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ネット中立性解説20171016
1. Net Neutrality for Bit Heads ver.2
Toshiya Jitsuzumi, Chuo University
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 1
2. 前回勉強会（2017年2月16⽇）以降のネット中⽴性議論
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 2
25
Chairman Major Events at FCC and related incidents
Michael
Powell
March14,2002 CableModem Order
February20,2003 TriennialReview
February8, 2004 Powell Speech at Silicon Flatiron Symposium “Preserving
InternetFreedom;Guiding Principles for theIndustry”
Kevin J.
Martin
June 27,2005 NCTA v.Brand X @ US Supreme Court
March3,2005 Settlement with MadisonRiverCommunications
August 5,2005 WirelineBroadbandClassificationOrder
August 5,2005 InternetPolicy Statement
November 17,2005 Announcement of approvalconcerningSBC/AT&T and
Verizon/MCI mergers
November 3,2006 Broadbandover Power Line(BPL)-Enabled BroadbandOrder
March26,2007 Announcement of approvalconcerningAT&T/Bellmerger
April14,2007 NOI:In the matter of BroadbandIndustryPractices
April14,2007 47 CFR27.16 -Network accessrequirements for BlockCinthe
746-757and776-787MHz bands
April22,2007 Wireless BroadbandInternetAccessOrder
August 1,2008 Comcast-BitTorrent Order
Chairman Major Events at FCC and relatedincidents
MichaelJ.
Copps(acting)
January28,2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Julius
Genachowski
July1,2009 NOFA (noticeof fundsavailability)forARRA programs(BIPand
BTOP)
October 22,2009 NPRM: In the Matter of Preservingthe Open Internet Broadband
IndustryPractices
March16,2010 ConnectingAmerica:The NationalBroadbandPlan
April6, 2010 Comcast v. FCC @ D.C. Circuit Court
May 6,2010 A proposal of“TheThird Way”
June 17,2010 NOI:INthe Matter of Framework for BroadbandInternet Access
August 9,2010 A proposal fromVerizonand Google
December21, 2010 The FCC 2010Open InternetOrder
January28,2011 Announcement of approvalconcerningComcast/NBCUniversal
merger
Tom Wheeler January 14,2014 Verizon v. FCC @ D.C. Circuit Court
May 30,2014 A publicnoticeto refreshthe recordinNOI (June 17,2010)
May 15,2014 NPRM: In the Matter of Protecting andPromoting the Open
Internet
November 10,2014 Statement of PresidentObama
February26,2015 The FCC 2015Open InternetOrder(Title II Order)
October 26,2016 the 2016PrivacyOrder
January 12,2017 WirelessTelecomBureau issuedareportthatsayszero-ratingsof
AT&T andVerizon arenotOK with the 2015 order.
ブッシュ政権下
オバマ政権下
Chairman Major Events at FCC and related incidents
WilliamE.
Kennard
April10,1998 Stevens Report classifiedInternetaccessservicesasinformation,
rather than telecommunications,services.
クリントン政権下
Chairman Major Events at FCC and related incidents
AjitPai February 3, 2017 Wireless TelecomBureau closed investigation into zero-rating.
February 23, 2017 Small Business Exemption Order
March 28, 2017 Revocation of the FCC’s broadband privacy ruleunder the
Congressional ReviewAct
April 26,2017 Chairman Pai Speech on the Future of Internet Regulation
May 23, 2017 NPRM: In the Matter of Restoring Internet Freedom
トランプ政権下
4. 対象サービス︓ “Broadband Internet Access Service”
A mass-market retail service by wire or radio that provides the capability to transmit data to
and receive data from all or substantially all Internet endpoints, including any capabilities that
are incidental to and enable the operation of the communications service, but excluding dial-
up Internet access service. This term also encompasses any service that the Commission
finds to be providing a functional equivalent of the service described in the previous sentence,
or that is used to evade the protections set forth in this Part.
