Cardiomyopathy Essay

Cardiomyopathy Essay
Choice "D" is the best answer choice. Patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) often present
at an advanced stage of disease with the pronounced cardiopulmonary symptoms of CHF. Patients
usually complain of gradually worsening shortness of breath, progressive exercise intolerance, and
fatigue. Fatigue and weakness are results of decreased stroke volume and cardiac output.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea may be reported. Right–sided congestive features are often
prominent and patients may have distention of the abdomen secondary to ascites, and frequently
have profound bilateral peripheral edema. Abdominal discomfort or liver tenderness may be
reported. Chest pain secondary to angina or chest pain mimicking myocardial ischemia can be
observed, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood pressure may fall further on standing, particularly if autonomic neuropathy is present.
Hypertension is unusual, and in patients with a history of hypertension, "spontaneous" resolution of
hypertension over the preceding few months is common. Pulmonary exam reveals bilateral pleural
effusions, but rales are rarely present, even in association with advanced heart failure. The pleural
effusions in a patient with AL amyloidosis may simply represent heart failure, but patients with
cardiac amyloid may also have pleural infiltration with amyloid, resulting in disproportionately
large effusions that are diuretic resistant and rapidly recur after a pleural tap. Splenomegaly is rare,
whereas hepatomegaly is common and is due either to congestion from right heart failure or to
amyloid infiltration When extensive amyloid infiltration of the liver is present, the organ is rock–
hard and not tender, often extending several centimeters below the costal margin and crossing the
midline. This contrasts with the firm, sometimes tender, liver of heart failure. Peripheral edema may
be profound, and if it appears disproportionate to the degree of heart failure, the possibility of
associated nephrotic syndrome should be considered. In addition to autonomic dysfunction,
amyloidosis may cause a sensory neuropathy, and the patient may complain of numbness or painful
extremities/ A history of weight loss is common, and proteinuria, frequently reaching nephrotic
range (≥3 g/24 h), coexists with cardiac disease in 30% to 50% of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Symptoms And Treatment Of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Essay
Keywords: HCM, sarcomere, thick and thin filaments, gene mutation, autosomal dominant, Doppler
echocardiography, dual–chamber pacemaker, septal ablation, myomectomy)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM is a cardiac disorder with a genetic etiology, characterized by
hypertrophy of the myocardium It is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the affected
population. Both men and women are affected equally and people of any age and race are at risk of
developing HCM. It is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death SCD in young adults,
especially athletes.
Description of the disorder Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by interventricular septal
hypertrophy (in absence of other cardiovascular conditions), causing decrease of left ventricle cavity
and potentially leading to outflow obstruction. (1) (6) As a consequence of mutations in several
genes encoding for thick and thin filaments which build the cardiac muscle, morphological changes
occur leading to tangled, thickened myocardial fibers. It is an important cause of morbidity and
mortality. Symptomatology varies a lot, from asymptomatic patients to those with severe cardiac
function impairment. Some of the most common symptoms of HCM, which are not specific to this
disorder may be: shortness of breath at rest or with exertion, fatigue, chest pain, arrhythmias,
dizziness, but not only.
There is an ongoing debate about the onset of the hypertrophy and symptoms. Although it is
confirmed that

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary disease of the myocardium (the muscle of the
heart) in which a portion of the myocardium ishypertrophied (thickened) without any obvious cause.
It is perhaps best known as a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.[7] The
occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a significant cause of sudden unexpected cardiac
death in any age group and as a cause of disabling cardiac symptoms. Younger people are likely to
have a more severe form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. HCM is frequently asymptomatic until
sudden cardiac death, and for this reason some suggest routinely screening certain populations for ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this limited sort of resection the residual mid–septal bulge still redirects flow posteriorly: SAM
persists because flow still gets behind the mitral valve. It is only when the deeper portion of the
septal bulge is resected that flow is redirected anteriorly away from the mitral valve, abolishing
SAM.[3][40] With this in mind, a modification of the Morrow myectomy termed extended
myectomy, mobilization and partial excision of the papillary muscles has become the excision of
choice.[3][18][19][41] In selected patients with particularly large redundant mitral valves, anterior
leaflet plication may be added to complete separation of the mitral valve and outflow.[41][42]
Complications of septal myectomy surgery include possible death, arrhythmias, infection,incessant
bleeding, septal perforation/defect, stroke.[24] Alcohol septal ablation [edit] Alcohol septal ablation,
introduced by Ulrich Sigwart in 1994, is a percutaneous technique that involves injection of alcohol
into one or more septal branches of the left anterior descending artery. This is a technique with
results similar to the surgical septal myectomy procedure

Cardiomyopathy In Sports
Athletes, hallmarks of American society, models of health, pinnacles of physical perfection, have a
startling and unprecedented history of heart problems. Dating back to the 1890s, reports have
circulated about cardiac enlargements in athletes (Maron and Pelliccia) Henschlen, the first to notice
athlete's hearts were enlarged, concluded that the changes were favorable. Although Henschlen
proved to be correct in his hypothesis and diagnosis of Athlete's Heart Syndrome, sometimes
cardiovascular changes in athletes causes more harm than good. Despite being considered to have
superb physical health, athletes are more likely to have physical effects on the heart and
cardiovascular system that can lead to debilitating cardiovascular issues or sudden ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A fine line exists between the harmless enlargement of athlete's heart and the harmful consequences
of HCM. Found in 1/500 individuals, HCM causes a "thickened septum which separates the left and
right ventricles" ("Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death"). The myofibrils, the "contractile elements of
the heart," lose their proper orientation and become disorganized, causing the heart to beat
ineffectively and leading to the thickening of the walls and structural issues. The thickness can limit
flow to the heart and lead to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death ("Causes of Sudden Cardiac
Death"). In both HCM and athlete's heart the left ventricle thickens; however the wall hypertrophy
in HCM may extend to more than 20mm, compared to less than 16mm in athlete's heart (Maron,
Pelliccia, and Spirito). Careful analysis of echocardiographic and clinical features almost always
"permits this diagnostic differentiation" (Maron, Pelliccia, and Spirito). As mentioned before, left
ventricular end–diastolic cavity dimensions greater than 55mm are not uncommon in trained
athletes, yet the diastolic cavity dimension remains small (55mm, making it possible to distinguish
athlete's heart from HCM based on cavity measurement and borderline wall thickness (Maron,
Pelliccia, and Spirito). However, ECGs, due to their wide variance, cannot provide sufficient
evidence to distinguish between the two heart conditions (Maron, Pelliccia, and Spirito). Although
there are numerous methods to distinguish and diagnose HCM, it remains the leading cause of
sudden cardiac death (SCD) among

