The European Economic Area ( Eea )

The European Economic Area ( Eea )
Chapter 1
1.1 CE Marking The vast majority of the products that are engaged in commerce inside the European Economic Area (EEA) share a common
characteristic, the conformity marking CE. The CE marking (which is the abbreviation of the French phrase ('ConformitГ© EuropГ©enne – European
Conformity) indicates that the product baring it was designed, produced and inspected in a way that meets the requirements set by the European Union
(EU) legislation . The CE mark has very strict image rules and it is placed on a visible place preferably on the product, and where this is not feasible
on its packaging, manuals or other supporting documents.
Directive EEC/90/385, ANNEX 9
CE CONFORMITY MARKING
'– The CE conformity marking shall consist of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CE marking is proof that the manufacturer produces and merchandises the product in compliance with the EU legislation, and implies that he takes
responsibility for the conformity of the product. Therefore it is the manufacturer's duty to place the sign. The visual of the mark is specifically
described in the EU law and must be affixed in a visibly way preferably on the product. Only the products that are required by the community's
harmonisation legislation should bare the mark, which should avert the affixing of other markings that can foment the functions of the CE marking .
1.2The legal regime of notified bodies
1.2.1 The designation procedure The conformity assessment of the goods baring the CE marking can only be effective in a transnational level between
the member states of the EU and EEA. Under the scope of the relevant EU Regulations and Directives each member–state, or any other state that has
concluded a Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRAs) and Protocols to the Europe Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial
Products (PECAs), can delegate competent Authorities (notifying authorities ) with the duty to designate notified bodies, and further on be notified by
the European Commission . For example in the UK the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulation Agency (MHRA) is the designating authority for
NBs
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay On European Economic Economy
ern Capitalistic views in.
The European Economic Community
Ever since the treaty of Rome, the 6 members of the now European Economic Community had been experiencing economic prosperity and a rapid
development in all areas of society.
Politically, the EEC aimed to reduce tensions in the aftermath of World War II. In particular, it was hoped that integration would promote a lasting
reconciliation of France and Germany, thereby reducing the potential for war.
EEC governance required political cooperation among its members through formal supranational institutions.
To reduce the risk of there being political separation (some groups supporting communism, others supporting other ideas E.g. capitalism, Western
Politics Etc.) the EEC ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the construction of the berlin wall, Khrushchev confirmed that the GDR would still be in existence. It also meant that Western powers would
have to acknowledge East Germany, pretty much ignoring the ideas in the Hallstein Doctrine. With people unable to leave East Germany, it meant
Ulbricht could develop a New economic system which was supposedly meant to 'revolutionize' the GDR'S economy and gain acceptance for socialism.
The Berlin wall shifted a large amount of focus onto Berlin and Europe. During this time the EEC stayed relatively quite as they still were only
involved with west berlin, not east berlin.
The European Economic Community Turing into the European Community 1967.
Members revamped the organization several times in order to expand its policy–making powers and to revise its political structure. On July 1, 1967, the
governing bodies of the EEC, ECSC, and Euratom were merged. Through the Single European Act , which entered into force in 1987, EEC members
committed themselves to remove all remaining barriers to a common market by 1992.
After the European Economic Community turned into the European Community in 1967, other countries soon joined. In 1973, the European
community 'opened up' and let in a few more countries such as the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland (see illustration). The small group of six
countries was slowly growing.
The EEC turning into the EC could be seen as the true start

The Global Stage Of The European Union
The statement that a Belgian Minister once quoted indicated his thoughts of the global stage of the European Union (EU) which included, "the
European union was a little more than an economic giant, political dwarf and military worm." With this being said, I can confidently say within my
six–week summer long semester into the history of the European Union, I agree with the Belgian Minister's statement primarily due to their economic
trading power, weak political power, but I think their military is not no worm. According to the Europa.eu (1), The European Union is one of strongest
economic areas in the world. There is an estimated five hundred million people. Europe also make up of seven point three percent of the world 's
population, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concept is carefully related to those of economic globalization which integrates national economies into the international economy. Such
incorporations have been achieved through capital flow, trading of goods and services, and foreign direct investment. Since the primary link has been
the European Union, which has become a major alliance amongst the European nations. With the EU's focusing on globalization their economic power
has gone up. I feel that with the EU having a single currency and free trade of goods and services is a major contribution to having a strong EU. The
world is becoming a tighter community through high–tech developments around the world. With technology becoming so advanced international travel
becoming more common. Making communication and collaboration with other countries around the world easier and now a common occurrence.
Some world leaders envision a global community that would lead to a one–world–order to include government and commerce. Globalization has been
on the rise but is not shared and accepted by all. Nationalism continues to play a significant part in international interactions. With Europe's goal of
European alliance for economic purposes, the European Union can be used as a model for economic globalization. The EU restructured their
government to have political power by incorporating the European parliament, supranational fiscal union, and the European Commission. The
Parliament is the only institution where

What Is The Business Cycle? Essay
1.1 What is the 'Business Cycle '
The business cycle is the oscillation in financial action that an economy encounters over a timeframe. A business cycle is essentially characterized in
terms of periods of development or subsidence. Amid expansions, the economy is developing in genuine terms, as prove by increments in indicators
like business, industrial production, sales and individual earnings. Amid recessions, the economy is contracting, as measured by abatements in the
above indicators. Development is measured from the trough (or base) of the past business cycle to the pinnacle of the present cycle, while recession is
measured from the top to the trough. (n.g., What is the 'Business Cycle ', n.g.)
1.2 Iceland GDP growth
The GDP in Iceland progressed 3.7% per year in the second quarter of 2016, abating from an upwardly modified 4.4% development in the past quarter.
Net exchange contributed contrarily as fares hindered while imports expanded more on the positive side, quicker development was accounted for:
private utilization, government spending and gross altered capital formation. On a quarterly premise, the economy extended 2.1%, taking after a 0.8 %
expansion. Gross domestic product (GDP) Annual Growth Rate in Iceland found the middle value of 3.15% from 1998 until 2016, achieving a
record–breaking high of 13.40 % in the main quarter of 1999 and a record low of – 9.30% at the final quarter of 2009 (n.g., Iceland GDP Annual
Growth Rate, 2016). Iceland 's economy

Strategic Formulation Of International Management
Strategic formulation in international management
Strategy looks at the long term directions for an overall goal in a firm. The short term decisions creates a long term direction, to achieve competitive
advantage, short term this means Fonterra formulising how to maximises its utilities to the best use of resources. Using strategic formulation in the
global market helps to insure their goals happen with minimal risk and to the best potential, the ideology of formulation is key to incorporating the
core values and perspectives of the firm into the long term market, and preparing to reduce any risk before making foreign investment (jkmurphy, 2014).
Europe has the highest GDP globally. As of 2010 with a net worth of $19 trillion in monetary value, displaying that Europe has a large wealth in
imports and exports (World Bank, 2014). What makes Europe so unique, that gives it this highest ranking in GDP, is what initially gave Europe wealth,
the coal and steel mining community. As of 1949, six founding countries decided to create a trading system that allowed the countries to work together,
to create efficiency in resources (European Union, 2014). This created a possibility frontier curve between the countries resources, which is what
increased the monetary value through efficiency.
Fonterra's current Global strategy is largely to allocate their resources efficiently. In this case the strategy is through supplying dairy products to large
restaurant chains (Asia, 2014). Short

