different conditions. Plus, we
predicted that if temperature increases or enzyme have contacts with acid or base, enzyme activity will decrease. We held four controlled experiments
which are controller, temperature, HCl Acid, and NaOH Base. We controlled the amount of catalase to 10 mL and H2O2 solution to 4 mL. First we
mixed catalase with H2O2 solution and used O2 sensor to gather

Chlorine Gases
I: Chemical Formula and Breakdown
Chlorine gases chemical formula is CI2. The elements that make chlorine gas is mainly chlorine. Chlorine is a common element and is used in salt,
which is very important. Chlorine is highly reactive. Also, a highly toxic greenish yellow gas, has a pungent odour, and fumes in moist air. Its density
is .003, so it is very light.
II: Physiological/Psychological Effects
Because of its reactivity, Chlorine does not exist in the free elemental state in nature, although it is widely distributed in combination with other
elements. It also kills pool germs. When chlorine enters the body as a result of breathing, swallowing, or skin contact, it reacts with water to produce
acids. The acids damage cells in the body on contact. Effects of chlorine are blurred vision, burning pain, redness, and blisters on the skin if exposed to
gas. Burning sensation in the nose, throat, and eyes, coughing, chest tightness. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Nausea and vomiting,
watery eyes, wheezing. Chlorine gas affects your lungs, chest, and eye, as well as your skin. And mainly your respiratory system.
III: History and Development
Around 1630, chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Flemish chemist and physician John Baptist van Helmont. Elemental ... Show more content on
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Mainly as an disinfectant. It should be used today because it is very useful and cleans many things that get dirty. The Protocol for the Prohibition of
the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a
treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. They have this because chlorine gas is so deadly.
think that using chlorine gas in war is fine if it is a last resort after all peaceful methods have been tried. Also, if you are defending yourself. Although,
it is a very dangerous weapon if you don't have gas

Acid Gas Treatment
DESIGN & SIMULATION OF SOUR GAS TREATMENT PLANT USING SULF INOL & DIPA
(A Report on Dissertation II )
Submitted as a part of course work in M. Tech (Gas Engineering) By Prakash Mukhopadhyay,
B. E (Chemical Engg.)
Under the Guidance of Mr. J. S. Prasad, Associate Professor UPES– Rajahmundry
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES Regional Centre: Rajahmundry Andhra
Pradesh–533 294 2008–2009
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I acknowledge, the grace of God the Almighty, in this arduous journey. I would like to thank my parents for their love, care and support
without which I wouldn't have been able to complete the project. I avail this opportunity to thank Prof. K. V. Rao, Academic Head,... Show more
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Vertical separator design 11.2. Absorber design 11.3. Flash drum 11.4. Heat exchanger design 11.5. Cooler design 11.6. Stripping column design 12.
13. MATERIAL BALANCE PUMP CALCULATIONS
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
COMPARISION OF TRAY TYPES RESULTS ENHANCED CORRELATIONS SIMULATION ON HYSYS BRIEF DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES APPENDIX
81 85 88 97 99 101 102 104

ii
LIST OF FIGURES Page No 10 11 12 13 18 23 36 38 41 41 42 45 47 48 65 67 76 75 82 iii No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
18. 19.
Caption Selective removal of H2S in absence of CO2 Selective removal of H2S in presence of CO2. Selective removal of CO2 in absence of H2S
Simultaneous removal of H2S & of CO2 Schematic diagram of typical amine treatment plant Mass transfer in tray Equilibrium solubility data
Flooding velocity, sieve plates Single Tray Sieve Tray arrangement Weep point correlation Weep point correlation Fractional Entrainment factor
Efficiency of the Tray Flooding velocity sieve plate Efficiency of the Tray Process flow sheet Centrifugal pump selection guide Chart for finding the
diameters of valve trays
20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
Flooding velocity, sieve plates Gas – Solvent Flowrate Operating Pressure – Gas Flow Rate – Sulfinol Flow Rate Gas Flow Rate – Sieve Tray Diameter
– Bubble Cap Tray Diameter Operation