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Essay
Approximately, 1 of every 500 people is affected with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, it is important
for patients to understand the dynamics of the disease as it could potentially be life threatening. In
most cases, the patients quality of life is not affected, but a few will experience symptoms that cause
significant discomfort or undetected complications that could lead to sudden cardiac death. With
that in mind, it would be beneficial to recognize what it is, specific causes, the steps of diagnoses,
and the options for treatment.
What is it? Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease that affects the cardiac muscle of
the heart, causing the walls of the heart to thicken and become stiff. [1] On a cellular level, the
sarcomere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease that mainly affects the apex of the heart and does
not cause any obstruction. [1] These abnormalities in the heart muscle can cause a wide variety of
symptoms. As the heart becomes stiff it increases the pressure in the left ventricle which can push
blood back into the lungs, causing shortness of breath in exercise. Chest pain can occur as there is
not enough oxygen available to the cardiac muscle due to insufficient blood supply. Palpitations and
lightheadedness, along with other conditions can occur as a result of HCM. In addition to these
discomforting symptoms, the patient may develop an arrhythmias that often goes unnoticed. An
arrhythmia takes place as the electrical conduction of the heart is disturbed by the abnormal
scattering of myocytes. The two most common arrhythmias are atrial fibrillation causing
palpitations, and ventricular tachycardia that can be life threatening causing sudden death. Both
conditions can be controlled with medication. [4]
What Causes it? Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited autosomal–dominant pattern affecting
nearly 1 in 500 people, affecting both men and women equally. Which makes it the most "common
genetic heart disease in the United States" [5] Many studies have been done on the causes of this
disease. Research has shown the mutations of between 10 to 13 sarcomeric proteins are associated
with HCM. Each mutated gene has a different pathological characteristic.

Case Study On Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is an uncommon presentation in hyperthyroid patients. There are very few case
reports of Throtoxic cardiomyopathy. The mechanism due to which cardiomyopathy occurs in
hyperthyroid patients is not very well understood. After extensive literature search, it was found that
some of the mechanisms which are described include genomic and non–genomic and direct action
of Thyroid hormone on the cardiac muscle may cause cardiomyopathy. In this case report, a case of
Multinodular goitre with dilated cardiomyopathy is described.
Keywords: Thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy, Multinodular goitre, Thyrotoxicosis, Genomic, Non–
Genomics
There are very few cases of documented thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy as an initial
presentation has been reported in 6% of hyperthyroid patients1 while less than 1 % of them
developed dilated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Numerous hemosiderin laden foamy cystic macrophages are seen in cohesive clusters. Hyperplasic
and involutional follicular cells are seen. Anisonucleosis is seen in hyper follicuar cells.
IMPRESSION: features suggestive of Multi nodular goiter.
Patient was kept on Tab. Propythiouracil 100 mg/day.
Hyperthyroidism causes cardiac complications in structurally normal hearts, in patients with pre–
existing cardiac disease and may unmask the silent CAD or compensated heart failure.
Cardiomyopathy and CHF due to hyperthyroidism are not common.3 The reason why some patients
develop Hyperthyroid Cardiomyopathy and advanced heart failure remains unknown. Some of the
mechanisms which described below which include genomic and non–genomic and direct action of
Thyroid hormone on the cardiac muscle may cause cardiomyopathy.4, 5, 8, and 9
Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone action on the Heart
Dual

Analytical Paper Evaluation : Heart Failure Essay
Nikhil Vij
Analytical Paper Evaluation: Heart Failure
Governors State University
Table of Content
Introduction...........................................................................................3
Importance.............................................................................................3
Affected individual..........................................................................3
Members of the Family.....................................................................4
Members of the Global Community.......................................................5
Ethical Considerations......................................................................5
Interrelationships......................................................................................5
Nursing........................................................................................5
Philosophy, Theory and Research..........................................................6
Current Practice...............................................................................7
Reference Page........................................................................................9
Introduction
According to the American Heart Association (2015), heart failure is defined as "a chronic,
progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood through to meet
the body 's needs for blood and oxygen. Basically, the heart can 't keep up with its workload".
Congestive heart failure is a progressive illness that effects millions of Americans every year. Many
other illnesses can lead to the development of congestive heart failure. Examples of these diseases
include: coronary artery disease, past heart attack, high blood pressure, abnormal heart valve, heart
muscle disease such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy or inflammation such
as myocarditis, congenital heart disease, severe lung disease, diabetes, obesity and asthma.
(American Heart Association, 2015 (Centers for

Cardiomyopathy Research Paper
There are five main organs that alcohol can affect: the heart, brain, liver, pancreas, and kidneys.
Although small amounts of alcohol can be beneficial to the body, large amounts are proven to be
detrimental. The heart can develop a disease call cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy is where the
heart muscle weakens, stretches, and droops. This can lead to shortness of breath, irregular
heartbeats, exhaustion, enlarged liver, and a persistent cough. Ethanol in alcohol can damage the
brain by slowing down the exchange of information between the neurotransmitters. Anxiety,
seizures, depression, and memory loss can be effects of this. Liver cirrhosis is also a disease that can
result from excessive alcohol consumption. This disease basically means that

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
In 1972, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) was first described by Rubler et al. based on postmortem
observations of the cardiac autopsy from diabetic patients who were suffering from heart failure
without other cardiovascular complications (Rubler et al. 1972). These observations were suggested
as specific impairment of the heart muscle itself (Rubler et al. 1972). DCM has a prevalence of 12%
in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (Kiencke et al. 2010), and been identified as a serious
complication of T2DM resulting from sustained toxic effects of hyperglycemia that leads to enhance
cardiac oxidative stress (Cai et al. 2001;Liu et al. 2014), inflammation (Westermann et al. 2007),
abnormal Ca2+ handling and mitochondrial function (Choi et al. 2002a;Duncan ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
2002), then, to the late stage which is presented with systolic dysfunction or heart failure (Boudina
et al. 2007;Boudina et al. 2010). The first stage of DCM is clinically asymptomatic, but the second
stage of DCM is characterized by diastolic dysfunction (including: ventricular hypertrophy and
stiffness, high end–diastolic pressure and volume) (Connelly et al. 2008;van et al. 2008) and cardiac
inter–cellular matrix remodeling (including: an accumulation of insoluble type VI collagen and a
deposition of fibrous tissue) (Khaidar et al. 1994;Spiro et al. 1993). Several mechanisms contribute
to ventricular stiffness in diabetic heart mainly due to sustained hyperglycemia that promotes
formation of advanced glycation end–products (AGEs) (Bodiga et al. 2014), all of which are cross–
linking with extracellular matrix proteins including collagen and elastin, leading to a change in the
histological properties and eventually impairing cardiac relaxation (Candido et al. 2003;Liu et al.
2003;Vasan et al. 2003). The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction is several times higher in patients
with T2DM than in age and sex–matched healthy populations (From et al. 2010;von and St John et
al. 2010). From a clinical standpoint, DCM is defined as the presence of left ventricular (LV)
dysfunction in diabetic subjects in the absence of

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Essay
Epinephrine Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Background: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy also
called as Stress–induced transient cardiomyopathy, apical ballooning syndrome, and broken heart
syndrome was first reported in 1991 [1 in Japan, and accounts for 1.2% of acute coronary
syndromes (ACS) that present with elevated cardiac biomarkers [1,2,3. The condition is often
associated with acute medical illnesses, catastrophic life events, and intense physical or emotional
stress [2, 3. Although the pathogenesis of stress–induced cardiomyopathy is not fully understood,
the hypothesis includes catecholamine excess [16, coronary vasospasm, micro vascular
dysfunction and dynamic mid cavity or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Postmenopausal
women appear to be at a higher risk for developing the disease as about 80% of Takotsubo
cardiomyopathy occurs in postmenopausal women [3]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cardiomyopathy can be classified into a left ventricular (LV) apical ballooning variant (classic
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy–most common), an inverted or reverse Takotsubo variant (basal akinesis
with hyper dynamic apex), or a mid–ventricular Takotsubo variant [1. In this paper, we are
presenting a case of epinephrine induced classic Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, which provides an
evidence to support the role of epinephrine in the pathogenesis of this