President Tusk 's Statement : An Informal Gathering
What does not come over from the media reports, but is extremely evident from President Tusk 's statement, is that the meeting in Brussels yesterday of
Heads of States and Governments (HSGs) was an informal gathering which had no official status whatsoever.
The gathering, from which the UK was excluded, was not meeting as the European Council (even though it was using – or abusing – Council facilities)
and had thus no authority to make decisions or policy on behalf of the European Union. Effectively, this was an exercise in letting off steam.
On the receiving end of the messages, we assume that the "colleagues", individually and collectively, are talking to us. This isn 't always the case, and
sometimes it isn 't the case at all. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Properly defined, the Single Market is a common regulatory area. A country is either part of it, or it is not. If it is not, then it can trade with the
countries forming the Single Market, on defined terms. But for the most part those countries which have trading privileges are not required to accept
the full freedoms.
The more one explores this subject, though, the more anomalies are thrown up. For instance, it is common to talk of the Single Market acquis is if it
was a monolithic block, common to the entire area. Yet, that is not the case. There is unrestricted trade in agricultural products between the EU–28 but
not within the EEA. The Efta states are not part of that market.
Thus, while all Single Market legislation supposedly has the description, "EEA Relevance" appended to it, this is not the case with laws governing
agricultural products. We can see that from this example. Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein do not apply these standards (through the EU).
The point that emerges from this is that the Single Market is actually quite flexible – more so than would appear. It can be modified according to
circumstances, and different versions of it exist, in different areas. There is no reason in principle, therefore, why the UK should not negotiate its own
specific version of the supposedly Single (but actually "variable") Market.
And that very much appears to be the case with freedom of movement. It actually matters not what the HSGs say in an

Consequences Of Brexit
Estimating the effects of Brexit
To forecast the consequences of the UK leaving the EU, we must make assumptions about how trade costs change following Brexit. It is not known
exactly how the UK's relations with the EU would change following Brexit, which means that there is a lack of clarity over the consequences of
Brexit for trade costs between the UK and the EU. To overcome this difficulty, we analyse two scenarios: an optimistic scenario in which the increase
in trade costs between the UK and the EU is small, and; a pessimistic scenario with a larger rise in trade costs.
The optimistic scenario assumes that in a post–Brexit world, the UK's trade relations with the EU are similar to those currently enjoyed by Norway. As
a member of the European Economic Area (EEA), Norway has a free trade agreement with the EU, which means that there are no tariffs on trade
between Norway and the EU. Norway is also a member of the European single market and adopts policies and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Trade can have positive effects through increasing competition, which reduces excess profits and promotes efficiency. Competition, access to superior
intermediate goods and a larger export market can also stimulate innovation. Recent research finds that dynamic effects may double or triple the size of
the static effects reported in Table 1 (Bloom et al, 2014; Sampson, 2016).
An alternative way to evaluate the consequences of Brexit is to use the results of reducedform empirical studies of the effects of EU membership.
Baier et al (2008) find that after controlling for other determinants of bilateral trade, EU members trade substantially more with other EU countries
than they do with members of the EEA or EFTA. Their estimates imply that, if the UK leaves the EU and joins EFTA, its trade with countries in the
EU will fall by about a

Norway 's Economy And The European Trade Union
Although Norway's economy is integrated in the market of the European Union [EU], it is still one of the countries not formally included in this
organization. Previously known as the European Economic Commission in 1972, Norway did not join the EU. In 1994, Norway once again rejected
membership to the European Union based on a referendum: 47.6% voted yes but 52.4% voted no to membership of the EU. Instead, Norway signed the
European Economic Area Agreement (EEA). This Agreement guarantees the internal market's four freedoms: the free movement of goods, people,
services and capital. Signing this agreement was a smart and calculated choice because Norway has benefited from trade advantages while averting
regulation enforced by the EU, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Norway also trades with many of its EU neighbors such as Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Greenland. Norway is the EU's fifth
most important partner for trading goods such as metal, seafood, oil, and the 32nd largest export economy in the world (Norway par 2). According to
the World Bank Report in 2015, this country is one of the ten countries friendliest to business. Prosperous and developed, Norway has one of the
world's lowest unemployment rates at 4.6% in 2015 (doing Business in Norway 3). Since the discovery of oil beneath the North Sea located to its
southwest, Norway has been the world's seventh largest oil exporter and gas exporter, with petroleum as the country's largest industrialized sector.
Abundant oil indicates that Norway will enjoy continuing wealth. Moreover, petroleum revenue received by the state's government is transferred to the
Government Pension Fund, thus assisting Norway in providing generous Social Services.
The EEA Agreement does not cover Common Fisheries Policy, the COmmon Commission POlicy, and the Economic and Monetary Union. Common
Fisheries Policy guarantees EU fishing fleets equal access to any EU waters and fishing grounds. Norway benefits by managing and controlling its
own fish stocks and waters, and not being required to share these with other nations' fishermen besides the EFTA states who are also in the EEA
Agreement. Nearly surrounded by open

Reasons For The Expansion Of The European Union
Introduction
Karen A. Mingst in her book "Essentials of International Relations" gives a definition "European Union (EU) is a union of twenty–five European
States, formerly the European Economic Community; designed originally during the 1950s for economic integration, but since expanded into a closer
political and economic union."1 In 1951, the European Union initially called the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) formed as a pact
between six countries (Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg, France, Italy and the Netherlands), in order to obtain economic and political
corporation. Originally concerned with coal and steel, the states hoped to ensure a serene outlook for Europe.2 The European Union has expanded to
include a wide range of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
European Union subsides can aid farmers in upgrading their equipment in order to compete with larger European businesses.13 The continued
expansion of the European Union will eventually assistance every member, both new and old. However, big businesses may feel threatened by the
increase of competition through the continued expansion of the Union. On the other hand, advantage of continued expansion would include 300,000
new jobs to be developed by the European Union
9 Belt, Don. "Europe 's Big Gamble." Page 1
itself.14
Short Comings
Current members are concerned Entering nations also have many doubts concerning a loss of newly founded nationality and competition in business.
The broadening of the Union to include newly nationalized states would create a sense of instability that might threaten the Union as well as the
individual states. However, the increase of capital, jobs, and pure opportunity seem to outweigh the doubts of prospective members. Newly admitted
countries are not as developed as older members in areas of productivity, income, and health; therefore, progression in these three areas

