Why Do Catalans Have Their American Culture

Why Do Catalans Have Their American Culture
Another aspect that needs to be known in order to understand the reasons why Catalans pursue independence from Spain are their cultural
characteristics. Catalan people have many distinct cultural traits that difference them from the Spanish culture. The main aspects are exposed below to
help realize how Catalans have their own culture.
Language
Language is probably one of the most important characteristics traits for the Catalan people. Throughout the history, they have had to fight periods
when the Catalan language was strictly prohibited. As mentioned earlier in this report, people were not allowed to speak it, they were not allowed to
teach it in the schools, and they were not even allowed to give their children Catalan names. Even though it was prohibited, many Catalans that were in
the exile continued to write books in Catalan, risking their life, to ensure that the language was not forgotten. This just makes it one of the reason why
Catalan people are very proud of their language, and think it is one of their most characteristic cultural traits. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It was a form of Vulgar Latin spoken by the people living in the Pyrenees Mountains. Throughout the year, Catalan spread southward along the
Mediterranean coast. Catalan became a recognized official linguistic identity by the 11th century, when many legal, religious, and philosophical
documents were in Catalan (Ottenbreit, n.d.).
As mentioned earlier, during Franco's dictatorship, Catalan was banned with very strict penalties if used for both public and private use. However,
once democracy was established again in the country, Catalan went back to be the co–official language along with Spanish. Nowadays, there is
approximately 9.5 million Catalan speakers, and about 4.2 million are native speakers, which makes Catalan be the second most commonly spoken
native language in Spain, after Spanish.
National
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Homage to Catalonia
George Orwell Homage To Catalonia Published by Harvest books (New York) in June 1969,264 pgs Book Review of Homage to Catalonia
George Orwell, noted writer and journalist, arrived in Barcelona, Spain in late 1936 to cover the fight against fascism. Being an avid fan of
socialism, he was amazed to see the small glimpse of socialism in action. He was intrigued to say the least, of the classless society he observed there.
Barcelona, Spain at this time was held under Anarchist control, and as such most of the old class society rituals were abandoned: tipping, titles, and
the old divisions between rich and poor were practically gone. Everyone was equal in this new society, and most of the rich aristocrats had either fled
or went into... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Later after 115 days on the frontlines, Orwell receives a leave to return to Barcelona. Upon arriving in Barcelona he is struck by the changes that have
occurred. On the streets he once again heard titles of servile nature being spewed from one persons mouth to another, the rich and poor clearly
reappearing, and the resemblance of a class society slowly drifting back into view. Later he describes his sadness after getting dragged into street
fighting caused by infighting between the communists and various anarchist factions, mostly caused by communistic led police trying to seize a
telephone exchange held by anarchists in Barcelona. Finally after escaping the street fighting, he returns to the front for a short time until being shot
through the throat by enemy sniper fire, which lands him in various hospitals until he is finally declared medically unfit to fight. After being declared
unfit to fight, Orwell's real problems begin. Returning to Barcelona to get his military discharge papers stamped, he finds that his ignorance of joining
the first anti–fascist militia he came across begins to haunt him. In Barcelona, his former unit the P.O.U.M has been fully suppressed and has sadly
become the political scapegoat of Communist propaganda and all former P.O.U.M members were being rounded up and arrested. He laments at the
sights of how his former comrades were being treated, but has no time to do much for them, because he is on the run as well. Finally

Protests In Spain
Spain is facing an uprising in politics and their economy due to the "contested independence referendum" in the Catalonia region. The Catalonia region
is located on the border of Spain near Barcelona and is very different than the other regions. Such as Madrid, Catalonia has a different cultural heritage
and language than Madrid, which is mainly why Catalonia wants to become independant. Catalonia is the wealthiest, most different region in Spain and
can already present itself as a region that is independent with a stable economy. Catalonia is one of Spain's richest regions and has very different
cultural value and languages than the other regions in Spain. Since 2010, the Catalonia region has been gaining momentum to split apart ... Show more
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Catalonia is a democracy, and in a democracy the citizens are allowed to share their voices. But on that Sunday, October 1st, over 900 people were
injured for protesting and voting. Many police fired rubber bullets and used batons to beat the protesters and voters up. These were not the same
protesters as before, these citizens were in support of the split between Catalonia and Spain. Downtown Barcelona has been wild since this idea of
splitting came about but there has been talk about positive outcomes in the future for the region of Catalonia and Spain. Since Catalonia has
proven itself as an independent region in the past, there are many new aspects. On December 21st, there will be a new regional election because
the one before had 90% of voters supported this idea and the police did not understand. Also with the voting day before, many in Madrid believe the
voting was fair/ true but the Prime Minister Rajoy believed that it was illegal and not fair because many did not vote due to the physical abuse given
by the police. Until December 21st, the best thing anyone can do is to just wait. Waiting for any responses and news about what has happened in the
Catalonia region can take forever, but is hopefully worth the wait. As Spain waits to hear the news, the Catalonia region got help from abroad, except
help from Europe because what the Catalonia