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Introduction Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) (1) is an inherited disease
characterized by the progressive replacement of the myocardium by adipose and fibrous tissue (2)
that predisposes to the development of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and to sudden cardiac death
(SCD). This condition was described three decades ago, when fibro–fatty infiltration in the right
ventricle was considered its pivotal indicator (3,4). It later became clear that the ARVC is mainly
caused by mutations in the genes encoding for desmosomal proteins (1). This helped unveil that the
disorder is often associated with biventricular manifestations (5) and the term "arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy" has also been proposed (1). The unmet need in the management

The Characteristics of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Historical Background
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was first acknowledged in Japan in 1990 by Sato et al (Djuric 512). The
United States did not have any report of Takotsubo until 1998 (Sharkey e460). Since 1998, scientific
interest in Takotsubo has steadily increased. Dr. Scott Sharkey validates the increase in scientific
interest: "In 2000, only 2 publications were recorded, compared with nearly 300 in 2010. Now,
takotsubo is widely recognized, with reports form 6 continents and diverse countries" (e460).
Dr. Salim Virani describes how the disease received its name: "In Japanese, "tako–tsubo" means
"fishing pot for trapping octopus," because the LV of a patient diagnosed with this condition
resembles that shape" (76). To better explain this, the x–rays taken of the heart from patients with
takotsubo show a narrow neck with a ballooned lower portion. These x–rays of the heart closely
resemble the Japanese takotsubo, which is a ceramic pot they use to trap octopus in (Sharkey e460–
e461).
Dr. Arantza Manzanal explains how takotsubo was initially described "as a syndrome of reversible
LV dysfunction with wall–motion abnormalities that involve the apical and midventricular
segments" (57). Dr. Paolo Angelini rationalizes that "only during the last 2 decades have Japanese
authors specifically categorized transient takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) as an entity in itself.
Before that time, TTC was often called "acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries"
(312). We will

"Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:Diagnosis and Considerations for
Management," discusses the significance of early recognition and treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
(AF). In addition, the journal provides information about the role rhythm plays in hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy and ventricular arrhythmias.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the leading monogenetic cardiomyopathy. HCM has a
prevalence of 1:500 (Ali, 2018). Localization and severity of hypertrophy dictate whether HCM
patients may suffer from ventricular outflow tract obstruction, mitral regurgitation, diastolic
dysfunction, myocardial ischemia and fibrosis (Ali, 2018). AF is the most common arrhythmia in
HCM. The prevalence is mostly dependent on the severity, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Stroke, edema, hypotension, and chest pain are also indicators of possible AF.
Treatment strategies include a timely given oral anticoagulant, rhythm or rate control using medical
and interventional option (Ali, 2018). It is advised that symptomatic patients get a rapid electrical
cardioversion to restore sinus rhythm (Ali, 2018). There are drugs that maintain sinus rhythm. They
include: amiodarone, sotalol, and disopyramide (Ali, 2018). A Beta blocker helps reduce the
gradient of LVOT improving diastolic dysfunction. Catheter ablation is also a safe and effective
option for patients with HCM (Ali, 2018). It's shown to have fewer complications and a better
recovery than surgical ablation (Ali, 2018).
This journal clearly described how to diagnose and treat AF. With heart disease being the leading
killer in the U.S., I appreciate all the symptoms the article listed as well the additional updated
diagnosage measures. I wish the journal would've explained what is it the beta blockers do and how
the anticoagulants work at the cellular level. A description or picture of the catheter and surgical
ablation would've helped readers get an idea of what's taking place in treating AF.

Demographic Paper
Demographic Paper
Pekin Illinois is a relatively small community located in Central Illinois half way between St. Louis
and Chicago. It boasted a total community population of 33857 during the last census period of
2008. The total population consisted of roughly a 50/50 male to female ratio with a median age of
37.1 and represented 94.4% Caucasian, 2.4% African American, 1.9% Hispanic and 1.1% Asian
races. Due to this population mix many of the culturally and racially indicated diseases states, such
as type 2 diabetes, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular diseases are not as prevalent as coronary
heart disease and other related diseases such as heart failure, high blood pressure, elevated
cholesterol and obesity.
For this paper the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The result will be increased delays across the entire patient population because of the intensive
nature of caring for a cardiac patient, decreased revenues to the hospital system causing a strain on
already tight operation and the very real possibility of high physician burn–out and departure due to
the increased stress of having to constantly do more with less with less incentive. In essence, the
socialized medicine approach of the one–payer system will actually decrease the available care to
thousands of patients because it will flood the system with under–paying, highly expectant patients
that previously would not have come to the hospital for various minor health issues. This will
deplete the current resources and truly afford the revenues needed to replace them.
To add to the dilemma, the rising cost of healthcare will not adequately be addressed by any new
healthcare system. The costs of healthcare in America are staggering and currently represent over
17% of our national GDP with the expectation of that number rising to 20% in less than 5 years.
These costs are direct hits on the revenues received by hospital which affect their ability to remain
operational. As the hospital's revenues and profit margin decrease, so does the expected longevity of
the hospital.
Many of the costs that exceed the reimbursement are simply considered lost. The hospital no longer
has

The Importance Of Life In My Life
My life has always been normal. My usual week goes like this. On Sunday I get up bright and early
and go to church. My whole family gets up at the same time then eats breakfast and talks about our
plans for the week.
"Are there any soccer games this week?" This is the question my Mom always asks me.
"They are every Tuesday and Thursday, mom." I reply, then everyone else talks. I never contribute
to the conversations. I am not like my brothers who are either the best at their sport or are in all AP
classes. My 2 brothers love to rub it in my face that I am not the favorite. Every normal day during
school goes the same. I struggle to keep up in my normal level classes, after school I either sleep,
study, or listen to music. Tuesdays and Thursdays were different; when I played soccer nothing else
mattered. The whole world was in a blur as if my glasses fell off, except the game I could see that
perfectly. People could scream and chant my name but I wouldn't notice till my parents told me
about it after. The only thing I would respond to was coach yelling number 12, or Phillips at me. My
life was in an endless loop of fake happiness. Until one day. He changed me for the better.
The way we met was extremely cheesy but I absolutely love cheesy everything. We sat beside each
other in my human anatomy class, that he was clearly too smart to be in. He knew everything
already because he already took all the higher–level medical field classes above this one. I couldn't
keep up, but by the time I realized I was going to fail, it was way too late for a schedule changes.
We got assigned a group project, and the thought of working with him outside of school made me
cringe. My legs got that tense feeling, like how you know you shouldn't do something but you go
for it.
"Do you think we should finish this outside of school?" I asked, nervous I was going to get shot
down, but even more desperate to get a good grade.
" I was thinking the same thing! How about Wednesday at the coffee shop?" He seemed so happy
with his reply. While I wanted to have hope my logical side told me this is going to go nowhere. The
days leading up to that day felt like forever until the day actually came. Then I started to wonder
how the time