EEA 3 Permanent Residence 06 14 Essay
Application for a Document Certifying Permanent Residence EEA3 To be used by European Economic Area (EEA) or Swiss nationals residing in
the UK and their EEA or Swiss national family members. It is not mandatory to complete this application form. However it will assist in dealing with
your application more efficiently if this form is used. Please read the guidance notes at the front of this form before making your application.
Document Certifying Permanent Residence Version 06/2014 Please note there is a fee of ВЈ55 for each person applying for a document certifying
permanent residence. You must pay this fee even if you choose not to use this application form. If you do not pay the fee, your application will be
rejected. For... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For Amex the security code consists of 4–digits and is found on the front of the card. AMERICAN EXPRESS AUTHORISED SIGNATURE 4567 123
CVV 123 CVV 1234 1234 123456 12345 1234 If you do not provide the CVV number, we cannot take your payment and your application will be
rejected as invalid. A16–A17 Cardholder's signature – the person named on the credit/debit card must sign and date these sections. Consideration
process If the payment submitted does not cover the full cost of your application, it will be an invalid application and the form, together with any
documentation submitted, will be returned to you. The fee charged is for the processing and consideration of the application. This fee will be payable
once the application form is received by the Home Office or its payment processing agent, regardless of the outcome of the application. We cannot
begin the consideration process until the payment has cleared. We allow 5 working days for payments made by cheque to

White Goods Case
INTERNATIONAL MARKETING CASE II– SOLVED
NAVAF ABOOBACKER
1221418
LMN–MARKETING
SITUATION ANALYSIS:
European 'white goods' market is ideally large but its fragmented into many different small markets. The difference comes in the form power
connections, consumer tastes etc. The only constant aspect is the product size , that is, its relatively small in consideration to U.S and Australia. There
is a significant change in the tastes of consumers but the size is small.
With the emergence of European Union(EU) as a single market, the 'white goods' industry is equipped with:– * Standardization which in turn cuts cost .
* Reduced barrier to internal trade. * Reduced difficulties in cross border advertisements.
Whirlpool ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondary problem:
Industry profit margins are much lower as a result firms have no benefit to do R&D and bring in a new product.
SWOT Analysis: Strength: * Improving market shares through the acquisition of Philips Industries. * The company has products for all segments (
income groups). Weakness: * Profit margins in the region are much lower. Opportunity: * The EU consumers are of the type of who spend a high
proportion of their income on appliances and there exists value gap when compared to the counterparts outside Europe, this opportunity of value gap
can be fruitfully utilized by the company as there is significant cost reduction through acquisition of Electrolux, this amount saved due to cost
reduction can be utilized for R&D and in due course if good product is invented, the company can charge a premium on these products and solve
the problem of low profit margin.
Threat
* The major threat is from the competitors namely Electrolux not only in the EU market but globally. Electrolux is growing in size
Character Analysis:
John Baker:. Is an English expatriate, was 45 years old and served his 23 years with Continental Ore in many different parts of the globe. A man with
lot of experience and an understanding about the industry .A man with a strong passion of using his expertise in companies in developing countries .He
believed that he had an innate knack in dealing with the regional staff. He

Essay On The Decision To Leave The Ireland
June 23rd, 2016, 51.9% of the UK electorate voted to leave the European Union. The then French Prime Minister, Manuel Valls, described the
decision to leave the EU as an "explosive shock" and stated that "now is the time to invent another Europe" (BBC news). What has followed since is
a period of economic "turmoil and uncertainty" (Mazars). However, this "explosive" decision could be used to Irelands advantage and as a tool to
"invent" another Ireland. Ireland presently has all the means and resources to capitalise on the multinationals that are sure to move out of the UK
following Brexit. Ireland is in a prime position as a relocation spot for these multination's due to its attractive corporation tax of 12.5%, one of the
lowest in Europe, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2016, it is reported (by The Irish Times) that a mere 2,076 houses were built in Ireland. That figure becomes even more shocking when we exclude
one–off properties built during this period. That reduces the number to an incredulous 848 apartments and estate houses built in 2016. A far cry from
the 8,729 estimated by the Department of Housing (The Irish Times). As for Irelands city–regions, well in Dublin city and surrounding area, the
nation's capital and core business centre where more than half a million people already call their home, a disbelieving 336 apartments and estate
houses were completed. Only sixty–eight of those were actually built in Dublin city according to figures in The Irish Times. In Cork city, Irelands
largest county and an already well–established base of many major multination's, out of the 848 apartments and estate houses only twenty–one were
built in Cork city. So where does new Minister for Housing, Eoghan Murphy, expect incoming multinational firms to house their employees? Perhaps
in a hotel or B&B, increasing the ridiculous figure of в‚¬39 million that has already been spent on housing Dublin's homeless families in these hotels
and B&B's. Or maybe he'll house them in the other forms of private emergency housing which has already drained nearly в‚¬10 million from the Irish
economy in the last year. However, these dismal figures representing the lack of housing being built in city–regions is not even the main issue Irelands
faces at

The United Kingdom Is An Island Nation Off The Coast Of...
The United Kingdom is an island nation off the coast of the continent of Europe. The nation is comprised of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern
Ireland. The Country has a total area of 93,628 square miles. The total a total population of the United Kingdom in 2015 was 65,092,000 people,
which is comparable to its neighbor France. A majority of the population are located in urban areas, only 17% of the population live in rural areas.
The average life expectancy for its citizens is 80 years ("United Kingdom" Encyclopedia). The nation has had a long journey after World War 2. During
in which the government owned and operates many different companies. The United Kingdom's economy was recovering a sluggish pace. In the 1970s
the UK joined the European Economic Community which has assisted them in getting them to where they are now. In addition the election of Margaret
Thatcher as the prime minister in 1979, who ushered in capitalist polices which have shaped the United Kingdom's modern economy. Arguably without
Margaret Thatcher's polices and admission in the European Economic Community the United Kingdom may still be trying to recover from World War 2.
In 1979 when Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister she began to privatize state owned companies and to sell some off. Before she became the
Prime Minister the government controlled all telecom services, utilities, and some of the oil companies (Seymour, Richard). In addition she also
passed legislation, which took away some

Persuasive Essay On Scottish Independence
Scottish Independence – Good or Bad Scotland is at a turning point. The 300–year old Union is some say no longer fit for purpose. Some say it was
never designed for the 21st century world and it is well past it's sell by date and is holding Scotland back. The Scottish people voted to move
forward, with a new, more Scottish approach from an SNP government. But many oppose these views saying that Scotland needs the rest of the UK
and that the economic and social problems caused by independence would be catastrophic to the relationships between Scotland and the rest of the UK.
In any case the government has published a white paper setting out a vision of independence and responsibility in the modern world. But is this idea
beneficial to our country?