Essay on European Nationalism Case Study---Catalan
European Nationalism Case Study–––Catalan During the development of Europe, Nationalism played an important role. Initially, in the 19th century, a
wave of nationalism swept the whole continent of Europe from romantic nationalism to a variety of European countries .Subsequently, there were some
new countries in the different ways to initialize their movement on nationalism, such as "the Romantic exaltation of "feeling" and "identity" and the
Liberal requirement that a legitimate state be based on a "people" rather than, for example, a dynasty, God, or imperial domination."(Paul Halsall,
1998). Since then, the concept of "nationalism" ascended to the historical stage. In this essay, the main research will be focused on the Catalan... Show
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Eventually, in the early 20th century, as a result of promotion to the movement by some clandestine political leaders, "the first modern political party in
Catalonia, Lliga Regionalista, was founded .Later, it formed an alliance with other Catalanist forces later, grouped in the so–called Solidaritat Catalana,
and won the elections with the regionalist program that Enric Prat de la Riba had formulated in his manifesto La nacionalitat Catalana
(1906)."(Daniele, 1997). Over all, essentially, this movement tremendously promoted the autonomy and independency for Catalonia. In conclusion,
Catalan Nationalist movement is regarded as a movement of nationalism in nations without states. "Crucial to the development of nationalism in
nations without states is the existence and position occupied by the potential elite" (Guibernau, 2000) .During the whole Catalanism movement and
development of Catalonia, it is obviously that intellectuals play an essential role in provoking this progress, especially in the maintenance of the Catalan
language and culture. Initially, in the result of long–year repression by Catalans, there was a wide gap between intellectual elites and the masses, which
threatened the survival of the Catalan language and culture but gradually through three main phenomena, which are the Nova Canco, the Assembly of
Catalonia and the proliferation of 'solidarity actions', this individual elite movement into a mass

A Comparison Of The Power Of King Henry VII And The Monarchy
Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in western Europe, the power of monarchies grew by their own means. The monarchy of Spain,
under Ferdinand and Isabella, grew their royal power considerably by conquering the neighboring regions of Moors, Naples, and Navarre among
others, exercised their power by the Inquisition, and expanded their empire across the Atlantic Ocean to Mexico and Peru. In difference, King Henry
VII in England unified the royal government through marriage and consolidated the power of the English monarchy through the Court of Star
Chamber. While the two monarchies similarly expanded their kingdom through marriage and found ways to show the power of their newly unified
monarchies, the way in which Spain and England expanded their power and showed their strength differed, as Spain focus more on their religious
and empirical power while England focused on more on their domestic power and their wealth at this time period. After a thirty year conflict
between the House of York and House of Lancaster from 1455 to 1485, Henry Tudor who ruled England as Henry VII, was the start of the new royal
dynasty which would bring stability and power back to England. To ensure stability, he married Elizabeth of York, unifying the House of Lancaster
and House of York into one royal family. With no outside claims to the royal bloodline remaining, Henry VII was able to increase the power and
finances of the English monarchy through various means. With the end

Cultural Identity And Autonomous Regions Within The...
Region Report 3
There are many important issues that face Europe and the European Union as a whole today. One of these exactly important issues is the topic of
cultural identity and autonomous regions within the European Union. This includes states such as Catalonia, Basque Country, Northern Ireland and
more. The long and complex history of Europe has led to hundreds if not thousands of areas within the region that have a separate and distinct identity
and culture. These areas have independent cultures and histories that define them outside of the national identity. Historically, Catalonia and Northern
Ireland have had many different views from their parent nations and it has led to conflict in the past and will lead to conflict in the ... Show more content
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This means areas like Northern Ireland, and Wales will receive individual sponsorship for development such as в‚¬2.6 billion for Cornwall, West
Wales, Isles of Scilly, and the Valleys. These investments have many practical results, are good for the regions, and perhaps most importantly they
help reduce the unrest within that specific region by creating jobs and a flourishing market. With the increased job market and projects in the region
people are earning more money and enjoying a higher quality of life which leads to a more cohesive area. This idea of European Union cohesion policy
is important for dealing with areas that are becoming increasingly unstable within countries especially with respect to the European Union's
commitment to preserving regional and cultural identity. This is especially important in countries with financial instability and inequality.Spain is an
excellent example, because due to a job shortage and weak economy there is high unemployment, nearly 20% in 2016, and very high public debt. The
high unemployment and a high number of people below the poverty line leads to wealthier and distinct areas becoming unhappy and stating that the
government is taking a disproportionate amount of their money.
Catalonia is a region in northeast Spain that is a prime example due the autonomous operation and self–governance that has led to what many believe is
a completely separate and wealthier region

Bullfighting in Spain
Bullfighting in Spain Introduction Origin of Bullfighting What is the origin of bullfighting in Spain? According to Martin Seufert's book La
Corrida de Toros The Tradition of Bullfighting in Spain, there are "several" hypotheses that attempt to explain how bullfighting began in Spain.
One of those hypotheses is that the tradition of the "corrida" has roots in the Middle Ages; it was a form of Roman entertainment, Seufert explains
on page 4 of his book (Seufert, 2011, p. 4). It is possible that bullfighting evolved from "the sacrifice of animals in religious festivities," Seufert
explains, or perhaps it was created by the Moors. Actually, fighting bulls was a "popular activity" in the Middle Ages but it was an event that only
the elite participated in, Seufert explains. On the occasion of marriages or other ceremonies of "honor" nobles on horses fought "...with long lances"
to demonstrate how strong and noble they were (Seufert, p. 4). The bull has for centuries been a symbol of "power and fertility," and the in the first
mentions of bullfighting in the literature, the Spanish "Poem of the Cid," a protagonist battles a bull (around 1040) at the marriage of the king's
daughter (Seufert, p. 4). According to Seufert, by the first half of the 1700s bullfighting became "extremely popular and produced its first
professional of historic significance, Francisco Romero" (p. 4). Romero was a shoemaker who was born in Roda in southern Spain and reportedly he
was first to use