Organ Donation Case Study Essay
Organ Allocation Case Study: Correctional Healthcare
Healthcare workers and the ethics board make tough decisions that impact the patient's future,
especially related to organ allocation. Organ transplantation is extremely important in order to save
lives, prolong survival, and increase the quality of life (Beyar, 2017). Each year the number of
people on the waiting list continues to rise at an alarming rate. According to the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, organ donation statistics show that more than 116,000 people are
awaiting organs. The number has risen significantly every year (Health Resources & Services
Administration {HRSA}, 2016). In 2016, it was reported that approximately 41,335 organ donations
were made, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mr. Rodriquez's health history is limited to hypertension. The second candidate, Mr. Smith, is an
uninsured 59–year–old on disability who has severe ischemic cardiomyopathy (causing systemic
failure). His other medical history includes hypertension, renal insufficiency, alcohol abuse, and
coronary artery disease that caused two previous myocardial infarctions.
A person's age and their lifestyle can impact overall organ transplant success. Physiologic age
impacts major organ systems such as the kidneys and other underlying medical problems (Eisen,
2017). Mr. Smith is 26 years older with declining health. On the other hand, Mr. Rodriquez is a
healthy individual with mild hypertension. Physical inactivity can be associated with an increased
risk of morbidity or worsening chronic disease and health conditions such as cardiovascular disease
and congestive heart failure (Warren et al., 2010). According to the article from the National Center
for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), alcohol consumption plays a role in the development of
heart failure. Excessive drinking leads to alcoholic cardiomyopathy (Djoussé & Gaziano, 2008).
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is characterized by left ventricular dilation, increased left ventricular
mass, and reduced or normal left ventricular wall thickness (Djoussé & Gaziano, 2008). Mr. Smith's
heavy consumption of alcohol may become detrimental to his heart, liver, and kidney function. His
comorbidities and

Analysis Of The Pathophysiological Framework Of Dilated...
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy is the deterioration of muscles within the heart which in
turn causes the heart to become thick, rigid or enlarged; this physiological change causes decreased
contractility and may lead to arrhythmias or heart failure (VanMeter and Hubert, 2013). In the case
study, the client is a seven–year–old girl from Chetwynd who is recently diagnosed with dilated
cardiomyopathy. When she was ten months old, she underwent a heart transplant for her hypoplastic
left heart syndrome. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a complex and rare heart defect that is
congenital, or present at birth, in which the left side of the heart is severely underdeveloped. The left
ventricle is not functional and therefore the left side ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rapid degeneration of myocardial fibers and diffuse inflammation lead to ventricular dilation
and hypertrophy which cause atrial enlargement and stasis of blood in the left ventricle (Park, 2008).
The enlargement of the remaining heart chambers is mainly due to left ventricular failure, but it may
also be secondary to the primary cardiomyopathic process. Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated
with both systolic and diastolic dysfunctions, with decreased systolic function being the
predominant abnormality (Parker, 2008). This dysfunction leads to decreased contractility and
general contractile dysfunction (Parker, 2008). Progressive dilation can lead to significant mitral and
tricuspid regurgitation, which may further decrease the cardiac output and increase end–systolic
volumes and ventricular wall stress. In turn, this leads to further dilation and myocardial dysfunction
(Friedberg, 2008). Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type of heart muscle disease in
pediatrics (Chow, Ateah, Scott, Ricci, & Kyle, 2013). Dilated cardiomyopathy can be a life
threatening condition and can decrease life expectancy if severe damage occurs. Currently, the five–
year survival rate for children diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy is between forty and eighty
percent. The survival rate decreases if they child is diagnosed at five years or older (Friedberg,
2008).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis methods

Despite the absence of a cure or preventative measures for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, there
have been notable advances in both diagnostic techniques and successful treatments available.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is also known as HCM. It is a genetic condition in which the
myocardium or heart muscle in the left ventricle is thickened. HCM cannot be identified by a single
complaint or symptom as it is different for every person that it affects. This disease not only causes
left ventricle hypertrophy but can also cause ventricle stiffness, mitral valve changes, and other
cellular changes.
This photo shows the difference between what a normal unaffected heart looks like and what a heart
that suffers from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy looks like. Thickening most commonly occurs at the
septum of the heart which separates the right and left sides of the heart. The thickening significantly
affects the blood flow through the heart causing the ventricles to have to pump harder in attempt to
continue normal blood flow.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy was discovered by Donald Teare, a pathologist, about five decades
ago (1958). Over the last 50 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1994). Natural History of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Retrieved from
http://heart.bmj.com/content/72/6_Suppl/S10.full.pdf
Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. (2011). Retrieved
from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. (2015). Retrieved from
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/heart/disorders/hcm
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. (2016). Retrieved from
http://www.efpia.eu/diseases/44/59/Hypertrophic–Cardiomyopathy
Maron, B. (2002). Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Retrieved from
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/106/19/2419.full
Parcharidis, G. (2011). Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: What Have We Learned in Fifty Years?
Retrieved from

Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy Research Paper
From birth to death, loss is an inevitable part of each person`s lifetime. Most people are loved as
soon they come into this world, but are loved by many more when they go. Nonetheless, in the
journey of life, people will face obstacles that will shape them into different people than they were
yesterday, and most people will find themselves loving another person at one point in time.
However, certain circumstances, such as death or a breakup, can cause a person to feel like the
entire world is crashing down upon his or her shoulders. Some deaths can be signaled by sickness or
old age, but like anything, some do come unexpectedly. The same trend goes for breakups as well.
Sometimes, a breakup can come as a shock to one person or both people ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes, mourning is the best way for someone to accept the reality of the situation they are in.
Research has shown that if a person goes through a loss of any kind, they will most likely go
through what has been termed as "the stages of grief." In some cases, the loss of a loved one could
be seen from a distance, but in other cases, it can leave a person blindsided. After a loss of a loved
one, those affected by it will often find themselves in denial, and wondering why it happened or
what they could`ve done to change the outcome. Then, that feeling of helplessness and confusion
will turn into anger, which can be dangerous to those surrounding the person, as well as the person`s
own emotional health. But after the feelings of rage settle, some people will find themselves
beginning to accept that someone whom they loved has left their lives. This is the one stage of grief
that can linger for a very long time, and some people will never be able to get out of this stage,
which can eventually lead to depression and other emotional issues. But after a person affected has
his or her required amount time to mourn the loss, he or she may finally be able to completely
accept the situation and move on with their individual lives.
Altogether, losses can prompt many physical and emotional problems to those who experience
them. Those who are affected by a loss of a loved one will often experience