British Exit Essay
The British Exit
It is in work for on Friday, March 2019, for the UK has voted to leave the European Union. Discussion has been on going on how the "Brexit" or
British exit on three major aspects; what the United Kingdom owes the European Union, what will happen to the Northern Ireland border and the select
United Kingdom citizens living elsewhere in the EU, but not the United Kingdom. Though the UK has decided to the leave the UK, they're in talks of
a smooth transition over the next few years. But all other remaining companies refuse to not discuss this with them until the future when they have felt
enough progress has been made to plan. England voted for their exit by a vote of 53.4% to 46.6%. Wales also helped England with their exit... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But predictions of immediate chaos were predicted wrong. With the UK economy growing by a margin of about 1.8% in 2016, second only to
Germany's 1.9% among the world's G7 leading industrialized nations. The UK economy has consistently almost had the same rate for all of 2017.
Inflation has risen since June 2016 to stand at 3.9%, but unemployment has continually fell to a stand at a 42 year low of 4.3%. Yearly house prices
increasing have taken a toll and have fallen from 9.4% in June 2016 but, were still at an inflation–beating 5% in the year to August 2017, according to
official ONS figures. Now what will happen to citizens of the EU living in the United Kingdom? A 15–page proposal has been revealed by Theresa
May but, has yet to be agreed upon. The 15 proposals are; those granted settled status will be able to live, work, study, and claim benefits just as they
can now, the cut–off date for eligibility is undecided but will be between the 29th of March 2017 and 29th of March 2019, family members of EU
citizens living abroad will be able to return and apply for settled status, EU nationals in the UK for less than five years at the specified date will be
able to continue living and working in the UK, once resident for five years, they can apply for settled status, those arriving after the cut–off point will
be able to stay temporarily, But there should be "no expectation" they will be granted permanent residence, a period of "blanket residence

Benefits Of A New Electric Model For The Chinese Car Buyers
To increase sales, and help realize Winterkorn's vision, VW invested 18.2 billion euros in building larger manufacturing facilities to satisfy the
demand (Appendix D). Additionally, VW decided to manufacture new electric models to cater for the Chinese car buyers. Both initiatives worked
fine, until the Chinese economic downturn hit, and VW sales started slowly dwindling in China. C.For the US Market: Along with China, the US
market is considered among the largest auto markets in the world. Just in 2015, around 7.7 million cars were sold, and 4.35 were locally
produced. VW board enlisted the company on a mission to increase its US units sold to 1 million by 2018 from very modest sales (324,000 vehicles
sold) in 2007. The numbers improved in 2012 reaching 438,145 Vehicles, slipped back down to 366,970 by 2014, and recovered well up until
September 2015. To cater for the US auto market trends, VW invested 1 Billion dollars in an assembling plant in Tennessee to design new sedans. The
company also decided to bring its successful and European designed, 'BlueTDI Clean Diesel" car to the US market. III.International Growth Strategy
Implications The above international strategic moves, required VW to serve different market segments which have different regulatory compliances,
entry barriers and market trends. It also meant that VW needs to compete strongly against GM in China, ensure that the European market downturn
doesn't slow its growth, and heavily increase its

What Are The Competing Perspectives On Britain's...
Introduction
This report will outline the competing perspectives on Britain's continuing trade outside of the European Union membership, will also be considering at
least one other EU members national perspective on the management context of European/International business trade.
It will summarise the impact of the EU integration on business, discussing possible proposal of recommendations for problems, and finally discussing
the important economics models with examples.
The British individuals have settled on the most critical decision for a generation by voting for Brexit on the 23rd June 2016. According to BBC
news, "leave won by 52% to 48%". In order for the UK to leave the EU it needs to conjure an agreement called Article 50 of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This means British goods and services subject to WTO tariffs. A soft Brexit would leave the UK relationship with the EU still close and staying in
single market (SEM) and customs union.
As part of the EU, the UK is in the single market, this enabling tariff– free trade between members. As you can see, from the table on the right some
other countries have their own agreements and this can give an idea of what is to come for the UK.
For example; Norway
Norwegian Model
The choice to leave the EU has pushed the UK into uncharted trading territory. The main alternative frequently supported by supporters of Brexit, is
joining the European Economic Area (EEA) which was founded in 1994 to provide European nations that are not part of the EU an approach to become
members of single market.
Britain have got themselves in a messy situation but the way forward is not. There are few alternatives they can choose from. One of the options is the
Norway option, the Norway option gives the country full access to the single European market without being a fully paid – up member. The Norway
model will also mean that Britain becoming members of two key European organisations, the European Economic Area (EEA) and the European Free
Trade Association (EEFA).
Britain would mean joining non–EU– countries like Liechtenstein, Iceland and Switzerland, with the facilities of free trade between all four. They

Leaving The Eu Case Study
Introduction
On Thursday 23rd June, 2016, the UK held a vote on whether to leave or remain within the European Union. The decision made as a result of the vote
was to leave and subsequently the SMEs located within the UK were left to consider what challenges and opportunities could emerge from this
monumental event that was dubbed by the media 'Brexit'. They realised that by voting to leave the European Union, the UK will face serious
consequences which could present challenges in facilitating localised and globalised entrepreneurship opportunities (Chalmers and Menon, 2016).
When Theresa May triggered Article 50 in March, 2017; she ruled out any hope of the government the deadline for Brexit. She expressed that she is
determined to make ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whilst not being outside the EU does not mean that the UK will be excluded from the single market, it would be within the UK's best interest to
negotiate a favorable trade agreement. Exclusion will not be a barrier to trade but rather an inconvenience, that if approached strategically could
enable the UK to broker a unilateral free trade policy that allow for speedier negotiations with other countries outside the EU. Possible tariffs on
exports to the EU could be a challenge however the upside is that there is an opportunity to trade with other countries.
According to an government commissioned review conducted by industry chief JГјrgen Maier, Brexit could put the UK at "the forefront of
technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence, 3D printing, augmented and virtual reality" (Monaghan, 2017). The 246 page review contains a
detailed plan of of measures that will boost UK growth and productivity through the manufacturing sector which will increase exports and earning
potential, ushering in the 4th industrial revolution worth over ВЈ455bn over the next decade (Monaghan, 2017).
Human Resources Brexit could alter the dynamics of the relationship with the rest of the world as the EU is one of the world's largest markets
comprising of ВЈ11 billion worth of trade stemming from its advanced technologies and highly skilled & educated workforce (Baldwin and
Lopez–Gonzalez, 2015).
Immigration spurs entrepreneurship (Fairlie and Lofstrom, 2015) and with the knowledge