The Effects Of European Integration On The Regional...
We can have a long list of regions within EU that are seeking for independence: Scotland, the Basque Country, Catalonia, Flanders, Venetian, Bavarian,
Corsica and more is coming. Although each case has its distinct story, they have some common reasons for separatism, for example, due to long–term
history tension, culture difference, different national identity perceived by people, minority groups under representative and economic inequality.
Besides, benefits such as regional sovereign are both motivations and reasons for regions to secede. Many scholars also argue that the integration of
Europe is another spur of the independence movements. However, I will argue that the effect of European integration on the regional independence is...
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Its prosperous development of economy also draws labours from the rest of the state. However, Catalans do not have the control of their own
wealth. Every year Catalonia is taxed for about в‚¬20 billion, about 10% of Catalonia's GDP, by the Spanish government and never return back as
social investments (Srmava, 2014). The Spanish government use that money to subsidise other poorer regions. Staying in Spain now become a brake
to the development of Catalonia's economics. The hypothesis for partition of Belgium is based on the similar story. The state is divided by language
and history and economics inequality into Flanders and Wallonia. The case for Scotland is a bit different as people use the same language and share
the culture. The two major arguments are the oil and currency. North Sea oil and gas reserves can help Scotland to become one of the richest countries
in the world after independence. Moreover, Scotland led by Salmond wants to join the common currency union, while the London–based government
does not. The former said "this is for the good of everyone", because of removal obstacles for transaction within EU and increasing the competitiveness.
The Cameron government argued back that joining a currency union would reduce the autonomy of economics, and the recent financial crisis showed
the fragility of the euro system at the moment. Although language and culture differences provide good reasons for separatism literally, in

The Ris Policies With A Strong Supporting Network For...
At this point, the research would usually discuss the repercussions of the RIS policies with regards to firm involvement and actions. However,
Catalonia has historically been severely lacking in resources and, as a result, levels of innovation are quite low. This lack of resources is what is
usually attributed to the reason for why the Catalan government is so willing to pursue action on developing a strong supporting network for science
and technology. However, even today the capacity for production in those areas are still weak. R&D expenditures for Catalonia are at 1.35% in 2005
are much lower than the OECD average of 2.25% (Segarra–Blasco et al 2008). This is directly related to the low levels of R&D for firms. As a result,
the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ICT is particularly notable, however, due to its history. It was produced in the Valles Technology Park in the 1980s but was soon dissolved due to
extreme lack of interest in the industrial sector. It has since been restored but the institution is so recent that no significant knowledge has been
produced on the subject.
Basic Research Basic research is restricted to public research centres such as universities. However, one of the most active and internationalized types
of public research centre are CSIC centres in Catalonia, of which nine are dedicated to basic research. These centres were also heavily affected by the
court's delay in regional and national boundaries. However, support for these centres has since strengthened with agreements with the Catalan
government in order to provide more integration with the RIS. With regards to universities, these institutions were traditionally almost entirely created
for teaching instead of research. Around the new millennium however, a trend began to change this feature. New resources and regulatory measures
have been initiated by the national and Catalan governments, giving rise to a new efforts at research and connections with industrial partners.
Applied Research The bifurcation between applied and basic research can be found in R&D expenditure data. Public expenditure growth has been
rapid in both absolute and relative terms, especially between the mid–1980s to early 1990s

Similarities Between Paris And Gauls
Both Paris which is the capital city of France and Barcelona which is the capital and the most famous town of Catalonia have similarities with their
rebellious history and their historic revolution. The similarities are reflected on the grounds of the cause for rebellion and the phases they underwent
during the revolution period . The associated similarities for resistance in both cities were economic problems and the cultural differences of the
population in the towns. Both financial issues and cultural differences influenced the residents to need for the insurgency. On the side of the revolution,
it encompassed a social and political change in both cities1. The essay focuses on the historical rebellion similarities between Paris and Barcelona.
From the general view of the history of Paris, the city is believed to be over 2000 years of age. During the period between 250 and 200 BC, the
tribe Gauls of Parisii settled in the town. The general population of Gauls was financially unstable and had different cultural practices. During the
early Middle Ages of 52BC Julius Caesar conquered Paris and made it the regional existence of Romans. The emergence of the Romans and the
preexistence of the Gauls widened the disputes cultural Gaps . The general population of both the Romans and the Gauls was vibrant and defiant
which made them a free cooperative under the authority of Etienne Marcel who was their chief leader. The raging of the Bastille in 1789 was the first
of a progression

A Unique Atmosphere
a unique atmosphere. The flow was very artistic; you can see colors all over, artifacts on every town square, greenery and organic flowing lines.
Within all this Design madness a
modern artifact stood out for me. Looking at it from a distance, it grabbed my attention with its light translucent structure; I couldn't define the shape.
In my eyes all I could see was clustered, intersecting, free stranding lines in the middle of Plaza Nova. This installation titled "Identity" was designed
by Chinese–based studio Urbanus, for Voltaire's "Barcelonans extreme love of freedom" 300th anniversary of 11 September 1714. On that date, after a
thirteen month siege, the city of Barcelona collided with French–Castilian troops and it turned into a very bloody affair that involved all sectors of the
city. The sacrifices and subsequent spirit of recovery turned this date into a symbol of the Catalan existing national entity. A colored bamboo structure
in a grid installation reinterpreting a form of an ancient wall with vaults creating openings you could walk through. This modern artifact had clearly
behind it more than aesthetic beauty; a sense of travel through Time and Space emerged while gazing in to this monument. The "Identity" piece had an
urban definition within the space and a strong feel of cultural representation.
TIME
The openings from both sides are crucial design elements. Each side represents a culture; on one of them you have the series of Roman arched
opening. The Roman

Modernisme: Catalonia At The Turn Of The Twentieth Century
Modernisme: Catalonia at the Turn of the Twentieth Century In the late nineteenth century, Catalonia was changing dramatically and at an incredible
pace. It was in this rapidly evolving environment that the Modernisme movement was born. Modernisme encompassed a variety of artistic and
intellectual fields including politics, music, poetry, architecture, and jewelry–making, as well as the more typical visual mediums like painting and
sculpture. The movement kicked off around the time of the 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition, a world's fair, which presented Catalonian art and
industry in the context of Europe at large (Robinson 35). The birth of Modernisme came just as the Spanish RenaixenГ§a (Renaissance) was winding
down and the public was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While some artists, like LluГЇsa Vidal, were forgotten for decades, the Catalonian government is clearly proud of the Modernisme artists and has done
a spectacular job of preserving and promoting their work, making it accessible for generations to come. Their work, along with the dedication of the
current owners of El Quatre Gats is vital to showcasing a significant and fascinating moment in artistic history. Though the Modernisme movement was
brief, multi–faceted, and not always coherent, it is easy to be entranced by the skill of the artists and one cannot help but imagine how incredible it
would be to take a table in the corner of El Quatre Gats and enjoy an evening of varied artistic