Case Study : Congestive Heart Failure And Cardiomyopathy
Case Study 2 involves a geriatric patient, Mr. P., who is having difficulty managing his congestive
heart failure (CHF) and cardiomyopathy (GCU, 2013). For one to find the best way to help him, one
must have an understanding of his disease processes. This paper will briefly describe congestive
heart failure and cardiomyopathy. It will look at the nurse's approach to care and define a treatment
plan. The treatment plan will include methods for educating Mr. P. and his wife. Furthermore, a
teaching plan will be included with language the patient and the wife will understand.
Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy
Understanding CHF is complex, but can be briefly stated as the "impaired structure and/or function
of the heart, leading to dyspnea and fatigue at rest or with exertion" (Francis & Tang, 2003, p. S14).
CHF is not a stand–alone disease, as there is always a cause. Francis and Tang (2003) list etiologies
such as coronary heart disease, hypertension that is not well–controlled, valvular heart disease, and
cardiomyopathies. Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle (National Institute of Health
[NIH], 2015). Cardiomyopathies may be primary idiopathic, genetic, lymphocytic inflammatory
myocarditis, or stem from toxic chemicals such as amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine, or
chemotherapy. Although we do not know the etiology, we can surmise his Mr. P's CHF is likely
related to his cardiomyopathy.
Approach to Care
With cardiomyopathy and CHF, caring for Mr. P. is

Sudden Cardiac Death By Ghanshyam Patel
Ghanshyam Patel, EMPL ID: 23591518
CHSS Research Paper
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH
Author: Ghanshyam Patel
MBBS, MPH
EMPL Id: 23591518, Ghanshyam.patel18@sphmail.cuny.edu
FROM,
CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy,
55 West 125th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
Abstract:
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is major public health problem. SCD continues to be one of the leading
causes of mortality worldwide, with an annual incidence estimated at 250000 to 300000 in the
United States and with the vast majority occurring in the setting of coronary disease and other
cardiac events. I performed the systematic review of journal article ranging from 2006 to 2016 with
appropriate information related to sudden cardiac death and related consequences, the context of
problem and related solution. SCD is so immediate that detailed study should be performed to
understand and to review in better depth with screening evaluation and permanent treatment.
Objective is to summarize published sudden cardiac death information literature and article with
valid information and to understand extend of issue with available options for solution.
Conclusion: The sudden cardiac death is tragic event to happen. Many research had been published
and new content comes nearly every year, but existing research related to it is weak. Future research
efforts should be directed for developing new policy changes and social aspect of this situation. The
prevention measurement with genetic evaluation

Cardiomyopathy Case Study
Cardiac abnormalities are often detected during physical examination of hyperthyroid
cats1
. These abnormalities are diverse and can appear as subtle, clinically inconsequential
myocardial changes but also as severe changes which could be associated with the development
of heart failure leading to death. Often times, it is difficult to determine whether cardiac
abnormalities that persist after the treatment and resolution of hyperthyroidism are the result of
the hyperthyroidism or a primary cardiac disease1
.
The most common form of primary myocardial disease in cats is hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is the hypertrophy of a nondilated ventricle that occurs when
there is no metabolic stimuli or altered blood flow such as hyperthyroidism ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Over time, cats may develop an enlargement or thickening of the left ventricle2
. Both lesions of
the heart may result in echocardiographic changes which are indistinguishable from one another,
and therefore echocardiogram is not always a useful tool in differentiating between primary and
secondary cardiomyopathy.
This paper evaluated plasma concentrations of two cardiac biomarkers; N–terminal
probrain natriuretic peptide (NT–proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTNI). NT–proBNP is secreted

in response to myocardial stretch, and cTNI is released from the cytosol of damaged
cardiomyocytes2
. These biomarkers were evaluated in the plasma to identify if a possible
correlation between plasma concentrations of the biomarkers and cardiomyopathies existed.
Previous studies in hyperthyroid humans have shown that increased plasma concentrations of
NT–proBNP and T4, which stimulates BPN release from cardiomyocytes, indicating a change in
the heart due to hyperthyroidism3
. No such study has been done to compare plasma

Familial Cardiomyopathies ( Fc )
Background: Familial Cardiomyopathies (FC) are a collection of cardiac diseases that vary vastly
genetically, and pathologically (1, 2). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common
form of FC (2). HCM is diagnosed often with left ventricular hypertrophy without a noticeable
increase in external load and smaller ventricular cavity, but with a preserved ejection fraction (3).
That is, the percent of blood leaving the left ventricle (5) does not change. Other pathologies include
interstitial fibrosis, thickening of the media in intramural arteries, and myocytes disarray greater
than 5%; which is a hallmark of HCM (4). HCM shows variability in its penetrance, from a patient
with no symptoms, to having sudden cardiac death (SCD) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As a result, many patients that do not fit standard diagnostic criteria may in fact have this form of
HCM (8). This low diagnostic sensitivity can be a contributing factor to the high mortality rate of
TnT related HCM, making understanding its etiology very important. Mutations in TnT mostly
seem to be associated with changes in calcium sensitivity (10). Three mutations seem to be
prevalent, each having varying affects on calcium sensitivity. The TnT–Arg278Cys (R278C)
mutation, not without some debate (15), has been found to have negligible effects on calcium
handling, resulting in a relatively better prognosis for the patient (11). TnT–Phe110Ile (F110I) and
Ile79Asn (I79N) mutations both show a respective increase in calcium sensitivity (10). Their
pathologies differ from most HCM in that very little fibrosis or hypertrophy is seen (12). This is
unique, as most HCM has associated fibrosis, which results in re–entrant tachycardias and possible
fibrillation (13). But with I79N and associated mutations, re–entrant tachycardias have been
observed in the absence of any fibrosis (14). Both the etiology of these mutations and resulting
pathology has been researched extensively in murine and porcine models (14, 15). The I79N,
R278C, and F110I mutations were first identified and characterized by Watkins et al. (16). Families
exhibiting HCM had their DNA sequenced and, using statistical analyses, polymorphisms were

Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy
Subject– Cardio Myopothy Introduction: describe nature of Disorder Cardiomyopathy (i.e. "heart
muscle disease") is the failure of the heart muscle – myocardium for whatever reason and there are
many different reasons. Cardiomyopathy may be dangerous since victims of this disease are at risk
of certain cardiac rupture as well as irregular heartbeat. In fact, Cardiomyopathy is one of, if not the
most, dangerous disease that is connected to the heart. (Adelmann 2010). Common symptoms of
Cardiomyopathy are dyspnea (breathlessness) and peripheral edema (swelling of the legs). It starts
with the muscle becoming hard, thick, and engorged sometimes becoming replaced with scar tissue.
As the muscle rigidifies, the heart weakens, is less bale to pump oxygen through the body, and starts
to falter. Heart beat becomes irregular (called arrhythmias) and fluid can build up in lungs, ankles,
feet, legs, or abdomen. Cardiomyopathy can result in other problems such as heart valve
complications. There are two forms of Cardiomyopathy: Extrinsic Most forms of Cardiomyopathy
are extrinsic. This is where the pathology is located outside the myocardium. This form of
Cardiomyopathy is also called by the World Health Organization specific cardiomyopathies and is
caused by poor supply of oxygen to heart (also called Ischemia) Intrinsic This is weakness in the
muscle of the heart not attributable to any extrinsic cause. Actually, most intrinsic Cardiomyopathy
can be traced back to some sort