Effect Of Brexit On Uk 's Domestic Economy
Introduction On June 23rd 2016 the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. This referendum is one of the most significant votes of a
generation and will have substantial political and economic consequences for the UK and the wider world. Since the result of the vote, very little
information regarding the terms of Brexit has been disclosed by the UK government. This has caused considerable economic instability, resulting in
fluctuating currency markets and significant drops in consumer and investor confidence. Despite the general consensus that Brexit will have a negative
impact on the UK economy in the long term there may be some benefits for the financial sector, such as a decrease in the stringent financial regulation
that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When considered in light of the political climate, the falls in the pound are not good news for the UK economy. British consumer confidence dropped
sharply in the aftermath of the referendum. In the political and market instability that followed the vote consumer confidence suffered one of its
biggest drops in history. The biggest deterioration concerned the general economic outlook in the 12 months following Brexit; 60% of participants felt
that the economy would deteriorate, up from 46% prior to the referendum . Consumer confidence is a vital economic indicator and can have significant
implications for investor spending decisions. If consumers within an economy are nervous about their future economic prospects, companies will often
cut back on production and employment; in terms of the future economy, consumer confidence can act as a self–fulfilling prophecy. In the short term,
the instability that has been generated by Brexit is likely to supress business and consumer spending, resulting in lower growth. Initial Effects of Brexit
on Global Markets The Brexit result sent shockwaves throughout the financial world; in the hours following Brexit the Asian stock indices fell by
approximately 10%. However, markets tend to overact and the initial fall in global stock markets may have been a hasty judgement on the potential
impacts of Brexit on the global economy. Although Brexit is a significant global event, the

The Establishment Of The European Union ( Eu )
How significant has been the development of the EU's policies concerning the protection of the natural environmental and climate change? What
problems have confronted policy–makers in–framing and delivering such policies?
Introduction
The establishment of the European Union (EU) enabled them to handle transnational activities among the member states, including environmental
policy. Its significance situates within its powers which can manage any other organisations among the member states by virtue of the laws within the
European Union (Baker, 1996, p.215). As a result, it is broadly perceived that there is an increasing impact from the EU on policy making in the
member states. This tendency is particularly recognised in environmental policy makings, because national standards in law needed to be questioned
and harmonised and policy developments at the European level influences the national aims, content and settings of environmental policy within the
member states (Heinelt et al., 2001). The area of environmental policy was not established until the first Environmental Action Programme in 1973 as
the major aim for the European Economic Community's agenda was to build a common institutional framework for mostly economic issues (Jorgensen,
2012). In the next decades, the development of the area of environmental policy making was accelerated by the the Single European Act and by the
support from the public who tends to have an increasing concern towards environmental

Essay On The EU
During his State of the European Union address on September 13, European Commission President Jean– Claude Junker called for additional inclusion
of the Balkan group of member states, stating that "It is high time to bring Romania and Bulgaria into the Schengen area" and that the "EU must offer
credible membership prospects to Western Balkans." This, however, seemed only to be the begging of his intention for certain countries, such as
Bulgaria, which is heavily vetted to become a member of the Eurozone. This effort seems to be supported by Euro–zone leaders, such as Macron and
Merkel. They both manifested their interest in helping Bulgaria join the ERM–2 mechanism (commonly referred to as the "waiting room" for the Euro)
during Bulgarian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When comparing these to Bulgaria's data, there is a striking compliance, given its fairly low inflation, small fiscal deficit, and an extremely low
public debt mark. Bulgaria's HICP inflation levels are well within the range of the eurozone average, and its budget is in surplus at 1.6 per cent,
compared to the limit of 3% of deficit stipulated by the Maastricht criteria. Moreover, its debt ratio is at 29%, which is excellent when compared to
the 60% peg given by the Euro requirements. The country's bonds are showing interest rates within the 4% required as well, and most importantly
perhaps, as much as Bulgaria has not yet triggered the ERM II (exchange–rate mechanism) process, it has pegged its national currency, the lev, for
almost 20 years. The lev was first pegged in 1997 to the German Mark, and later in 1999 to the Euro until now, with a constant rate of 0.511494. Given
such compliance, it comes to little surprise that Junker stated: "I have to say bully that Bulgaria is ready [to join the euro group]. And if Bulgaria is
applying I support this heartily." There are unfortunately some additional things to consider from Bulgaria's status in the EU. Skepticism may come
from the country's status as being the most corrupt country in the EU according to Transparency International. Additionally, its status as being the
poorest

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The European Union
In this essay, I will be discussing why and how the European Union was set up and the advantages and disadvantages of membership in its historical
context.
The European Union was built in the aftermath of the Second World War. This was to create peace and end frequent and bloody wars between
neighbouring countries that culminated in the Second World War. "Autarky and protection, fragmentingEurope's economy, had caused economic
malaise and political antagonism." This portrays how fragile the European Union was during the Second World War especially with the conflict
between France and Germany. These two super giants had gone to war "three times in less than a century and twice had been at the centre of terrible
world wars." There was a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Countries that were not effected as highly economically combined with the United States to contribute gold and currency to those among the EU to
fund for basic government needs and help pay of their debts. This was an immensely positive gesture as it had come with no repayment plan.
The Marshall plan was introduced by an American general named George Marshall. Its aims were to spark economic recovery within the EU.
Although this plan had channelled over $13 billion to help economic recovery between 1948–1951 the Soviet Union had refused to participate. This
was due to the Soviet Union portraying this to interfere with internal affairs between states. This had led to the Soviets refusing Poland and
Czechoslovakia to interfere. However, although the Soviets decided not to interfere the United States had taken the opportunity to remake the
European economy in the image of their own.
During 1949, the Americans along with 11 other states had decided to form a pact which was then named NATO. The Soviets then decided upon
themselves to form their own pact with other allies in eastern Europe and rival NATO thus it introduced the Warsaw Pact. Nearly every European
country was divided into one of these two pacts and this had created political division. NATO had continued expansion of their pact beyond the cold
war and it had grew bigger with more member states joining during the

The Impact Of Brexit And Some Solutions Resolve These Issues
Negative impact of Brexit and some solutions resolve these issues
Brexit is the name of the process of Britain leaving the European Union, which is the primary concern of the modern global political situation. During
the referendum on the UK membership in the European Union, the main argument for leaving the union was that it would provide the country with
better system and tools of protection from the immigrants. UK citizen was concerned that immigrants would bring to the country 's unemployment
rate, lower quality of life and other economic problems. The statistics say that almost seventy percent of the immigrants from the EU came to Britain
because of work related reasons or to study ( ONS , 2016 ).The purpose of the this essay will analysis negative impact of Brexit on economic Britain
and find some solutions resolve these issues.
Trade:
The first and the most unfavorable outcome of Brexit is that the UK would lose the trading agreements with its largest trading partner – European Union
. The membership in this organization meant the decline of the transaction costs and fees on trading operations between the members of the union. In
fact, European Union members have the free trade agreement, which means the free flow of goods and services between the countries. According to
BBC (2016) Britain has the negative trading balance with the rest of the EU, which means that it exports more