Tarragona Essay
Tarragona is a beach resort town in Spain that is just 60 miles towards the southwest of Barcelona. This beautiful Catalonian city situated on the
Mediterranean coast of Spain was first under the occupation off Gneus Scipio pool responsible for funding Roman military Camp way back in 218
B.C. Similar to other Roman settlements, even this empire grew drastically and became a colony of Rome under Julius Caesar during 45 B.C. This
beautiful town was once a settlement of more than 1 million people and the civilization that had left a remarkable effect on the architectural and
cultural influence of the town. The architectural presence of Tarragona cannot be matched with anywhere else in the whole Catalonia district. Strong
Roman historical presence, the visitors have the advantage of tasting modern Catalonian relaxation along with a rich and deep history of the region. ...
Whether you're traveling from a Spanish city or any other part of the world, you can directly reach Barcelona airport. From Barcelona you can catch
Catalonia express train from either from the Sants Station or other stations like Passeig de Gracia and Plaza

Causes Of The Cold War After WWII
After WWII, westerners started doubting the effectiveness of a democratic society. Russia became communist and a strong political force in the world.
Communism and fascism ideals spread throughout Europe and western powers feared that they would threatened the existence of democracy. The rise
of communism put Russia and the United States in a place of strained relations, called the Cold War. The failure of Western society is the result of an
unfair capitalist economy, smaller nations fighting for independence, and poor policies addressing Multiculturism.
WWII left the West in a depraved state and made leaders reconsider their policies. One of the leading cause of WWII was the failure of the Treaty of
Versailles.Europe was unable to come to a fair agreement that could preserve peace after WWI. Germany was the main instigator of the war and held
the belief that the Jews needed to be exterminated. Germans thought they were unable to live peacefully with Jews solely based off of their religious
beliefs. This type of discrimination and genocide showed how incapable Europe was of accepting differences.
Many people praise the strong economy of the West, but fail to recognize the inequality in capitalism and the large wealth gap between rich and poor.
In countries like China, wages are significantly lower than more developed countries. The exploitation of workers from other countries to benefit
Western economy has become very common. After WWII, there was a notable labor shortage

The Power Of The Catalan Government
Spanish judge has lifted the extradition order for the former Catalan president, and his cabinet members. This move was made as the campaigning for
Catalan's election began this month. Though the European warrants were withdrawn, the national warrants remain. If Carles Puigdemont was to go
back to Spain, he would still face arrest. Madrid's use of the judicial system to manipulate and wear down members of the former Catalan government
has been one of the main forces used to suppress the separatist movement. The Catalonian independence movement, and the October 1st vote, is very
multidimensional. More than 2.3 million people came to vote of the 5.3 million registered voters. Of those 2.3 million, 90% of those who voted
backed independence.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For starters, the cost/benefit ratio was not applied to the situation in Catalonia by the Spanish government. Critically, it is the use of force between
states that Zacher seems to be referring to in his argument. The use of force and suppression, despite being denounced by other European leaders,
shows that to maintain control of the state of Spain, the central government was willing to use violence. Under the first pillar, economic conditions and
the high cost of conflict would deter the state. Despite these predictions made by Zacher, force was still resorted to and conflict exists. This seems
unordinary due to the economic powerhouse that Catalonia is. Catalonia accounts for 1/5th of Spain's economy and leads all regions in producing 25%
of the country's exports. Furthermore, the fourth pillar was challenged because Zacher states, with an increasing amount of information flow there will
be an increase in economic interdependence, and cultural distinctiveness. Thus, the Westphalian state should be at a decline. However, as seen in the
situation with Catalonia, with the spread of culture and economic prosperity, the demands for a state have been on the rise. In 2014 there was a turnout
of under 50% and 80% voted for independence, and in 2017 there was a turnout greater than 50% and 90% voted for independence. Lastly, his final
pillar, the decay of cultural, political and economic heterogeneity that makes the

The Better Together Campaign
Independence is something being fought for in many countries today. Hen autonomy is no longer enough to preserve and protect countries seek to
separate themselves. Both Catalonia and Scotland have some rights to have autonomy, but are seeking to separate from their larger nations to better
serve the needs of their people and preserve their culture. "Catalonia has been granted a great deal of control over its own affairs, including
transportation, commerce, culture and safety" (Knowledge). Although this may be the case Catalonia is financially dependent on Spain and does not
have the legal right to completely self–govern, set their own taxes, etc. Similarly, Scotland is also dependent on the United Kingdom. With both nations
having thier own ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"It was instead offered continued union with the UK, but with another name. It was offered the same shoddy, unicameral devolved Parliament. The
same bankrupt political parties. The same Head of State; the same currency; the same ongoing treaties; the same rotten banking & economic system"
(Raeburn). Raeburn believes the status quo needs to be shaken and continuing the same practices are not truly change. Many Scottish people
understood this. Voting "No" as not truly a gage of whether Scotland anted independence rather a rejection of continuing the same practices under a
different name. That is not true separation. For this reason Raeburn and other critics believe that the independence vote will continue to fail until true
change is sought after in order to create a thriving separate country. There quite a few similarities between Scotland's failed attempt and Catalonia's
filed attempt at independence. The key factor for the both failing is economic hardship. "Scotland accounts for 8.4 percent of the UK population and
8.3 percent of the UK's total output. Under the current spending formula Scotland receives about ВЈ31000 ($5000) more per capita than England. By
one calculation even if Scotland were to receive 90 percent of the North Sea oil revenue, something the UK would never allow,

