2. Sterilization
process by which an article, surface, or medium is freed of all living microorganisms
either in the vegetative or in the spore state
DESTROYS SPORES
3. refers to the use of a chemical agent that destroys or removes all pathogenic
organisms or organisms capable of giving rise to infection
NOT SPORICIDAL
4. CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS WHICH CAN BE SAFELY APPLIED TO SKIN
OR MUCUS MEMBRANE
BEST & MOST COMMONLY USED BETADINE
5.
6.
7. HEAT STERILISATION
• FLAMIMG
• INCINERATION
• HOT AIR OVEN
MOIST HEAT
• TEMPERATURE
BELOW 100 *C
• TEMPERATURE
@100*C
• STEAM UNDER
PRESSURE
8. The dry heat kills microorganisms by
protein denaturation,
oxidative damage, and
toxic effect of increased level of electrolytes
9. USED FOR STERILISING
Glasswares (syringes, Petri dishes,
flasks, pipettes, test tubes, etc.).
Surgical instruments (scalpels,
scissors, forceps, etc.).
Chemicals (liquid paraffin,
sulfonamide powders, etc.); and
Oils that are not penetrated well by
steam used in moist heat
sterilization
10. 160 for 45 minutes
170 degree for 18 minutes
180 degree for 7.5 minutes
190 degree for 1.5 minutes
11.
12. Thermocouples, chemical indicators, and bacteriological spores of Bacillus subtilis
& clostridium tetani are used as sterilization controls to determine the efficacy of
sterilization by hot-air oven.
13. FLAMING
Used for STERILISING
INOCULATING WIRE LOOPS
Tip of forceps
Scalpels
INCINERATION
Pathological material
Human carcasses
Contaminated clothes
17. 2 methods
Holder
Flash
Destroys heat resistant tubercle bacilli
Newer techniques have now been used to produce sterile milk that has a storage life of 3
months. In this method, milk is processed with ultrahigh temperature (UHT) of 134°C
for 1–2 seconds.
Holder
•Holding @
63 *c for 30
minutes
Flash
•72 * c for
15-20 sec
& rapidly
cooling
below 13 *c
Coxiella burentii
causative agent of Q
fever survives holder
method but killed by
flash method
18. SOME EMDIA CONTAINING OR SERUM
LJ MEDIA & LOEFFLERS SERUM SLOPE
STERILISED AT 82 - 85 *C FOR 30 MINUTESS FOR 30 MINUTES
21. NOT A METHOD OF STERILISATION
ONLY A METHOD OF DISINFECTION
22. SINGLE EXPOSURE @ 100 *C FOR 100 MINUTES
Steam sterilisation at atmospheric P
23. FOR MEDIA CONTAINING
SUGAR OR GELATIN
Cant with stand 100 minutes
Sterilised @ 100 *c for 20
minutes on 3 successive days
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. Kills spores effectively
Used for sterilising culture media dressing instrument & pharmaceuticals
121 * c for 15 minutes
126 * c for 10 minutes
133*c for 3 minutes
29. Thermocouples
Brown’s tube is the most commonly used chemical indicator of moist heat
sterilization in the autoclave. It contains red solution that turns green when
exposed to temperature of 121°C for 15 minutes in an autoclave
Spores of bacillus steatothermophilus
30.
31.
32. Water purification & analysis
Sterilisation & sterility testing
MEMBRANE FILTER MC USED
CONSTITUENTS LIKE SERUM TRYPSIN GROWTH FACTORS PROTEINS AMINOACIDS
VITAMINS HORMONES
33.
34. IONISING COLD STERILISATION
X RAY
γ RAY
COSMIC RAYS
NON IONISING
IR PREPACKED SYRINGES &
CATHETERS
UV LIGHT ENTRY WAYS IN OT
ICU
γ RYS USED FOR STERILISATION
OF HEAT LABILE INSTRUMENT
PLASTIC SYRINGES SURGICAL
CATGUT BONE & TISSUE GRAFTS
35.
36.