Gender Equality : The Six Areas Of Gender Inequality
The gender equality model includes eight areas: work, money, knowledge, time, power, health, multiple inequalities and violence. The first six areas
form the main gender equality index. The remaining two are additional areas that were not included in the main index because they describe
phenomenon that belongs not for the whole public, but rather to a specific group of society, such as violence against women or gender inequality in
specific groups of society, such as people with disabilities, single parents, etc. Each area is divided into following: areas of work: participation in the
labour market and segregation, quality of working conditions; monetary area: financial resources and economic situation; the field of knowledge:
achievements and segregation, lifelong learning, etc. The gender equality index in the area of employment analyses the level of employment of women
and men and their distribution in so–called "female" occupations (education, health, social care). Another important aspect is considered and evaluated
and that is working conditions, quality. This is an important area of gender inequality, as women generally have fewer opportunities to raise
qualifications and take care of their professional career due to family and job conflict, and this situation results in even greater segregation in the labour
market. This is despite the fact that in the Treaty of Lisbon the Member States have committed themselves to achieve equality between men and women
in the labour

Brexit Literature Review
Literature review: In September 2017 Thomas Sampson from The London School of Economics and Political Science wrote a Literature on Brexit. The
title of the literature was Brexit: The Economics of International Disintegration. In this literature review I will briefly summarise the literature wrote by
Thomas Sampson.
Brexit is a term commonly known as Britain exiting from European Union membership. The historic referendum on the UK and EU membership held
on June 23, 2016. Although majority of Londoner wanted to stay with EU, 52 percent voters voted to support the leave campaign to leave European
Union. Since World War two the world saw a rising trend of economic development and globalization in Europe. Brexit has ended this trend. Since
United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, every country has different currency and different legislation. They follow different set of rules and the value of currency differs
from one country to another. According to EU's rule and regulations member states don't pay extra tax because they are a part of single access
market. But for example another country outside of EU needs to pay tax and there is cost involved when the products or goods cross borders.
Since Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein are not European Union's member states they pay higher tax to enter in European Union area moreover
they are entitled to follow their rules and regulation and their own tariffs. If UK decides to not to be a part of EEA or single access market they will
be subject to trade barriers. As a result Britain will loss vast amount of profit which they made when they were part of EU.
Due to Brexit London Stock Exchange crashed and it saw trillions of pounds wiped off from UK's share market. The share market became volatile.
The investors of UK's share market decided to move their funds to other European share market in Germany and Ireland and France. As a result pound
lost its exchange value for the first time in last 15

Persuasive Essay: Britain Should Leave The European Union
Whether UK should leave or stay with EU has recently become one of the most widely debated subjects and British citizens will soon have to
decide their future in the EU as Prime Minister David Cameron has promised a referendum on 'leave or stay' question to the British people by
2017. This came at the time of Eurozone crisis when most of EU citizens including British are losing faith in EU, making the distance between EU
institutions and EU citizens ever greatest. The reason for British people's resentment is the lack of democracy: EU dictatorship, too many
unnecessary laws and regulations to follow. Of course, there are Brexiteers who call for the UK to quit in order to regain national sovereignty and to
be more democratic than they are now and those who want to stay. The essay to expresses disagreement to the statement that UK would be more
democratic if it votes to leave EU. There are various factors behind the possible leaving the EU. There is a growing concern among the Brexit when
EU exists as a superpower and the status of Britain is threatened. Questions also arise as what benefit Britain... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The UK should participate as the role of the originator for European democracy improvement and make use of its role to the benefit all its citizens.
The serious democratic deficit is not only at European level but is also a particular problem in Britain. Being part of the EU, all the 28 member states
will have a substantial role to play in order to improve political participation and disengagement in any country including Britain. Political
disengagement shall not be limited to national scene –in particular when EU faces pressing challenges to democracy deficit. Leaving EU will not make
Britain more democratic instead staying with EU Britain can do more good and will help to strengthen democratic institutions both in Britain itself and
the EU (Buruma,

The European Union : An Erroneous Assumption
There is an erroneous assumption in the world that the concept of the European Union, the notion of having a shared currency, and borderless
pan–European continent is a relatively new idea. However, the idea of a pan–European identity as it is known today through the European Union was
established after the end of the Second World War, as the need for a united WesternEurope was needed to combat the possible threat of war with the
Soviet Union. The policies of the European Union went through a long review through the establishment of multiple pan–European organizations,
primarily the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), which provided the backbone of the
modern European Union, through a number of treaties that encouraged European cooperation. It is through the combined efforts of the ECSC and the
ECC that Churchill's dream of a united Europe in 1949 eventually culminated in the creation of the European Union (E.U), an organization whose role
is to protect the economic interests of aligned nations as outlined by the mandates of the ECSC and ECC.
It was Churchill who started the campaign for the unification of Europe, calling for a "United States of Europe" to be formed in response to the threat
the Soviet Union posed post World War II . In 1949, the Council of Europe was formed in an attempt to create a European parliament that would help
aid European integration, as a means to prevent the threat of a war arising between

The Pros And Cons Of BREXIT
A vote to leave the EU would start a long and complicated process that would result in a fundamental change in the UK's relationship with other
members of the EU. There are pros and cons should BREXIT were to follow through. At present, there's a lot of uncertainty surrounding BREXIT,
what is certain is that there will be an increase in restrictions and introduction of political borders should BREXIT were to happen which will result in
an increase in cost of trade and services. EU remains the largest market for Britain's exports, constituting 40–45% of its exports. As such, UK's primary
goal would likely to retain access to the EU's internal market, but in all likelihood it would be difficult to gain liberal trade terms from the EU if
BREXIT

The War Of The Cold War
Following World War two it was the beginning of a new era between the Soviet Union and the United States of America both engaged in the Cold
War. With Europe divided, there were major difficulties with creating stability politically and through the economy. As a consequence of the war the
Allies created the United Nations which attempted to avoid a third world war eliminating the further risk of war between European countries which
had twice in the same century already created two world wars. During 1946, Winston Churchill the former British Prime Minister, gave a speech
calling for a "We must build a kind ofUnited States of Europe" which gave an enormous impact and gave "important credibility to the federalist
movements, despite the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, it is going to look at how post–war integration started through the prevention of war and to create peace throughout the European States.
Secondly this essay will discuss the economic changes and influence it had on creating a political union. Then it will discuss how this created political
unity along with how it affected integration and finally created the European Union. While lastly coming to a final conclusion as to what motivated
integration after the war.
Firstly, the main factor towards European Integration after World War II was to keep peace between neighbouring states within Europe and to prevent
war. After the war in 1945 there remained an ongoing tension between the Allied and the Axis powers as well as the dominance of the Russians in the
East. Along side Berlin now being divided into four zones influenced by the US, France, Britain and the Soviet Union. This meant that other nations
such as Poland, East German and Romania had no control and the continent was more divided than ever before with "The idea of the all–powerful
nation state had been discredited and the key players of the mainland; namely France and Germany, were keen to build closer relations."
Carleton shows that "World War II was more brutal, and bloodier than anyone who survived the Great War could have imagined. The Second World
War caused the deaths of around 60 million soldiers and civilians" along with 6 million Jews providing subsequent evidence for the need for