Comparision Between Sulfuric Acid And Detergents
(a) When dry pH paper was placed over household ammonia, the paper quickly turned a dark blue, indicating that it was a base.
(b) When moist pH paper was placed over household ammonia, the paper turned dark blue faster than when dry, still indicating that it was a base.
(c) When pH paper was placed over bleach, the paper turned blue, which indicated that it was a base.
(d) When pH paper was over ammonium carbonate, the paper turned dark blue even faster than the moist paper over household ammonia, indicating
that it was a base.
Most cleaning agents and detergents are basic because the alkalinity of the substance attacks fatty and oily substances, and then breaks them into
components that are much easier to get out of a surface or fabric.
When you mix baking soda with vinegar, the carbonate ion in the baking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this would result in a different salt being formed than before.
2NaHCO_3+H_2 гЂ–SOгЂ—_4 в–Ў(в†’в”ґyields ) гЂ–NaгЂ—_2 гЂ–SOгЂ—_4+2H_2 O+2CO_2
Compounds that contained a metal with a higher change had a higher conductivity. As you move to the right along the periodic table, the metals get
more and more conductive, and then conductivity drops off as soon as you get to metalloids and then nonmetals. For an element to conduct electricity,
it must contain electrons that are free to move [1], and as you move to the right through the metals, the number of these electrons increases. The
conductivity values for DI and tap water are much lower than the conductivity of the compounds, and this is due to less concentration of ions in the
water.
A possible experiment could be that you take a compound, such as NaCl, and add it to deionized water to create different concentration levels and
record the conductivity in each in order to form a

Acid and Base
Experiment 4:
ACIDS AND BASES: PH Measurements and Macroscale Titration
CHM023L – A12
Group no. 6 Members:| Contributions:| | Conclusion| | Recommendation| | Tables and figures with analysis| | Principles, Equation| | Abstract, tables|
Date Performed: February 28, 2012 – Tuesday
Date Submitted: March 6, 2012 – Tuesday
Submitted to:
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
ABSTRACT:
This experiment introduces us the pH measurement and application of macroscale titration of aqueous solutions of acids and bases. The first part of the
experiment was applying macroscale titration to calculate the mass of an HCl solution consumed that was initially done by pounding the tablets and
getting a weight of 0.15 grams. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The standard solution is added to a solution of unknown concentration until all of the unknown solution has reacted. From the known quantity and
molarity (or normality) of the standard solution and the measured volume of unknown solution used, the unknown concentration can be calculated.
Most acid–base solutions are colorless and determining when one reactant has been totally consumed is difficult by simple observations. To allow us to
visually determine this point, we use compounds called acid–base indicators to tell us when a reaction is complete. Dyes (usually weak organic acids)
whose colors depend upon pH are often used to signal the completion of acid – base reactions.
The objectives of this experiment are to:
Measure the PH of aqueous solutions of acids and bases.
Compare the PH values obtained by using PH meter and PH paper.

Calculate the percent acetic acid of a commercial sample of vinegar.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
EQUATIONS:
* The dissociation of water:
H2O в†” H++ OH– * [H+] OH–= Kw=1 x 10–14 – (logH++log[OH–])= –logвЃЎ (1 x 10–14) –logH+–logOH–=14 pH+pOH=14 pH= –log[H+]pOH=
–log[OH–] * Percent acetic acid in a vinegar:
% acetic acid =weight acetic acidweight of sample x 100 * Weight of acetic acid:
WCH3COOH=mLNaOH x MNaOH x 1 mol NaOH1000 milimole x 1 mole CH3COOH1 mol NaOH x 60 grams1 mol CH3COOH * Molarity:
Molarity= mmoles of solutemL of solution

Acid-Base Neutralization Reaction
What is an Acid–Base Neutralization Reaction? Acid–base neutralization reactions are ubiquitous, yet they play an immense role in various contexts of
life. For instance, they help maintain homeostasis in the biological systems and regulate the conditions of soil in agriculture. In general, neutralization
reactions required two reactants: an acid and a base, which combine to form water and a salt. A neutralization reaction is a "reaction between an acid
and a base" (Burdge 365). In this case, the acid is often an Arrhenius acid–a substance that ionizes in water to produce protons (H+), while the base is
often an Arrhenius base–a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH–). A neutralization reaction between an acid and a base
typically occurs in an aqueous environment in which all the reactants are dissolved in water. The products of a neutralization reaction are water, which
is formed from the protons (H+) of the acid and the hydroxide ions (OH–) of the base, and a salt, which is "an ionic compound made up of the cation
from the base and the anion from an acid" (Burdge 365). A simple example of a neutralization reaction is the reaction between aqueous hydrochloric
acid (HCl) and aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Hydrochloric acid donates its protons (H+), and sodium hydroxide donates its hydroxide ions
(OH–) to form liquid water. Then, the remaining chloride ions (Cl–) from hydrochloric acid combines with the sodium cations (Na+) to produce the
aqueous