The Pros And Cons Of Secessionism
Secession is the withdrawal of territory from a state in order to transform it into an independent state or join it to another state (McGarry, 2016). It is
commonly associated with negativity because of its unpeaceable characteristics and often bloody aftermaths. The movement is believed and known to
lead to war (The Economist, 2000), as it has previously done so during the seventeen hundreds when American colonies rebelled against Great Britain
(HistoryNet, 2016). Particularly the civil war which happened from eighteen sixty one to eighteen sixty five when the United Sates was overthrown
when the Union armies defeated the confederate armies. That war today is still deemed "the most serious secession movement" that happened in the
United States.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today it is even experiencing better economic growth than the rest of Spain, as well as having the highest GDP. They also control a massive seventy
percent of exports in the whole of Spain. Not only does it hold such a large percentage of exports, but the region is also responsible for the production
of high–tech (45%) such as automobiles as well as electronic products. It is also importance to note that the Catalan region holds up to nineteen percent
of the GDP of Spain, compared to the 9.5% contributed by Scotland to the United Kingdom (Guibernau, 2013, p.

Catalonia And Secession : The Corruption Of The Iberian...
Catalonia and Secession
The Iberian Peninsula on the European continent has experienced its fair share of political turmoil throughout history. This region of the planet has
experienced the reign of kingdoms, conquest, civil war, and world wars. During the 15th century, various explorers, among those, Christopher
Columbus, voyaged from the peninsula to discover new routes around the world. In present day, Iberia consists of two nations, Spain and Portugal, and
his home to historical cities such as Madrid, Lisbon, Granada, and Barcelona. The latter is an extremely popular cite for tourists and business;
however, it is also the capital of the rising state of Catalonia, a region in the northeast of Spain trying to secede from the Spanish government and
become a sovereign state. Catalonia, over the course of history, has not shared an equal nor identifiable history with Spain, and has always been
dominated by the European Union member. Currently, there is high tension among the governments of Catalonia and Spain, as Spain has declared the
acts of secession as unconstitutional. Such acts include the referendum which was scheduled for 1 October 2017, which was met with violence by
Spanish police and officials in Catalonia. Just recently, the Catalonian government has declared independence, prompting the Spanish government to
implement an aspect of the constitution, Article 155, allowing them to disband the autonomy of Catalonia. This is unprecedented in the history of
Spain under

The European Debt Crisis : A Financial Phenomenon That...
The European debt crisis was a financial phenomenon that affected multiple countries around the world and the shockwave almost collapse the global
market. One of the countries that were greatly impacted by the crisis was Spain. Some of the implications of the event caused unemployment to
skyrocket, debating the role of the European Union and the state Catalonia is seeking their independence. Ultimately, the Euro Crisis showed the
weakness of the European Union and debate if it would last into the future. The creation of the European Union is rooted at the very beginning, for
most of Europe history countries had always been at war. This caused a decline in trading since Europe had always been a continent with trade barriers,
tariffs and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1992, twelve countries came together and signed the Maastricht Treaty creating the European Union (Krajewska, 2014, pp. 6–25). The last obstacle
that the EU had to face was the different currencies of each country, therefore a decade later on January 1, 1999 the Euro was created. Many countries
that adopted the new currency fell within the Euro Area. Each country had to discontinue their old currency and the monetary policies giving control
the newly formed European Central Bank (ECB), but each separate country still had their own fiscal policies one of the key reasons for the current
debt crisis (Krajewska, 2014, pp. 6–25). The union of multiple countries into a central body seemed to be a wise choice for greater economic growth,
but the failure from one country is a failure for all.
As the world is becoming more globalized the increase of a financial shutdown seems to be even closer to reality. The financial crisis that impacted
Europe started overseas in the United States. In 2008, a major financial crisis occurred when banks started to create too much money at a fast rate
pushing up the mortgage prices for houses, ultimately crashing the market (Krajewska, 2014, pp. 6–25). A ripple effect started affecting a wide range
of financial and economic institutions all around the world. As the crisis deepened, governments tried to find a solution to the problem; they attempted
to take some

Why Do Catalans Become Their Own Country
In order to understand why Catalans want to leave Spain, and become their own country, it is important to know their history. To learn that Catalonia
already was an independent nation in the past; a nation that was forced to surrender to a bigger enemy, a nation that was prohibited to talk their own
language and denied their own traditions, a nation that just wants their independence back.
The birth of the Catalan nation
Catalonia as a nation was officially born on 1258, when the Frankish king, who until then had the control over the region, recognized their
independence. Since then Catalonia became an independent nation from the Iberian Peninsula (actual Spain and Portugal). It had its own language,
laws, and traditions. The freedom did not last long, when in 1714 the Spanish army, leaded by King Philip V, in the War of Succession, defeated
Catalonia. With the Spanish army defeating Valencia, Catalonia, and the Balearic Islands, the end of this war resulted in the consolidation of the
modern day Spain (Traugott, n.d.).
Throughout the years of Catalonia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This statute, apart from defining the legal and political rights of Catalan people and the details of the structure of the Catalan government, was also
seeking to define the separation of powers between the Madrid and Barcelona, trying to restrict the Spanish government intervention in the Catalan
government. However, in July 2010, the Spanish Constitutional Court overruled main points of the 2006 statute. The one that upset the Catalan people
the most, was the denial of a legal basis to recognize Catalonia as a nation within Spain. This changes made the calls for independence rise with more
intensity, as the Catalans felt they were taken part of their autonomy once again. 2010 was the year when the independence movement started rising
again, and it has been persistent until the present day (GuzmГЎn & Quiroga,