The patient's chart did not state which type of cardiomyopathy he had a history of, but there are four
types of cardiomyopathies. Dilated cardiomyopathy is when both heart ventricles are dilated and the
heart's pumping function is impaired because the ventricular walls stretch out to very thin widths
(Dechant, 2016). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is where the walls of the ventricles thicken and
grow inwards, and could impair the outflow of blood when the heart contracts (Dechant, 2016).
Restrictive cardiomyopathy is when the ventricles stiffen in elasticity, restricting the inflow of blood
into the ventricles at rest (Dechant, 2016). Finally, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
could involve either ventricle and is when the myocardial tissue is replaced by fatty tissue,
impairing overall ventricular function (Dechant, 2016). Symptoms depended on what type of
cardiomyopathy a person has. Symptoms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be specifically treated with beta–blockers and calcium
antagonists (Dechant, 2016). The patient, however, is not on any of these medications at this time
due to his condition after surgery and the fact that he is NPO. As for home medications, the patient's
chart says that he stated that he does not take any home medications, meaning he does not take
medications to treat his cardiomyopathy. Surgical procedures to treat cardiomyopathy include
ventriculomyomectomy, which includes the removal of part of the ventricular septum to further
open the thickened ventricles in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Dechant, 2016). A heart transplant
can help with dilatated and restrictive cardiomyopathy by replacing the damaged heart with a
normal one (Dechant, 2016). The patient has not had any surgical procedures to treat his

Dilated Cardiomyopathy
HCM happens when the heart muscle enlarges and thickens without an obvious cause. Usually the
ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, and septum thicken. The thickened areas create
narrowing or blockages in the ventricles, making it harder for the heart to pump blood; however, in
very few instances the heart actually contracts with much greater force causing an obstruction to the
blood flow (CMUK, 2015). HCM also can cause stiffness of the ventricles, changes in the mitral
valve, and cellular changes in the heart tissue.
Symptoms of the disease vary; however, the two main occurrences consist of dizziness and
blackouts, or arrhythmias. The first being common due to strenuous activities like working out,
while arrhythmias are when electrical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The goal of the treatment is to make the symptoms more manageable and to slow the progression of
the disease to allow for a longer life. Some treatments that have been recommended through the
research can be as simple as changing a diet and exercise to needing surgery. One of the surgeries an
individual can receive is the implantation of a Berlin Heart (FDA, 2011). Much of the Berlin heart
can be found outside of the body, only the tubes of the machine go into the individual. The Berlin
Heart assists the individual's heart when it is no longer able to provide an adequate amount of blood
in the stroke volume. The Berlin Heart helps with the movement of the blood throughout the system
and even contains valves to prevent backflow. The Berlin Heart allows patients who are critical to
have a better chance while waiting for a

The Heart And The Liver Essay
The heart and the liver are closely related, and this has been known for many years. So, patients
with acute and chronic heart failure develop symptoms related to the liver. In the setting of right–
sided heart failure a spectrum of hepatic derangements occur, known as Cardiac cirrhosis or
congestive hepatopathy (Moller and Bernardi, 2013). The effect of cardiac cirrhosis on prognosis is
not that clear, but cardiac cirrhosis could be reversed after heart transplantation.
When a sudden and dramatic increase in serum hepatic transaminase occurs, associated with
cardiogenic shock, this indicates severe hepatocellular necrosis named ischemic hepatitis (Crespo–
Leiro et al., 2008).
On the contrary; chronic liver disease alone may have an effect on the function and
electrophysiology of the heart in absence of other cardiac disease. This complex is collectively
named cirrhotic cardiomyopathy that affects the patient prognosis and aggravates the course during
invasive procedures such as surgery, insertion of a trans jugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt
(TIPS), and orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT) (Moller and Bernardi, 2013).
Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy (CCM):
The term cirrhotic cardiomyopathy was first known more than 30 years ago, and is characterized by
chronic cardiac dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis in the absence of known cardiac disease,
regardless of the etiology of cirrhosis. Certain criteria for diagnosis of CCM have recently been
settled by an

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary disease of the myocardium (the muscle of the
heart) in which a portion of the myocardium ishypertrophied (thickened) without any obvious cause.
It is perhaps best known as a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.[7] The
occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a significant cause of sudden unexpected cardiac
death in any age group and as a cause of disabling cardiac symptoms. Younger people are likely to
have a more severe form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
HCM is frequently asymptomatic until sudden cardiac death, and for this reason some suggest
routinely screening certain populations for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, troponin T mutations are associated with a 50% mortality before the age of 40.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Diagnosis [edit]
A diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is based upon a number of features of the disease
process. While there is use of echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, or cardiac MRI in the
diagnosis of the disease, other important factors include ECG and genetic test (although not
primarily used for diagnosis)[35] findings and if there is any family history of HCM or unexplained
sudden death in otherwise healthy individuals.
Obstructive and non–obstructive [edit]
Physical examination [edit]
Cardiac catheterization [edit]
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Treatment [edit]
Asymptomatic patients [edit]
A significant number of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy do not have any symptoms and
will have normal life expectancies, though they should be counseled to avoid particularly strenuous
activities or competitive athletics. These patients should also be screened for risk factors for sudden
cardiac death. In patients with resting or inducible outflow obstructions, situations that will cause
dehydration or vasodilation (such as the use

Stan Larkin's Cardiomyopathy
Stan Larkin, a patient who suffered from cardiomyopathy, survived 17 months without a heart,
thanks to the SynCardia Freedom Portable Driver, a replacement bag, which kept him alive until
finally arrived transplantation. Even if it seems incredible, it is possible to live without a heart. Or at
least without the heart in its original place, treating the body almost modular way. It is the
experience that during 17 months Stan Larkin had to live, which could replace the body through a
bag created by the University of Michigan and connected to your cardiovascular system. PUB The
origin of everything is in November 2014, when he appeared to cardiomyopathy, a degenerative
failure which gradually and irreversibly decreases the heart's ability until

Symptoms And Treatment Of Respiratory Cardiomyopathy
Disease Process
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also referred to as broken heart syndrome, transient apical ballooning or
stress cardiomyopathy is a type of non–ischemic cardiomyopathy in which there is a sudden
temporary weakening of the muscular portion of the heart (Zamir, M 2005). It is an increasingly
recognized clinical syndrome characterized by transient reversible apical left ventricular dysfunction
(Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine, 2008), originally described as a transient
occurrence usually after a sudden emotional or physical stress, but more recently other
morphologies are now being considered such as multifactorial events involving the vascular
(abnormal vasoreactivity, endothelial and microvascular dysfunction), ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Akashi, K. Nakazawa, M. Sakakibara, F. Miyake, H. Koike, K. Sasaka 2003). Echocardiography
with left ventricle pathognomonic wall motion abnormalities such as the base contracting normally
but the remaining walls being severely hypokinetic is a key diagnostic feature in takotsubo
cardiomyopathy. ECG findings are often confused with those found during an acute anterior wall
myocardial infarction because they mimic classic ST–segment elevation, T–wave inversion or QT–
interval prolongation (Azzarelli S, Galassi AR, Amico F, Giacoppo M, Argentino V, Tomasello SD,
Tamburino C, Fiscella A., 2006), making it difficult to diagnose upon presentation. A coronary
angiogram, typically used to evaluate individuals with left ventricular dysfunction, will not reveal
any significant blockages. Myocardial enzymes rise only moderately at worst, which may be easily
overlooked during diagnosis. Blood tests will show increased white blood cell count, to believe
bacterial infections are present although the results will usually be negative.
Clinical features can be summarized as follows: (i) most patients are women aged > 60 years; (ii)
symptoms at onset are similar to those of