Leaving The Eu Essay
On June 24, 2016, a referendum was passed that resulted in Great Britain's withdrawal from the European Union. The decision to exit the EU was a
controversial and has significantly affected current social, political, and economic constructs on a local and global scale. Given the importance of
this decision, one would expect in depth, professional media coverage; however, this would not be the case from the UK news company, Daily Mail.
Following a meeting between the First Minister of Scotland and the British Prime Minister, both of whom are females, the Daily Mail ran a cover
titled, "Never mind Brexit, who won Legs–it!". Next to the title was a picture of the two diplomats sitting next to each other during their meeting, both
dressed in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The media response that bombardment of Daily Mail, however appropriate and necessary it was, distracted citizens from the real political
conversation that should have taken place following the meeting. Daily Mail not only diverted the public's attention away from topics that concern
their own interest, but simultaneously insulted Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May. The Daily Mail did not portray the two women as respected
dignitaries, or intellectual leaders. Instead, they defined the two women by the lower halves of their bodies, and told the public to ignore the women's
conversation. By doing so, the Daily Mail blatantly objectified Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May, stripping away their right to speak on important
topics. Nicola Sturgeon responded to the publications by stating that the Daily Mail was "taking Britain back to the 1970's". Nicola Sturgeon's position
has First Minister of Scotland exemplifies how effective feminist movements in the past have been, yet the Daily Mails actions and her comment
illustrates how necessary feminist movements still are today. The dismissal of the women's political conversation is similar to the dismissal that the
women in Trifles, a play written by Susan Glaspell in the early 20th century, experienced. During the play, the men are attempting to solve a murder
case, and value their wives' help very little, and often demean the women's conversations without

Common Law : The Treaties Of The European Union
Regulations have binding legal force throughout every Member State and enter into force on a set date in all the Member States. Directives lay down
certain results that must be achieved but each Member State is free to decide how to transpose directives into national laws. A directive is a legal act
of the European Union, which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. It can be
distinguished from regulations which are self–executing and do not require any implementing measures.
1.5.1 Primary Legislation: Treaties of the European Union The first sources of Community law are the three Treaties (ECSC, EURATOM and EEC)
with the various annexes and protocols ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The SEA was significant in its institutional and substantive reforms. For example, it gave a formal legal basis to European political cooperation. A
Court of First Instance (CFI) was provided for to assist the European Court of Justice. The European Parliament was also given a power of veto over
the accession of new Member States and over the conclusion of agreements with associate States.
Some saw the SEA as an economic charter, while others saw the social and environmental policy amendments to Community law as a very significant
conferral of autonomous Community competence in these fields, and not merely as side–effects of its market integration goals.
c) The Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1993) After various revisions, the Treaty on European Union (TEU) was eventually agreed and signed by
the Member States in Maastricht in February 1992. Although it was initially rejected by the Danish population in a national referendum, several
concessions were secured by the Danish Government. The Treaty thus entered into force in November 1993. The EEC Treaty was officially renamed
the European Community (EC) Treaty.
d) The Amsterdam Treaty (1999) The Amsterdam Treaty, which amends the EC Treaty, was declared to be about consolidation rather than extension of
Community powers, about improving processes and enhancing effectiveness rather than expanding competence. The

So the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in...
So the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949,US and twelve Western countries joined it. It was a security pact, in which the states
agreed in case of a military attack to one of more of them to defend each others. The founding members were US,Canada, Britain,Belgium, France,Italy
,Denmark, Luxembourg, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway and Portugal. First NATOGeneral Secretary, Lord Ismay, stated that the organization's aim was
"to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down."
To respond to NATO, in 1955 the Warsaw Pact was established. The pact was a collective defense treaty between the communist states, and as NATO
with UN, was the military counterpart to the COMECON. It rappresented a Soviet reaction to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution of the problem came with the Schuman Plan. Presented in1950 by the French Foreign Minister, It was about sharing European resources
in a supranational union. on April 1951 the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was instituted. It combined coal and steel resources of France,
Italy, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands, and it reduced the chance of war betwwen France andWest Germany. During the Paris Treaty,
the six states stateded that this date symbolized the birth of Europe. The ECSC became reality in 1952, and was the first step in relation to European
integration.
After the born of ECSC, others proposals were made to integrate european states. Therefore to better defend the continent from Soviet aggressions, the
United States was demanding to re–arm West Germany, but they found a strong opposition from the most of European countries, which were scared of
a re–establishment of German army. In these circumstnces the French Prime Minister in 1952, proposed to create an integrated European Army. The
result was the European Defence Community, which gathered together the military forces of West Germany, Italy, France and the Benelux cuontries.
This option was prefered more than the idea of Germany joining NATO. In 1952, a treaty was signed by ECSC members but in 1954 the French
National Assembly rejected it. After this, during the Paris Agreement in 1954 the

A Study On The Eea Agreement
The EEA agreement is a trade agreement which came into force on the 1st of January 1994, and was aimed at bringing together the EU member states
and the three EEA EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway) into a single market known as the "Internal Market" (EFTA, 2017). The EEA
agreement facilitates the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital throughout the 31 EEA states. It also encourages cooperation in other
common issues such as education, the environment, social policy, tourism and culture, and consumer protection. When the agreement entered into
force, there were 17 member states. 13 others joined in subsequent years. The focus of this paper will be on a subset of pioneering states. This
provides for a reference... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data captures the yearly migration of people who intend to be residents in the receiving countries. Hence the measure does not capture temporal
migrants, students and others who travelled for tourism– or business–related reasons. They also collected data on time–varying immigration policies
that regulate the entry of immigrants in the destination countries. Controlling for these immigration policies may be considered, however, among the
European countries in question, these controls would not be significant. The final set of variables for the analysis was the set of indicators on other
trade agreements within the group of countries, including the trade agreement of interest, eea. Mario Larch's Regional Trade Agreement Database
from Egger and Larch (2008) was the source of this data. The database includes all multilateral and bilateral regional trade agreements (RTAs) as
notified to the World Trade Organization for the last 66 years from 1950 to 2015. The indicators capturing these agreements turn from 0 to 1 as soon
as two countries are simultaneously members of the trade agreement. Some of these controls however, were not applicable because they do not change
for any of the countries (or country–pairs) throughout my duration of interest. The indicators capturing other trade agreements that do not include the
10 countries were not included in the analysis. 3.3.Data summary The panel data gives information