Analysis Of The Poem ' The ' Of Mendoza Utilises Onofre...
It is fair to say that Mendoza utilises Onofre Bouvila as a character to be portrayed as a direct parallel to the development and aspirations of
Barcelona. This is expressed in the novel, since; it is irrelevant how rich and powerful Onofre becomes. This is due to the fact that, he can never be
on the top table of the social ladder literally and figuratively, due to his impoverished upbringing and working class background. "corriГі hacia la mesa
presidencial... Al llegar a la mesa advirtiГі que no quedaba una sola silla libre, ni un cubierto reservado para Г©l. ВїQuГ© haces aquГ parado como un
pasmarote? Tu puesto estГЎ allГЎ, en la mesa tres... ВЎPero yo quiero sentarme aquГ al lado de la zarina!... Вїquieres ofender a su alteza imperial?".
"These... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, one can surmise that Barcelona will never be able to consider it as the most significant and influential city in Spain. This is mainly due to the
fact that, it has the smaller population and is not the capital city.
This is further illustrated with Onofre at the end of the book. When Onofre disappears on his flying machine it is Mendoza's method to demonstrate to
the reader that Onofre has given up on his aspiration of achieving the highest echelons of the social ladder in Spain. This could be Mendoza's intention
to show that Barcelona's aspiration to escape the suppression by the hands of Madrid is dissipating. "Los que alertados por el ruido de los motores
habГan salido a los balcones o habГan subido a los terrados vieron cГіmo la mГЎquina voladora desviaba sur umbo hacia el mar, como si la empujara
un viento repentino de poniente." This shows us that Mendoza is trying to tell the reader that what happened to Onofre is not important to us. This
could be a criticism by Mendoza, about the vociferous nature of which Barcelona and Catalonia attempt to gain independence from Spain. He
achieves this denigration by displaying Catalonia's cries for independence as falling on deaf ears. Hence Mendoza uses the character of Onofre to
express his point of view that the objectives Catalonia

Language Issues During The Franco And Franco's The Catalan...
Language is a huge part of our construction of identity. Language allows us to feel like we belong in a community or social group, record past events,
bring people together (socially, culturally and politically), express feelings and emotions, or develop a deeper understanding of a particular culture and
history. Moreover, every language is constantly changing over time and more people are becoming more open to learn more than one language.Spain is
one the countries which deals with multilingualism. More specifically, in Catalonia, where being bilingual is no longer a controversy in today's society.
My objective of this paper is to further explore bilingualism from during Franco and after Franco regarding the Catalan language and the Castilian
(Spanish) language in the state of Catalonia in Spain. My research will be guided by the following questions: What were the language issues during
the Franco regime and after Franco's death? Were there any consequences during the Franco regime? What is the current language situation in
Catalonia? How has it affected Spain? Is one language more important than the other? Are educational institutions required to teach Catalan as well as
Castilian? The paper will be organized as follows: First, I will provide a brief history of Catalonia's linguistic issues during the Franco regime
(1939–1975). Second, I will explain the language policy changes after Franco's reign. Third, I will discuss bilingualism in Catalonia from the last few
years

The Influence Of Francisco Franco On Spain
Spain Spain is a country located in the Iberian Peninsula of South West Europe. During the early 1900's Spain had a democratic government, but like
most, there were always people who did not support their system. In Spain's case it was a man named Francisco Franco. He has left a tremendous mark
within Spain's and the U.S' history. He had gone into dictatorship during his rule, told people of his very own country that they could not express their
culture, and he has affected the world in more way than most know. Francisco Franco had always criticized and judged the way Spain had ruled their
government (History.com Staff, 2009). He believed their ways were unethical, so he took matter into his own hands. He started a Second... Show more
One being that he had inspired one of the most famous paintings by one of the most famous painters. Picasso had painted "Guernica" during the time of
Franco's rule. More importantly during the time of the Spanish Civil War. It had showed the tragedies and the suffering the war had put many through
(Pablopicasso.org Staff, 2009). That painting in particular has inspired so many artists. Franco was responsible for that seeing as he was the one
who caused the Spanish Civil War. Hitler had reached out and asked if he could test out new weapons on Spain's soil. Franco had made an
agreement with Hitler and agreed to him testing new weapons out. That had started the Spanish Civil War because Hitler didn't care where or who he
tested his weapons on. Many people had suffered because of that. One of the most important reasons people should know about Franco was that
because he had agreed to Hitler testing the weapons out, that gave him a big opening. The Spanish Civil War was a pre–war that gave Hitler the
opportunity to test out weapons that they would use for World War II. That was one of the most significant mistakes that Franco made during his time of

The On The Nature Of Man Is The Desire Of Rule Over...
Jeremy Calimbas
Posc 163
9 June 2015
Final Assignment A paramount aspect to the nature of man is the desire to rule over oneself and ones territory. This theology is not held within the
constraints of the individual but can be observed as the paradigm of many states in which the idea of secession is highly contested. Throughout history
many countries have sought to secure this vital interest through the creation of secessionist movements. However not all of these movements are
successful in quantifying the goal of autonomy. This paper aims to examine secessionism; the causes of secessionist sentiment as well as factors that
result in success or failure via the analysis of secessionist movements in Indonesia and China supplemented by references to Scotland and Catalonia.
The dynamic of secessionist movements can be attributed to four general elements: the identity of the seceding community, the territorial claims of the
seceding community, the leadership of the seceding community and the discontent of the seceding community. For any given secessionist movement
these elements are often common attributes however the degree in which they are relevant is specific to the territory in question. Let us begin our
analysis with issues of identity. It is obvious that if the entirety of a population within a country or territory identifies themselves as sharing a common
ancestry, culture or heritage than the idea of secession wouldn't exist. Therefore the opposite holds true; that