◦ “special access service”、法人向けサービス(VPN、CDN、ホスティング、データストレージ、
インターネットバックボーン)、Premises Operatorサービス、利⽤者設置のホットスポット
は対象外
◦ サービス顧客はエンドユーザーとコンテンツ・アプリ事業者の両者
◦ 「上流側」のISP間相互接続サービスも対象。ただし、CDNとの相互接続案件も含め当面は
市場観察
◦ “… we find that the best approach is to watch, learn, and act as required, but not intervene now,
especially not with prescriptive rules.” (para. 31)
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 4
5. 現時点ではルールの直接適⽤を⾏わないサービス群
ISP間接続、CDNとの接続→201条、202条をベースとする申し⽴てにケースバイケースで対処
Non-BIAS Data Services→以下の特徴を有するサービスについては監視を継続
◦ インターネットの⼤部分に接続するためには利⽤されない
◦ 応用範囲の狭いアプリケーションレベルのサービス
◦ 他のサービスとは区分される通信容量を利⽤
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 5
具体例
• Facility-based VoIP, Internet Protocol-video offering,
• connectivity bundled with e-readers, heart monitors, or energy consumption sensors
• limited-purpose devices such as automobile telematics, and services that provide
schools with curriculum-approved applications and content
Strong Net Neutralityを展望した規制展開
8. General Conduct Rule: No Unreasonable Interference/Disadvantage Standard
エンドユーザーが合法的にインターネットを利⽤する権利や、コンテンツ・アプリケー
ション事業者が合法的なコンテンツ等を提供する権利に対し合理的な理由なく⼲渉したり、
損なったりしてはならない。
◦ Bright Line Rulesがカバーしていない事象が本命令に即しているか否かの判断基準
◦ モバイルBBの技術的要請については、reasonable managementによる適用除外で考慮
◦ Sponsored dataとusage allowanceについては、メリットとデメリットをふまえて個別判断
◦ 具体的な判断基準
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 8
End-user control
Competitive effects
Consumer protection
Effects on innovation, investment, or
broadband deployment
Free expression
Application agnostic
Standard practices
9. According to ex-chairman Wheeler,
General conduct ruleについては予⾒
される急速な技術変化にFCCが適切
に対処するために設定したもの
（Silicon Flatiron 2017での発言）
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 9
10. 2014年ルールでの追加公開項目
◦ 契約条件
◦ 価格
◦ the full monthly service charge. Any
promotional rates should be clearly noted as
such.
◦ 他の手数料
◦ データ利用量の制限
◦ 実効品質
◦ 実効アクセス速度
◦ 反応時間（latency）
◦ パケットロス
◦ ネットワーク制御
◦ practices that are applied to traffic associated
with a particular user or user group, including
any application-agnostic degradation of service
to a particular end user.
Transparency rule
2010年ルールでの公開項⽬
◦ ネットワーク制御
◦ 混雑制御
◦ 特定アプリに関する制御
◦ 端末接続ルール
◦ セキュリティ関連情報
◦ サービス内容
◦ サービス細目
◦ Specialized service提供による影響
◦ 契約条件
◦ 価格
◦ For example, monthly prices, usage-based fees,
and fees for early termination or additional
network services.
◦ プライバシーポリシー
◦ 損害回復⼿順
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 10
ユーザー数10万以下の事業者については暫定的に適用せず（2015/12/15までに見直し）
＋ 消費者向け自主的開示
フォーマットの設定
コンテンツ・アプリケーション事
業者向けにはより詳細な情報
開示を要請
11. 既存の特別取扱いへの評価
◦ Sponsored data plan, or zero-rating
◦ On the one hand, evidence in the record suggests that
these business models may in some instances provide
benefits to consumers, with particular reference to their
use in the provision of mobile services.
◦ On the other hand, some commenters strongly
oppose sponsored data plans, arguing that “the power
to exempt selective services from data caps seriously
distorts competition, favors companies with the
deepest pockets, and prevents consumers from
exercising control over what they are able to access
on the Internet,” again with specific reference to mobile
services.
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 11
◦ Data allowance, or data cap, and usage-based
pricing plan
◦ Usage allowances may benefit consumers by
offering them more choices over a greater range of
service options, and, for mobile broadband
networks, such plans are the industry norm today,
in part reflecting the different capacity issues on
mobile networks.
◦ Conversely, some commenters have expressed
concern that such practices can potentially be used
by broadband providers to disadvantage competing
over-the-top providers.
(para. 151) (para. 153)
• コンテンツ・アプリ事業者側が通信費用
を賄うsponsored data planは、特にモバ
イルBBの利用者にとってメリットがある
場合がある。
• ただし、財政的に豊かなコンテンツ・ア
プリ事業者にとって有利なシステムであ
るので競争をゆがめたり、あるいは、消
費者による自由なインターネット体験を
妨げたりする可能性がある。
• 月間の利用量制限（Data cap）は、利用
者に様々なサービス選択を可能にする
というメリットがあり、モバイルBBでは
すでに業界標準として受け入れられて
いる。
• しかし、同制度はOTTサービス事業者
の展開に対する阻害要因となりうる。
12. Wireline Telecommunications Bureau Report（Jan. 11, 2017）
While reiterating that zero-rating per se does not raise concerns, it
finds that two of the programs reviewed, AT&T's "Sponsored Data"
program and Verizon's "FreeBee Data 360" program, present
significant risks to consumers and competition.
◦ While observing that AT&T provided incomplete responses to staff
inquires, the report states that the limited information available
supports a conclusion that AT&T offers Sponsored Data to third party
content providers at terms and conditions that are effectively less
favorable than those it offers to its affiliate, DIRECTV.
◦ Unlike T-Mobile, which charges all edge providers the same zero rate
for participating in BingeOn, AT&T imposes hefty per-gigabyte
charges on third parties for use of Sponsored Data. All indications are
that AT&T's charges far exceed the costs AT&T incurs in providing the
sponsored data service.
◦ The structure of Verizon's FreeBee Data 360 program raises similar
concerns.
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 12
13. Statement from the FCC chairman
WASHINGTON, February 3, 2017 – Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai
issued the following statement today on the end of the investigation into wireless carriers' free-
data offerings: “Today, the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau is closing its investigation
into wireless carriers' free-data offerings. These free-data plans have proven to be popular
among consumers, particularly low-income Americans, and have enhanced competition in the
wireless marketplace. Going forward, the Federal Communications Commission will not focus
on denying Americans free data. Instead, we will concentrate on expanding broadband
deployment and encouraging innovative service offerings.”