Essay Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD, but commonly referred to as heart failure) is a
chronic, progressive cardiac syndrome in which a damaged heart fails to beat efficiently and deliver
enough blood to meet the body's needs. Although coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most
common cause, for example, myocardial infarction, and many of the conditions are intertwined,
there are several other causes of heart failure including cardiomyopathies, hypertension and valve
disease.
Cardiomyopathies can be caused by genetic disorders/defects, viral illness, some endocrine
conditions, autoimmune diseases, and excessive use of alcohol and drugs. Pharmacology treatment
of diagnosed LVSD is predominately the same, although it is recognised ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some family members had sudden early deaths and no other current family members identified with
the deficient gene showed signs and symptoms of heart failure.
Mutations and misprints of gene MYBPC3 have also been shown to be present in individuals with
HCA (Zaragoza et al, 2007) but this was not identified in Jane or her extended family. Some family
members had sudden infant/young deaths, and as mentioned earlier, some carried the defective gene
with no obvious problems. This leads us to the suggestion that perhaps environmental factors could
also have contributed to the homeostatic imbalances Jane was experiencing.
Morita (2005) stated that 'recent insights into molecular genetic causes of myocardial diseases have
highlighted the importance of single–gene defects in the pathogenesis of heart failure'. The
information we can collect from investigation of gene defects, and an understanding of how genetics
contributes to the development of heart failure, will ultimately help in prevention, treatment and
possibly cure of cardiomyopathies in the future but we must also consider the environmental factors
role.
Events which are thought to cause hypertrophy to develop

Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Stem cells have made significant promise to help people understand and treat a broad range of
injuries, diseases, and other health–related issues. This type of treatment has saved the lives of many
people with leukemia and can also be used for tissue grafts to treat conditions with the skin, bone
and surface of the eye ("Nine Things to Know about Stem Cell Treatments"). Dilated
cardiomyopathy (DMC) is a disease characterized by expansion of the left ventricular chamber and
it is usually associated with systolic dysfunction. The presentations of the condition include heart
failure, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmia and as a refractory life–threatening condition which
can cause heart failure, transplantation remains the ultimate therapy for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
49). In this light, the MSCs produce numerous bioactive molecules which facilitate tissue repair in
different pathways. For instance, elevated secretion of cytokines after hUCMSC injections can
increase the repairing ability of injured myocardium. Therefore, boosting the secretion and
expression of tissues for repair purposes like cytokines is likely the underlying mechanism for the
therapeutic properties of intramuscular injection of hUCMSCs. It is also noteworthy that exploiting
the paracrine properties of MSCs averts the risks involved in intramyocardial and intracoronary

Ppcm Case Study
Clinical Feature:
The severity of symptoms in patients with PPCM can be classified by the New York Heart
Association system as follows:
Class I – Disease with no symptoms
Class II – Mild symptoms/effect on function or symptoms only with extreme exertion
Class III – Symptoms with minimal exertion
Class IV – Symptoms at rest
New or rapid onset of the following symptoms requires prompt evaluation:
Cough,Orthopnea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, Fatigue, Palpitations
Hemoptysis, Chest pain, Abdominal pain
The differential diagnosis includes the following:
 Aortic Stenosis –Cardiomyopathy
 Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
 Cocaine Cardiomyopathy
 Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
 Restrictive Cardiovascular Disease and Pregnancy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Felker G, Jaeger CJ, Klodas E, et al. Myocarditis and longterm survival in peripartum
cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J
2000 Nov;140(5):785–91.
11. Cunningham GF, Gant NF, Leveno KJ, Gilstrap III LC, Hauth
JC, Wenstrom KD, eds. Williams Obstetrics. 21st ed. New
York: McGraw–Hill; 2001. p 1141–514.
12. Hull E, Hafkesbring E. "Toxic" postpartal heart disease. New
Orleans Med Surg J 1937;89:550–7.
13. Felker G, Thompson R, Hare J, et al. Underlying causes and long–term survival in patients with
initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000 Apr 13;342(15):1077–84.
14. Sliwa K, Skudicky D, Bergemann A, Candy G, Puren A,
The Permanente Journal/ Fall 2009/ Volume 13 No. 4 45
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Case Reports
Sareli P. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: analysis of clinical outcome, left ventricular function, plasma
levels of cytokines and Fas/APO–1. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Mar 1;35(3):701–5.
15. Sliwa K, Förster O, Libhaber E, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: inflammatory markers as
predictors of outcome in 100 prospectively studied patients. Eur Heart J 2006

Feb;27(4):411–6.
16. Cénac A, Simonoff M, Moretto P, Djibo A. A low plasma selenium is a risk factor for peripartum
cardiomyopathy.
A comparative study in Sahelian Africa. Int J Cardiol

Appraisal of the Hallas, Banner and Wray's Study of the...
Introduction A qualitative study of the psychological experience of patients during and after
mechanical cardiac support by Hallas, Banner, and Wray (2009), is a study that evaluated the
psychological adjustment and quality of life of patients being treated for end stage heart failure with
ventricular support assist device (VAD) in situ compared with patients who underwent heart
transplantation or had the VAD removed. This critique will appraise the author's presentation of the
elements of the research study to include: the stated problem, purpose, research question, conceptual
framework, literature review, measures of concept, results reporting, sample and research design.
Problem
In the introduction of the article (Hallas et al., ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to (Polit & Beck, 2011), a problem statement articulates the problem and describes the
need for the study through the development of an argument. The researchers of this article have
provided the basis for the research study which is to identify necessary issues that research has left
unresolved in regards to the psychological well–being that are affected by living with a VAD (Hallas
et al., 2009).
Purpose
The purpose of this study is clearly stated in the article and the format is appropriate for this study. It
is presented as the aim of the study, which is to identify the psychological processes that patients use
to construct and make sense of their adjustment to a VAD and to determine whether the conceptual
construction of adjustment and well–being in heart failure patients is consistent for patients with
different surgical outcomes (Hallas et al., 2009). The setting of the study is not clearly identified in
the purpose statement. However the setting is mentioned later in the article. The type of study is a
qualitative cross sectional study although it is not clearly stated in the purpose statement but it is
stated in the objectives.
Research Questions The research questions are not clearly stated in a question format; however, in
the introduction, the researcher states there has been scarce data related to the following statements
and little knowledge