Water Essay
Brittany Roberts AP bio
WATER ESSAY
The first thing water reminds us of is the clear liquid in our water bottles. However, water is more than a normal substance. Water is the beginning and
the continual of life on earth. Because of its many unique properties, water was able to start life on our planet. Water covers about 3/4 of the earth. In
nature, water naturally exists in all three physical states of matter–solid, liquid and gas. Water's extraordinary properties are emergent properties
resulting from water's structure and molecular interactions. Living cells are 70%–95% H2O The simple structure of H2O is the source of all water's
properties. With two hydrogen atoms sticking to an oxygen atom in a tetrahedron shape, water is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This property is also a direct result of hydrogen bonding. As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid remaining cools down. Evaporative
cooling occurs cooling because it is the molecules with the most kinetic energy that leave as a gas. This property of water allows the temperatures
in lakes and ponds to remain stable and prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating. Oceans and Lakes Don't Freeze Solid Because Ice Floats
As a solid, water is less dense than as a liquid, because water expands when it solidifies. When molecules are no longer moving quickly enough to
break their hydrogen bonds, water begins to freeze. Each molecule is bonded to the maximum four others at 0В°C. As a result, the hydrogen bonds
keep the molecules further apart than in liquid water. Water is at its greatest density at 4В°C. Because of this property, water in lakes does not freeze
solid – only the top layer of water freezes. The floating ice zes. insulates the liquid water below and allows life to exist under the frozen surface
Water is the Solvent of Life A liquid with a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances is a solution The solution. dissolving agent is
the solvent , and the substance dissolved is the solute. When salt is dissolved in solvent ent, solute. water, salt is the solute and water is the solvent. An
aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent. While water is not a truly

E1 Synthesis Lab Report
An E1 reaction involves a two step mechanism. In this particular reaction, before the first step can take place, the alcohol group on
2–methyl–2–butanol is protonated by sulfuric acid so that water is formed as a suitable leaving group. The first step can then take place: the loss of
water as leaving group to form a carbocation intermediate. Then, a beta proton is eliminated resulting in the formation of a double bond, forming an
alkene. In this reaction, a major product (2–methyl–2–butene) and a minor product (2–methyl–1–butene) are formed. Two products were formed
because two different beta protons were available for elimination, resulting in the double bond being put in two different positions. However, one of
the products is favored and considered major because of Zaitsev's rule that states the more substituted alkene is favored.... Show more content on
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The compound being tested is placed as a liquid into the gas chromatogram and it is vaporized. The mobile phase is a gas, and the vaporized sample
is pushed through a coiled column by a carrier gas, which is chosen so that it is unreactive with the sample. The coiled column is also coated by a
liquid which serves as the stationary phase. The different components will reach the detector of the chromatograph at different points, depending on
their boiling points. Substances with lower boiling points will vaporize faster, and will therefore reach the detector faster than their higher boiling
point counterparts. The detector sends out an output in the form of a graph which can be analyzed to tell what compounds are in the sample as well as
how much of

Methyl Red And Vofes-Proskauer
After finish with SIM test, we jumped to MR–VP Test which is a combination medium used for both Methyl Red (MR) and Vofes
–Proskauer (VP). It's
a solution containing peptone, glucose, and phosphate buffer. MR Test is to detect organisms capable of performing a mixed acid fermentation, and
VP Test was designed for organisms that are able to fermentglucose, then convert their acid products to acetoin and 2,3–butanediol. My result came out
to be MR positive which was red color and VP negative due to no color changed. The next test I had to do was Phenol Red Broth Test to determine
their fermentation characteristics. I only did Lactose and Sucrose. The test was done by adding carbohydrate and use phenol red as pH indicator. Acid
production from fermentation of the carbohydrate will lower the pH below the neutral rang and turn the medium yellow, and Durham tube is added to
indicate if there was any gas production.
We continued to perform Decarboxylase Test which were Lysine and Ornithine to indicate if amino acid was presented. If the organism is a glucose
fermenter but does not produce decarboxylase the medium will turn yellow and if the organism does not ferment glucose, the medium will remain
same color. In this case, purple stands for positive and others stands for negative. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the last test I needed to get done was Citrate Test which is used to determine the ability of an organism to use citrate as its sole source of
carbon. The result came out to be blue which was citrate–positive mean that citrate is utilized. Finally, the last one was Phenylalanine Deaminase which
can be identified by removing the amine group NH2 from the amino acid phenylalanine. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is used as reagent added to the
medium after incubation. The result will turn to dark green immediately indicates the presence of phenylpyruvic acid and yellow is