Narrating The Nation Picasso And The Myth Of El Greco
Robert Lubar's essay "Narrating the Nation: Picasso and the Myth of El Greco" discusses the aftermath of the bloody Spanish–American war resulting
in "El Desastre del '98" in Spain which rocked the national psyche into a period of cultural dissonance. Following the Disaster, the nation quickly
found itself in an agitated period of conflicting ideas and divisive discourses, specifically between Madrid and Catalonia. Essentially, class divisions,
regional differences, and this lack of national identity was what gave way to the "Myth of El Greco" in fin–de–sГЇecle Spain. Lubar proposes that the
'myth' connected tradition and modernity whilst illustrating the middle class' pursuit to construct hegemony for Catalan cultural nationalism.
The "Myth of El Greco" was deployed in context with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What the history of Spanish art tells us is that the writers of history construct these cultural discourses and emanate artistic rhetoric in order to
challenge institutions and ideologies existent in their times; where tradition serves to extol and preserve the comfortable customs in our lineage,
modernity serves to revolutionize and counter those very social constructs. If there is anything that has become clear to me, it is that temporality and
tradition, progressivism and modernity, all exist in an intertextual phenomena within, in relation, and in conversation with each other. As Unanomo and
Ganivet pointed out in their writings, 'tradition simultaneously informs, and is formed by, the present'. During the era of regeneration, Castille rushed
to codify culture within their targeted political positions which could be considered as a push against the State due to political corruption, whereas
Catalonia urged a reform of economy and political culture, their position was precisely a call to the government to amend that which they had

What Is A Nation In The 21st Century Analysis
Mutlaq Alotaibi
Sara Jones
ENG 100
Nov 28, 2017
What Is a Nation in the 21st Century?
According to Mustafa Kemal AtatГјrk "Authority, without any condition and reservation, belongs to the nation." (Abinader). Nevertheless, many
individuals around the world fail to understand the real meaning of a nation in the 21st century. According to the Oxford dictionary, a nation is a large
body of people brought together by uniting factors which include descent, history, culture, or language. However, this definition has changed over time,
especially due to onslaught of ethnic and minority conflicts in addition to economic sovereignty. As a result, more nations in the Middle East, North
Africa, South Asia, Latin America and Europe are undergoing significant changes thus leading to the emergence of new nations. This issue has been
discussed in Michael Goldfarb's article What Is a Nation in the 21st Century? Through a comprehensive analysis of his article the real meaning of a
nation in the 21st century is revealed.
Michael Goldfarb's article What Is a Nation in the 21st Century? has gained mainstream coverage over the last month. The article starts off by
acknowledging the current crisis of nations breaking off and forming independent states in various parts of the world. He states that by answering the
impending question "what is a nation?" do we fully understand the reason behind these occurrences (Goldfarb). According to him, quest for new
nations began soon after the end of communism

The Catalonia And Spain Conflict
Catalonia, the Northeastern region of Spain, is engaged in a true and realistic conflict over gaining sovereignty and independence from Spain. This
conflict, which is rooted in Catalonian nationalism, has been ongoing for years and has evolved significantly over time (Alexander, 2014). Since the
conquering of Catalonia many centuries ago, the Catalonian people have worked resiliently to resist the loss of their language and culture by struggling
against assimilating to the common cultures, laws, and language of its conqueror (Alexander, 2014). Throughout Spanish history, Catalonia has
employed different methods in achieving their goal of independence from Spain. The manifestation of this conflict has taken the form of protests, laws,
political parties, and certain acts of violence which indicates the severity of it, the passion of its participants, and provides concrete evidence that this
conflict not only exists but is highly prevalent in Spanish history. The Catalonia and Spain conflict has manifested itself in several different forms
throughout the twentieth century. To begin understanding the manifestation of the conflict, it is imperative to understand the scope in which the
conflict branches from. While it is apparent that the conflict is generally between Catalonia and Spain, the scope in which this conflict reaches is
spread within specific groups of the Catalonian and Spanish population. According to Bolloten and Esenwein (2015) the scope of the Catalonia and

A Study On Ruins Conservation On The Urban Landscape...
Research Methods
To meet the aim and objectives of the research, a combination of qualitative research methods is used. To begin with, the study involves a literature
review focused on three main topics: ruins conservation in the urban landscape; values and significance in heritage conservation; and ruins authenticity
and design intervention. The study looks at definitions, discourses, and problems occurred within the heritage field.
Furthermore, the study involves multiple–case studies to understand the similarities, to explore differences and draw comparisons between case
studies; with the goal to reproduce findings across the cases (Yin, 2003; Baxter and Jack, 2010). Baxter and Jack (2010) have suggested that placing
boundaries on a case study by binding the case with a criterion such as time and place, also definition and context; provides an opportunity to ensure the
study remains on the reasonable scope. Moreover, Mason (2002) stated that contextual factors robustly influenced values. According to Mason (2002,
p.14), the context in the case of methodological strategies in value assessment refers to 'physical, geographical surroundings; to historical patterns and
narratives; and to the social processes with discernible impact on heritage and its conservation'. However, there is also the need to compare cases under
a different context. Thus, the differences between each case studies allow us to comprehend how the innovations were being implemented in each
unique

Quebec Nationalism And Quebec Secessionism
It is crucial to understand the population of Quebec in terms of how likely certain demographics are to support sovereignty. Duchesne, Eagle, and
Erfle (2003) note that constituencies with a high percentage of young adults are very likely to be in favour or Quebec secessionism. This may be due
to the fact that "young voters provide an effective backing for the nationalist cause in the province" (Duchesne, Eagle, & Erfle, 2003, p. 652),
especially as nationalist and alt–right movements are becoming widespread in various regions around the world where political tensions are high, such
as Quebec, Alberta, and many areas in the United States. Additionally, ridings with high numbers of voters over the age of 65 are also likely to
support sovereignty and parties such as the Bloc Quebecois (Lublin & Voss, 2002). That is, these individuals directly experienced the surge in
confidence and economic advancement that the Quiet Revolution and the referendums brought to the province (Lublin & Voss, 2002). Further, Lublin
and Voss (2002) argue that individuals from Quebec who "grew up in an era during which sovereignty was widely discussed as a viable and legitimate
option ... support sovereignty and the BQ" (p. 94). Overall, support for Quebec sovereignty is not divided amongst age groups, allowing Quebec
regionalism to survive within various generations, thus the sovereignty movement continues to exist with young people in the present and in future
political shifts in secessionist