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 13
14. NPRM: In the Matter of Restoring Internet Freedom (May 23, 2017)
◦ ブロードバンドアクセスサービス（BIAS）を通信法第一
編の情報サービスに範疇替え
◦ クリントン政権期における規制緩和状況への回帰を目指す。
◦ 2015年ルールで⾏なったモバイルブロードバンドアクセ
スに係る解釈変更の取りやめ
◦ ISPにおける個⼈情報取扱いの規律権限をFTCに返還
◦ オンブズマンの廃止
◦ 2015年ルールが定めた⼀般準則（「７つの判断基準」）
の廃止
◦ 2015年ルールが定めたプロバイダの⾏動に関する三つの
ルール（Bright line rules）の再検討
◦ ブロードバンド市場へのFCCによる事前介入の必要性の
再検討
◦ 費⽤便益分析実施の提案
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 14
16. Pai’s Statement at MWCA2017
デジタルディバイド解消のためのモバイル投資促進を表明
◦ “Bottom line: the mobile marketplace is healthy, but we’ve got work to do to close
the digital divide and boost network investment, which go hand in hand. And we
need to tackle these issues with an eye toward revving the virtuous cycle of faster,
better networks that unleash new innovations that drive additional consumer
demand. The FCC has embraced these goals. Here’s what we’re doing, starting
with the digital divide.”
投資促進のための中⽴性ルール改⾰
◦ In our Restoring Internet Freedom proceeding, the FCC is currently examining
whether we should change our Internet regulations in order to encourage greater
deployment and investment and bring digital opportunity to more Americans. …
it’s important not to look at that proceeding in isolation. Instead, it is just one part
of a comprehensive review of how to encourage the construction and expansion
of next-generation networks.
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 16
17. ぶれない新委員⻑
FCC chair Ajit Pai may have been stating the obvious given his conservative, deregulatory
history, but he did so with gusto at a speech at the Reagan Library in Simi Valley, Calif.,
Tuesday night (Oct. 10), invoking the Republican president and his FCC chairs, Mark Fowler
and Dennis Patrick.
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 17
Quoting Fowler, Pai said: "We want to
eliminate, as much as we can, government
regulation of the telecommunications
marketplace so as to permit present players
to provide new and innovative services to
consumers and likewise permit new players
to come in and compete. That's basically our
approach."
Source: http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/washington/pai-goal-cut-much-telecom-regulation-possible/169244
20. モデル分析の結果は前提条件次第
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 20
Source: Easley, R., Guo, H., and Kraemer, J.
(forthcoming) “From Network Neutrality to Data
Neutrality: A Techno-Economic Framework and
Research Agenda,” Information Systems
Research.
21. 中⽴性概念の拡張
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 21
Name of neutralities Definition Related players
Search neutrality Prevent search ranking
algorithm from reflecting
managerial and other
preferences.
The search service (e.g., Google,
Facebook, Amazon) is the
gatekeeper. Consumers search for
content or products of interest.
Operating system neutrality Prevent discrimination of
functionality based on CP or
app provider, consumer
device, or NP.
The device manufacturer or OS is
the gatekeeper. Consumers get
content or services through the use
of device or OS.
App store neutrality Prevent app prioritization or
blocking based on the
developer, the app or app
type, or the consumer.
The app store is the gatekeeper
(usually associated with the OS),
app developers and consumers are
the other two parties.
Ad block neutrality Prevent ad blocking based on
the ad publisher, network,
type, content; or on the
advertiser or consumer.
Ad block provider is the gatekeeper.
Consumers may use ad block
software to block ads from
publishers/advertisers.
Table 1 Additional “neutralities” for OTT platformers
Source:Created on the basis of Easley et al. (forthcoming,Table 2)
22. Free Basicsに関するファクト（中⽴性推進論者からの⾒⽅）
Key findings
◦ Free Basics might not speak your language
◦ Free Basics does not meet the linguistic needs of target users.
◦ Free Basics features little local content, but plenty of corporate services from the US and UK.
◦ Free Basics includes a relatively small amount of content relevant to local issues and needs,
lacking public service sites and independent news sources.
◦ Free Basics doesn't connect you to the global internet – but it does collect your data
◦ Facebook collects unique streams of user metadata from all user activities on Free Basics, not just
the activities of users who are logged into Facebook.
T. JITSUZUMI@Workshop (2017) 22
Source: https://advox.globalvoices.org/2017/07/27/can-
facebook-connect-the-next-billion/
◦ Free Basics violates net neutrality principles
◦ Free Basics does not allow users to browse the open Internet.
◦ Some internet is better than none — but not on Facebook's terms
◦ Global Voices research findings suggest that most of the content
offered via Free Basics will not meet the most pressing needs of those
who are not online, and that the data and content limitations built into
Free Basics are largely artificial and primarily aimed at collecting
profitable data from users.