Magnesium Ribbon Lab
In order to conduct the experiment, one must determine the volume of one mole of hydrogen gas at STP. First, a eudiometer tube was placed in an
enamel pan, в…” filled with water, with its open end upwards, made sure that the tube is clamped to the ring–stand and clamp. Next, the length of the
sample of magnesium ribbon given was measured and recorded it. The sample of magnesium ribbon was slightly bent in order to make it fit in the
eudiometer tube, while making sure the sample of magnesium ribbon did not break in the process. Afterwards, a piece of thread was tied to the sample
of magnesium ribbon at the bend. Then, about 20 mL of hydrochloric acid was measured using a graduated cylinder, and the 20 mL of hydrochloric
acid was placed into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Table #1 shows that the length of the sample of magnesium ribbon given was 1.67 cm (to 3 significant numbers), the barometric pressure (total
pressure) was 95.81 kPa, the room temperature was 24.9 В°C, and the measured gas volume converted from 24.72 mL to L was 0.02472 L. Then, the
pressure of H2 was found by using Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure, using the equation Ptotal = PH2+ PH20., found on Table #2 Part A. The pressure
of H2O, 4 kPa, was determined by using Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liquids on the Reference Table forChemistry. Then, the pressure of H2O, 4
kPa, was subtracted from the total pressure, 95.81 kPa, to find the pressure of H2, 91.81 kPa. Next the mass of the sample of magnesium was
found, shown on Table #2 Part B, given that the mass of Mg = 0.0100 g/cm. It was calculated that the mass of Mg per length found was 0.0167 g.
Afterwards, the mass of Mg was converted to moles, using 3 significant numbers, shown in Table #2 Part C. The calculations shows that the
number of moles of Mg found was 0.000687. Next, the mole ratio of Mg to H2 produced was determined by writing a balanced equation for the
reaction, found on Table #2 Part D. The mole ratio of Mg to H2 produced was 1:1. Then, the number of moles of H2 produced (using 3 significant
numbers) was found by using stoichiometry, shown on Table #2 Part E. The number of moles of H2 produced

Depletion Of The Reducing Agent Of Sodium Tioglycolates
This test utilizes a medium that has an oxygen gradient, meaning that most of the oxygen was at the top of the tube, and the least amount of oxygen
was at the bottom of the tube. To prepare this medium, a reducing agent called Sodium thioglycolate was added, removing the free oxygen by
chemically binding with it. Thioglycolate broth, also called a reducing medium, eradicates the tube of oxygen. Rasazarin is a pink dye that indicates
oxygen depletion an indicator for oxygen depletion. The test results determine oxygen requirements the organism requires.
1.Strict aerobes need oxygen to grow. Growth will only appear at the top of the tube.
2.Strict anaerobes require the complete absence of oxygen. Growth will only appear at the bottom of the tube.
3.Facultative Anaerobes do not require oxygen, but develop best aerobically. Growth will be shown throughout the tube, usually more at the top and
minimizes as the microbe descends.
CATALASE TEST:
Some facultative aerobes have the enzyme called catalase, which catabolizes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into harmless water plus oxygen. A chunk of
the unknown colonies was transferred onto a slide and added a drop of H2O2 onto the colony. A positive test result showed oxygen bubbles rising up
from the plate. That meant that the organism had the enzyme, resulting as catalase positive. A negative result showed no appearance of bubbles.
OXIDASE TEST:
Some aerobes have the enzyme called cytochrome oxidase, which is a molecule that is a terminal electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain
(ETC). A Q–tip was used to pick up the unknown organism and then administrated a drop of reagent, Dimethyl–p–phenylene diaminic hydrochloride.
Results were obtained within a minute duration. If purple was observed in less than a minute, it was positive for oxidase. If there was no color change
within a minute, it was negative.
OXIDATION–FERMENTATION (O–F) TEST FOR GLUCOSE
This test attempts to extrapolate a microbe's ability to ferment or oxidize glucose. The pH indicator utilized in this test was Bromthymol blue, which is
yellow when acid is present. The procedure involved stabbing two O–F tubes of glucose. One tube needed a layer of sterile oil to create an anaerobic
environment