Cardiomyopathy
Protein is probably considered the most important nutrient when it comes to determining the dietary
needs of cats. Due to their unique metabolism and being strict carnivores, high quality proteins are a
must. Quality protein is dependent on what amino acids are involved and in what quantity. The
required amino acids for felines are PVT TIM HALL with special attention to the amino acid taurine
as cats cannot synthesize sufficient quantities of it for maintenance. This is partially why they
require so much protein in their diets to stay healthy. Since taurine is found in animal based sources
it explains why one should not feed a diet of plant based proteins as it is not of the right quality and
a cat could still become deficient. Without proper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a structural abnormality of the heart where one or more of the chambers becomes affected.
While there are three different types of cardiomyopathy the one associated with taurine deficiency is
known as dilated cardiomyopathy which is characterized as enlarged heart chambers and a reduction
in contraction ability. Symptoms of this disease include loss of appetite, weakness and depression.
DCM, if left untreated, can lead to more serious heart conditions and can cause congestive heart
failure. That being said it is very important to make sure that a cat is getting fed the appropriate
amount of protein in their diets to greatly reduce the risk of dilated cardiomyopathy. If this disease is
caught early enough it is possible to reverse the effects of the disease by making sure to supplement
the amino acid taurine into the diet. Due to the discovery of taurine being a factor of this disease pet
food companies are forced to make sure there is sufficient amounts of taurine in the feed they
market. This has made dilated cardiomyopathy a more rare form of cardiomyopathy and not
commonly seen in heart disease cases, it cannot go away completely as there are still genetic factors
that play a role in the

Myocarditis is a very difficult disease to treat and to properly diagnose. The disease is symptomatic
in some patients and asymptomatic in others. Myocarditis is one of the proposed mechanisms of
sudden athlete death (SAD). Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of morbidity and
mortality in western societies. Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease that may be caused by
different pathogens and triggers; it is gaining increasing importance because of its links to sudden
death syndrome in young athlete, and to dilated cardiomyopathy (Yilmaz et al., 2012). There are
many proposed causes of sudden athlete death; one of the primary causes is hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy (HCM). As with any disease we should investigate all factors influencing its
pathology including but not limited to: genetic, cultural, and environmental factors. Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy is a heritable disease that is typically passed down as an autosomal dominant trait;
only one copy of the dominant allele is required to display the effected phenotype.
Sudden death in athletes is difficult to diagnose because only a small percentage of athletes present
problems and symptoms. According to one study just 21% of 48 athletes who died of hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy related sudden death had previous signs or symptoms of cardiac disease (chest
pain, exertional dyspnea, syncope, dizziness) before death (Koester, 2001). Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy affects many components of the heart. In hypertrophic

Essay On Cardiomyopathy
"[...] 1 in every 100,000 children in the U.S. under the age of 18 is diagnosed with cardiomyopathy"
("Understand Pediatric" 1). This condition affects many children throughout the world. Some cases
of cardiomyopathy are fatal, some allow the child to live with restrictions. Cardiomyopathy is the
leading cause of death and heart transplants in children ("Understand Pediatric" 1). There are many
different ways to help diagnose the numerous forms of this disorder, treatments to help stop other
problems from occurring, and therapies to help the restrictions some may live with. Various medical
fields have been looking into and studying what the leading causes could be for this disorder
("Progress to date" 1). There are many symptoms a child can show for a doctor to see in order for
them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These separate forms of the condition come with distinct traits that vary from one to the next.
Dilated cardiomyopathy, "The most common form, this occurs when the muscle fibers of one or
both pumping chambers are weak and unable to contract normally" ("Understand Pediatric" 1).
Which means that the heart beats abnormally due to lack of blood flow. Often with DCM the heart
is weak and fails because it cannot sufficiently pump blood throughout the body ("Understanding
Pediatric" 1). The article on "Understanding Pediatric Cardiomyopathy" states that hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy is the second most common form. HCM has a few characteristics that can be
mistaken for dilated cardiomyopathy. Thick and stiff muscles may stop the heart from contracting
properly, which may narrow the passageways for blood to move out of the heart ("Understanding
Pediatric" 1). So, the muscles within the heart thicken to try and help blood flow. In an advanced
form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, there is a chance that the muscles may thin to try to help the
poor pumping action ("Understanding Pediatric" 1). When HCM tries to help the body it, in itself,
can cause failure. A

Organ Allocation Case Study : Correctional Healthcare
Organ Allocation Case Study: Correctional Healthcare
Healthcare workers and the ethics board make tough decisions that impact the patient's future,
specifically related to organ allocation. Organ transplantation is extremely important in order to save
lives, prolong survival, and increase the quality of life (Beyar, 2017). Each year the number of
people on the waiting list continues to rise at an alarming rate. According to the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, organ donation statistics show that more than 116,000 people are
awaiting organs. The number has risen significantly every year (Health Resources & Services
Administration {HRSA}, 2016). In 2016, it was reported that approximately 41,335 organ donations
were made, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mr. Rodriquez's health history is limited to hypertension. The second candidate, Mr. Smith, is an
uninsured 59–year–old on disability who has severe ischemic cardiomyopathy (causing systemic
failure). His other medical history includes hypertension, renal insufficiency, alcohol abuse, and
coronary artery disease that caused two previous myocardial infarctions.
A person's age and their lifestyle can impact overall organ transplant success. Physiologic age
impacts major organ systems such as the kidneys and other underlying medical problems (Eisen,
2017). Mr. Smith is 26 years older with declining health. On the other hand, Mr. Rodriquez is a
healthy individual with mild hypertension. Physical inactivity can be associated with an increased
risk of morbidity or worsening chronic disease and health conditions, in particular, cardiovascular
disease and congestive heart failure (Warren et al., 2010). According to the article by the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), alcohol consumption plays a role in the development
of heart failure. Excessive drinking leads to alcoholic cardiomyopathy (Djoussé & Gaziano, 2008).
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is characterized by left ventricular dilation, increased left ventricular
mass, and reduced or normal left ventricular wall thickness (Djoussé & Gaziano, 2008). Mr. Smith's
heavy consumption of alcohol may become detrimental to his heart, liver, and kidney function. His
comorbidities

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TTC)
Research Component
Cardiomyopathy
Many people have written songs and poems and television scripts about heartbreak, but very few
know the science behind it. A simple internet search conducted by the heartbroken individual would
tell them that what they're feeling is not unique to them, but rather that they are part of a group of
people suffering from an illness called cardiomyopathy. Quite a few people who fall under this
category were placed there at the hands of an ex–lover. However, Willow Chance finds herself there
at the hands of an inattentive driver who took away the lives of her adoptive parents in the blink of
an eye. The kind of heartbreak that Willow feels falls under a subsection of the illness called
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. This is the heartbreak that is shown in our favorite movies. Takotsubo
cardiomyopathy (or TTC) is also known as the "stress–induced cardiomyopathy", prompted by an
accident or separation of some sort. However, because TTC is onset by excessive amounts of
adrenaline in the bloodstream, anything that causes an individual stress could lead to it. This means
that one can experience TTC because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, TTC is not even in the top three most common types of cardiomyopathy. The most common
type is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (or HCM). People with HCM have a heart muscle that is
excessively thick and prone to scarring. This process makes the muscle stiff, which causes blood–
pumping difficulties. The second most common subgroup is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This
occurs when the pumping chambers of the heart enlarge, which makes the muscle thin and weak.
Many people with DCM have breathing problems due to the fluid build–up in their lungs. The third
most common type of cardiomyopathy is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
(ARVC), where heart muscle cells are replaced by scar tissue and fat cells. All three of these
instances are

Cardiomyopathy Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Cardiomyopathy Essay

Similar to Cardiomyopathy Essay (20)

More from Trina Jackson

More from Trina Jackson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Cardiomyopathy Essay