37. FORMALDEHYDE
BACTERICIDAL
VIRUCIDAL
SPORICIDAL
USED FOR STERILISATION
USED FOR ANATOMIC SPECIMENS
THEATRE FUMIGATION
DUCKERING IN BACILLUS
ANTHRACIS
GLUTERLDEHYDE
2 % GLUTERALDEHYDE CIDEX
AGAINST BACTERIA VIRUS &
SPORES
USED FOR STERILISATION OF
CYSTOSCOPE
BRONCHOSCOPE
ENDOSCOPE
CORRUGATED RUBBER TUBING
PLASTIC ENDOTRACHEAL TUBINGS
38. STERILISATION OF PLASTIC & OTHER THERMOLABILE MATERIAL THAT
CANNOT WITHSTAND HEATING
USED FOR STERILISING
HEART LUNG MACHINE
RESPIRATORS
DENTAL EQUIPMENT
MUTAGENIC & CARCINOGENIC
42. DISINFECTION OF WATER
HYPOCHLORITE
WATER TREATMENT
HIV BLOOD SPILLS 5000 RPM
HepB BLOOD SPILLS 10000 RPM
43. MORE SPORICIDAL THAN CHLORINE
IODOPHORES ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT SLOW RELEASING OF
IODINE
44.
45. •DESTROY ALL MICROORGANISM
•WITH EXCEPTION OF VERY HIGH NUMBER OF SPORES
DESTROY SMALL NUMBER OF SPORES
HIGH LEVEL
•INACTIVATE EVEN RESISTANT ORGANISM SUCH AS
MYCOBCTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AS WELLAS VEGETATIVE
BACTERIA
INTERMEDIATE
LEVEL
•KILL MOST BACTERIA SOME FUNGI SOME VIRUS
LOW LEVEL
• QUARTERNARY A
COMPOUNDS
• MERCURIALS
• IODOPHORES
• 2%
GLUTERALDEH
DE
• 8%
FORMALDEHYD
• ETHYLENE
OXIDE
• 6-10 % H202
• 0.5 % IODINE
• 70-90 %
ETHANOL
• CHLORINE
COMPOUNDS
46.
47. RIDEAL WALKER TEST PHENOL IS TAKEN AS STANDARD
PHENOL COEFFICIENT
CHICK MARTIN TEST DISINFECTANT ACT IN PRESENCE OF ORGANIC
MATTER
KELSEY SYKES TEST CAPACITY TO RETAIN ACTIVITY FOR LONG TIME
GOLD STANDARD
IN USE TEST EFFECTIVE FOR ACTUAL USE
48.
49.
50.
51. Blue • Glassware
• Metallic Body
Implants
Cardboard boxes
With blue colored
marking
Disinfection (by
soaking the washed
glass waste after
cleaning with
detergent and
Sodium
Hypochlorite
treatment) or
through autoclaving
or
microwaving or
hydroclaving and
then
sent for recycling.
52. White
(Translucent)
Waste sharps
including Metals:
Needles, syringes
with fixed needles,
needles from needle
tip cutter or burner,
scalpels, blades, or
any other
contaminated sharp
object that may
cause puncture and
cuts. This includes
both used, discarded
and contaminated
metal sharps
Puncture proof,
Leak proof,
tamper proof
Containers
Autoclaving or Dry
Heat Sterilization
followed by shredding
or mutilation or
encapsulation in
metal container or
cement concrete;
combination
of shredding cum
autoclaving; and sent
for final disposal to
iron foundries or
sanitary landfill or
designated concrete
waste sharp pit.
53. Red Contaminated
Waste
(Recyclable)
(a) Wastes
generated from
disposable items
such as tubing,
bottles, intravenous
tubes and sets,
catheters, urine
bags, syringes
(without needles and
fixed needle
Syringes )
and vaccutainers
with their needles
cut) and gloves.
Red coloured
Non chlorinated
plastic bags or
containers
Autoclaving
or Micro waving/
hydroclaving
followed by
shredding or
mutilation
or combination
of sterilization and
shredding. Treated
waste to be sent
to registered or
authorized recyclers
or for energy
recovery or plastics
to diesel or fuel oil
or for road
making, whichever
is possible
54. Yellow • Discarded linen,
mattresses, beddings
contaminated with blood or
body fluid
• Human waste
• Animal waste
• Soiled waste
Non chlorinated
yellow plastic
bags or suitable
packing material
Non chlorinated chemical
disinfection
followed by incineration or
Plasma Pyrolysis or for energy
recovery.
Chemical Waste:
Chemicals used in production of
biological
and used or discarded
disinfectants
Yellow coloured
containers or
Non chlorinated
plastic bags
Disposed of by incineration or
Plasma Pyrolysis
or Encapsulation
in hazardous waste treatment,
storage and
disposal facility
Expired or Discarded
Medicines
Expired cytotoxic drugs and
items
contaminated with cytotoxic
drugs to be
returned back to the
manufacturer or
supplier for incineration
at temperature
>1200 *C