Dry Ice
Dry ice can be fun to play with but can also cause danger if not handled properly. Dry ice can be handle but very carefully. So, in order to handle
the dry ice properly there has be an adult to help with gloves on to not cause any burn. The dry that we have done was in three different sections.
One of them was in a metal tray which was better to see. Then the other one was in a plastic container like the other. Once the water had made
contact with the dry ice the ice started to make fog. The fog came from the dry ice when the water met with the ice and made fog. This kind of
reaction was, "Carbonic Acid." This reaction was caused when the two substances have made physical contact. The process of the reaction is when a
chemical compound

Is A Selective And Differential Media Used To Eosin...
MacConkey Agar plate
Extremely similar to Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, MacConkey Agar is a selective and differential media used to isolate organisms based on their
lactose fermentation ability. It contains lactose, bile salts, neutral red, and crystal violet (Leboffe, A Photographic Atlas for the Microbiology
Laboratory). Just like the Eosin Y and Methylene Blue dyes in the EMB plate, the bile salts and crystal violet in the MacConkey plate encourage the
growth of Gram–negative bacteria while preventing the growth of Gram–positive bacteria. The neutral red is used as a pH indicator, therefore if the
bacteria is acidic and has a pH less than 6.8 the growth will turn pink; whereas, if the bacteria is neutral or basic and has a pH higher then 6.8 the
growth will remain the same color, usually a cream color, or turn the same color as the media. The crystal violet is used to control Proteus or similar
bacteria, so they do not obstruct with other results (Leboffe, Microbiology Laboratory Theory and Application). The major difference between the
EMB and MacConkey media is that EMB uses lactose and sucrose sugars to test fermentation while, MacConkey only uses the lactose sugar when
testing organism fermentation; because the EMB plate and the MacConkey plate tests are homogenous, identical results were found. All four bacteria
were positive for growth; two of the four bacteria were positive for lactose fermentation. It was previously mentioned that Enterobacter aerogenes is
slightly

Baking Soda Vs Double Acting Powder
Have you ever wondered why certain recipes called for baking powder and not baking soda or vice versa? Well the reasoning behind using one over
the other has to do with their chemical make–up. There are different reactions needed for different recipes. Baking soda and baking powder are both
used as leavening agents. So let's take a look at baking soda. Baking soda's chemical name is sodium hydrogen carbonate. It also goes by Sodium
bicarbonate. Baking Soda has a white, powder–like consistency. It is low on the pH scale making it a very weak base. Baking soda has many uses
other than baking. It can be used as a whitener or as a deodorizer. "It can also neutralize both acids and bases due to its amphoteric nature ("Baking
Soda")... " The chemicals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cream of tartar is used for its acidity. There are two types of baking soda you can use: Single–acting powder and Double–acting powder.
Single–acting powder reacts with moisture. As soon as you add moisture to the mix that includes a single–
Powell 2 acting baking powder, you must bake it right away. Double–acting powder involves two different ways of releasing gas. When mixing with a
double–acting powder, some of the gas is released into the air while it is at room temperature. Most of the gas released, however, will be released in
the oven while the temperature rises. Determining which ingredient, baking powder or baking soda, to use depends on the other ingredients within the
recipe. The whole point cooking is to make food that you thoroughly enjoy eating because of the taste. Baking soda has a bitter taste. This bitter taste
can be leveled out using the acidity of another ingredient, such as buttermilk. Baking soda is often found when baking cookies. Baking powder is
neutral. It is neutral because it contains both and acid and a base. Since it is neutral, it can be used with other neutral tastes such as milk. You will
commonly find baking powder in cakes and