Essay On International Business Trade
This report will outline the competing perspectives on Britain's continuing trade outside of the European Union membership, will also be considering at
least one other EU members national perspective on the management context of European/International business trade.
It will summarise the impact of the EU integration on business, discussing possible proposal of recommendations for problems, and finally discussing
the important economics models with examples.
The British individuals have settled on the most critical decision for a generation by voting for Brexit on the 23rd June 2016. According to BBC
news, "leave won by 52% to 48%". In order for the UK to leave the EU it needs to conjure an agreement called Article 50 of the Libson Treaty... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, as you can see, from the table above these countries each have their own agreements with the EU, a few options that the UK could consider
are explained in detail below (Fig:1)
For example; Norway is in the single market, and have freedom of movement and makes EU budget contribution. Switzerland is partially in the single
market, accept free movement of people, they do contribute to the EU however they pay a smaller amount than Norway. Canada have tariff trade
deals, as well as WTO and Turkey, however Turkey does not on industrial goods.
1). Norwegian Model
The choice to leave the EU has pushed the UK into uncharted trading territory. The main alternative frequently supported by supporters of Brexit, is
joining the European Economic Area (EEA) which was founded in 1994 to provide European nations that are not part of the EU an approach to become
members of single market.
The UK have got themselves in a messy situation but the way forward may not be. There are few alternatives they can choose from. One of the
options is the Norway option, the Norway option gives the country full access to the single European market without being a fully paid – up member.
The Norway model will also mean that Britain becoming members of two key European organisations, the European Economic Area (EEA) and the
European Free Trade Association (EEFA).
Joining the EEA would mean the UK would still contribute to the EU's budget. Additionally, the UK would

Politics C : The United States And The European Union
POLITICS C: THE UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
In this essay I will analyse to what extent the E.U. impinges upon the national sovereignty of its member states. In order to arrive at a conclusion my
answer will provide analysis and evaluation of the powers and functions of the EU Commission, the council of ministers and the EU parliament. The
nature of the relationship between each of the above institutions and the nature of the relationship between the European union and the individual
member states with regard to national sovereignty. The European Union was established by the Maastricht treaty in 1993. It provides an economic and
political union between 28 European countries which makes its own policies in regards to the members' societies, laws, economies and to a certain
extent security. The European Union embodies the key principles of freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law as well as the values of
equality, social solidarity, sustainable development and good governance (Knud 2013). There are many key articles within the EU including article
three which states that it is the unions aim to promote peace the well being of there people and their values. Furthermore, article four highlights that in
accordance with article five competences not conferred upon the unions remain with the member states. The EU institutions are responsible for
employing over 40,000 people within the 28 member states. In addition, the European unions economy estimated at

European Union Foreign Policy In A Changing World Summary
The second edition of Karen E Smith's book European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World is another installation of the series started in 2003.
The second installation is an update and expansion in which she offers a crisp and different outlook on the intricacies of the contemporaneous
European Union's foreign policy. Karen expounds on EU foreign policy by not only examining what the European Union is but also what it does. The
book has nine chapters that delve into different aspects of the European Union policy but all focusing on the union's foreign policy objectives.
In the introduction chapter, Karen introduces the five pivotal foreign policy objectives that the European Union strives to achieve. These are:
i.Advocacy for regional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The European Coal and Steel Community body was created post war second world war not only to achieve peace but also to solve the economic
difficulties that the countries were facing. To achieve this, six countries agreed t the Treaty of Paris in effect forming an area of free trade. The book
also looks at the the European Economic Community, a body created in 1958 to build a common market that had no tariffs or bottlenecks to the
movement of goods and labor. This chapter looks at the transformation of the European Union through a number of political reforms and is depicted
through the evolution of three distinct pillars:the European Communities, The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the The Justice and
Home Affairs (JHA) Council. This evolution is tracked to what Smith describes as 'the world's largest unified market and trading bloc that conducts
economic and trading relations with virtually every country'(Smith, 21).
The next chapter looks at the policy instruments that are available to the European Union. These policy instruments are economic, diplomatic and
military. In the evaluation of each of these policy instruments Smith looks at certain policy tools are assessed. Some of the policy tools that are
evaluated under economic instruments are trade and cooperation agreements with third world countries, development aid to those countries is
evaluated, regional associations are also presented coupled with their share in the 2007 European Union

Brexit Disadvantages
UK farmers have resented several articles of 1107/2009, desiring a more risk–based approach that is science–led, similar to the one carried out by the
US Environmental Protection Agency, where more actives and products would be available through a faster and more pragmatic process. Nick von
Westernholz, CEO of the Crop Protection Association (CPA), believes that Brexit is the golden opportunity to enforce pesticides regulations that
support UK farmers and allow them to trade on a global scale. Furthermore, Dr. Colin Ruscoe, President of the British Crop Protection Council
(BCPC) expresses his faith in Brexit as being the UK's time to "take back control" (Loughlin, 2016). Farmers and the pesticide industry believe that the
current hazard–based approach is too stringent, placing the EU in a position of being economically unattractive in respect of the development of new
active substances and new plant protection products (Chapman, 2014).
As a result, safer alternatives are emerging while many active substances are being revoked with the ban on neonicotinoids being the most significant.
This represents a severe obstacle to European farmers and will endanger their ability to produce the variety of plant produce to which consumers have
become adapted (Chapman, 2014). Simultaneously, the reduction in plant production products generates a major risk to UK trade and
competitiveness, with the NFU manifesting its concerns over UK crop production "flatlining" (House of Commons Library, 2016) and to food
security. On the other hand, it could also be contended that a closer affiliation to US legislation could suspend UK trade with the EU as they would no
longer conform to their strict regulations (Baker and Knight, 2017). Thus, abolishing would offend NGOs or international trading partners within the
EU as the EU represents 60% of UK agri–food exports (Pesticide Action Network UK, 2017).
Modify
The UK has, at no time, implemented a policy intended to reduce the utilization of pesticides in the agricultural sector. Instead, under 1107/2009, the
principles of "acceptable risk" have been ratified, focusing on mitigating the potential destruction of pesticides by setting restrictions on the methods of
application (PAN UK,

International Business Of The United Kingdom Essay
This is a research paper on international business in the United Kingdom. This paper will show investors everything about the UK and if they wish to
invest in the country. Before any person should invest in any place that is unknown to them, they should conduct research like here before you. The
following paper includes research like culture, background, trading, business ethics, recent events. An understanding of this information will help you
decide on investing.
Keywords: international business, culture, background, trading, business ethics
Business in the United Kingdom International business today has exceeded more than any person has ever thought it would, countries are doing more
trading and importing now than ever. International business can affect everyone, from small business owners to big companies all over the world. A
country that comes to mind that does a lot of international business is the United Kingdom (UK). This paper will include the following: the
background of the country, economic environment, government policies, international economic integration and business environment, and current
events. By the end of this paper you will be able to know everything about the UK and if you want to construct business or take business out of this
country. To start a business anywhere you must first conduct research and find the background information of the country that you are planning on
starting up. In this case it 's the UK, and what exactly

The European Economic Area ( Eea )

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