Fermentation Mic Essay
Using Selective Media to Monitor the Fermentation Process of Cabbage and Cucumber, for Fourteen Days
Abstract:
Introduction:
The goal of the ecological succession lab is to demonstrate succession with the fermentation of cabbage and cucumbers. The cabbage will ferment into
sauerkraut and the cucumber will ferment to pickles during fermentation process that will changes the species structure and the community of time.
During the fermentation process we watched the pH become more acidic, since the desired bacteria would produce lactic acid. The lactic acid would
control by inhibiting the spoilage of the cabbage or the cucumber. This was seen by the increase of the acidity in both of the environment, which was
seen as the pH went ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additional materials were, pH strips, test tubes, P–200 micropipette, 3–mL syringe and fermentation jar. The pH was measured with the aid of pH
indicator strips, to determine if the pH was dropping or rising. The dilutions were performed with the P–200 micropippetor, the dilution factors changes
through the experiment, in relation to the bacterial growth and ranged from 10–1 to 10–5. The fermentation jar was packed with Вј of a head of lettuce
and 5% salt–water solution from the sink. The 5% solution was achieved by using 25g of salt in 500mL of H2O. The TSA agar plates were the
control environments, one aerobic and the other anaerobic. The WN5 was for the anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions and had cyclohexane and
5% salt that selects for bacteria. The PS agar dish had CFC supplement (cetrimide, fucidin and cephalonidine) and Irgasam. The EC dish had bile salt
that selected for Gram–negative bacteria. The LSA plate allowed for the differentiation of lactobacilli and streptococci. All of the above plates were
incubated at room temperature of 25В°C. The plates were counted for formed colonies on the following days: 0,2,7,9 and 14; also the pH was taken.
The pH was taken by removing some of the fermentation liquid and placed on the indicator strip.
Results:
The cabbage pH went from a neutral 7.0 to 4.0, which was relatively acidic. Refer to figure 1 and 2 to see how the population of each bacterium
changed from day 0 to 14.

Classifying chemical reaction
02/19/14 Classifying Chemical Reactions Introduction Pre–lab questions 1. Which reactants used in this experiment are flammable? Discuss the safety
precautions that are necessary when working with flammable materials in the lab? 2. Summarize the following description of a chemical reaction in
the form of a balanced chemical equation? 3. Common observations of a chemical reaction are described in the introduction section. For each
observation, name a common or everyday occurrence that must involve a chemical reaction? Research question What is the appearance of reactant,
Evidence of chemical reaction, and properties of a product? Background information The experiment is to observe a variety of chemical reactions and
to identify patterns in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. When the magnesium ignited, removed it from the flame and held it over an evaporating dish or a pyrex watch glass until the metal had burned
completely. Let the product fall into the evaporating dish. 3. Turned off the laboratory burner and observed the properties of the product in the
evaporating dish. 4. Recorded observation in the data table Reaction 2 – 1.Used a Beral– type pipet, added about 2mL (40 Drops) of 1M hydrochloric
acid solution to a small test tube. 2. Obtained a 2–3 cm strip of magnesium metal ribbon and coiled it loosely into a small ball. Added the magnesium
metal to the acid in the test tube. 3. Carefully felt the sides of the test tube and observed the resulted chemical reaction for about 30 seconds. 4. While
the reaction was still occurred, lighted a wood splint and quickly placed the burned splint in the mouth of the test tube. Do not put the burned splint into
the acid solution. 5. Recorded observations in the data table. Reaction 3– 1. Obtained a clean and dry test tube and placed a small amount ( about the
size of a jelly bean) of ammonium carbonate into the test tube. 2. Used a test tube clamp to held the test tube and gently heated the tube in a
laboratory burner flame for about 30 seconds. 3. Removed the test tube from the flame and places a piece of moistened litmus paper in the mouth of
the test tube. Identified any odor that is readily apparent by wafted the fumes toward your nose. Caution: Do not sniff

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate And Sodium Carbonate
Based on the mass of the products in the beaker after the decomposition reaction which was 1.98g, the correct decomposition reaction is when the
sodium hydrogen carbonate decomposed into sodium carbonate, water vapor, and carbon dioxide gas. Since the water vapor and carbon dioxide
would have escaped the beaker during the reaction, sodium carbonate would have been the only remaining product in the beaker. Sodium carbonate is
the product remaining in the beaker because the theoretical yield of the sodium carbonate is the closest to that of the actual yield of all of the possible
products produced. The sodium carbonate produced from this reaction had a mass of 1.98g, compared to the theoretical yield of 1.84g which gave this
reaction a percent yield of 107.7%. Although the percent yield is higher than 100% this may have been caused by an incomplete reaction since the
temperature the sodium hydrogen carbonate was to be heated to was unknown along with the time that it should be heated. The reaction where the
sodium hydrogen carbonate decomposed into sodium, water vapor, carbon monoxide and oxygen gas was not a likely reaction to occur in this
experiment. This is because sodium hydrogen carbonate is used for baking purposes which it would not be used for if the decomposition of the
compound resulted in the creation of carbon monoxide a poisonous gas. If cobalt chlorine was used to test if water vapor was given off in an
experiment and it changed in colour it would suggest

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