The Role Of Imperialism In Catalonia
Anagette San Roman
Ms. Sauter
World History/Block G
10 December 2014
Country's Imperialism:
Catalonia
The country of Catalonia, located in Europe, is a country that every single person would like to visit. Visitors' time at this well–constructed, rather
small country would be a great experience when coming to their spiritual, physical, and mental health. However, the country is going to imperialize the
country of Spain because the people of Catalonia are demanding to be just like Spain. The country is going to travel on small boats until they reach the
coast of Barcelona, Spain. The main objects that the country of Catalonia is after are Spain's land, resources, and their trade connections. Although the
country of Catalonia already has all of those three objects and connections in their country, they just want to conquer another prosperous country like
Spain. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Socially, taking over Spain brought major changes in agriculture growth, population increase, and trade. In the agriculture industry, the people were
able to grow their own crops and learn from the Spanish plantation workers. With the help of the Spanish farmers, the Catalonian people ate healthier
crops that would eventually let them take in all the natural vitamins and build their bodies stronger. Catalonians learned from the Spanish knew to work
hard and establish determination to be successful.
In addition, Catalonia has gained political power from conquering Spain. For instance, the people decided that they would rather be ruled by a king
and queen. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella made the decisions that they wanted to rule the people of Catalonia. With their rule came prosperous
laws and changes that would benefit the people and country as a whole. The Catalonia people were extremely happy that they no longer had to make
their own laws and regulations because the king and the queen would take

What Are The Economic, Social And Political Reasons For...
What are the economic, social and political reasons for Catalonia's desire to secede from Spain?
Since Catalonia's post–Franco reinstatement in 1980, September 11th has been a day to celebrate the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. La
Dia Nacional de Catalunya, or The National Day of Catalonia, has never been celebrated like it was on September 11th, 2012. An estimated 1.5 million
people demanded independence for Catalonia on the streets of Barcelona, waving the new Catalan Independence flag. The slogan for the rally was
"Catalonia, a new European state". "In November 2014, Catalan nationalists held an unofficial poll, and 80% voted in favor of independence. In
addition to the unofficial vote, Catalan nationalist parties won ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With over 1,000 years of distinct regional history, their own language, a huge population and strong economy, many Catalan's believe that they are a
separate nation already, and want to legitimize it.
Catalan national parties have been a very powerful force in Catalan politics since the reconvention of the Catalan government, or the Generalitat, in
1977. In 2012, the Generalitat was ruled by the CiU (ConvergГ©ncia I UniГі) and Arturo Mas, CiU's leader. Mas's push for an early vote in November
2014 is an example of how Catalan politics are playing a large role in the movement towards independence. Although many Spaniards argue that
Catalonia already has their own regional government, Catalan's argue that their interests are not properly represented in Madrid. There has never been
a Catalan Prime Minister, and the Catalan's believe that Catalonia will not be served equally under the Spanish national government.
The objective of my thesis is to better understand the factors that underlie Catalonia's desire to secede from Spain. Borrowing from academic literature,
this thesis will identify the economic, ethnic/social and political factors that have played a role in the movement towards Catalan independence. The
method for my thesis will be a case study and historical methodology and possibly a non–participant observation. This methodology will allow me to
address the research

Venezuela's Economy : The Corruption Of The Economy In...
Venezuela
Capital: Caracas
Continent: South America
Issue: In Venezuela, the United Socialist Party (PSUV) has been in the power 18 years first with Chavez and them with Maduro, both elected by
democratic elections. Now the country is divided into two significant groups Chavistas, people who support socialism and the actual president, and
opposition, people anti–government and believe the corruption of the actual president. With this, the country is immersed in extreme violence,
constants violations of humans rights and alarm power corruption. Additionally, some problems that the dictatorship produces like protests, the end of
commercial relations with other countries, and the decreasing economy. The abuse of power leading to incrust the violations of humans right is the
significant issue that Venezuela has to face today. This has an extended history that began in 1999, with the victory of Chavez in the name of socialism,
but the break in the government started when Maduro raises in power and with the end of relations with the United States, who was the principal oil
buyer. As well, the counting falling oil prices had decreased the Venezuela's economy and limited the public inversion that the government used to do.
With bad relations and an affected economy poverty, violence and discomfort with the government began. The corrupt power and constant violation of
human rights are affecting in significant ways the country, particularly in the investment that the government

The Cultural Values Of The Catalonia Region, Spain, And Spain
Spain has an outgoing, fun–loving sense of style within their citizens, but the Catalonia region has a hard working, business style in their community.
The Catalonia region is located on the border of Spain near Barcelona and is very different than the other regions. Catalonia has a different cultural
heritage and speaks different languages than Madrid, which is mainly why Catalonia wants to become independent. Catalonia is the wealthiest, most
different region in Spain and can already present itself as a region that is independent of a stable economy. Catalonia is one of Spain's richest regions
which has a different aspect of their cultural values and language than other regions in Spain. Many citizens thought, to believe that this is the best
option for both the region of Catalonia and Spain. Whereas all the other regions are very similar to each other. Catalonia's region has been able to
govern itself and has already become independent in their education, health, policing, and much more. These are very important in the economy and
since this region has been growing more and more independent in these areas, it shows a more positive side towards splitting this region apart from
Spain. Since 2010, the Catalonia region has gained momentum to split apart from Spain and become an independent republic (Dewen). Although,
some Catalans do not agree with this because they do not want "an unpredicted attack in history of democracy" (Parra). These citizens believe that they

Nationality In Spain
The privileges of some regional communities over others is a structural singularity that is rooted in the Spanish political system. Different from the
French system where there is a run–off between the two most voted candidates, in Spain there is only one single round during the elections. Depending
on the territory or region, some political parties take more representation or possible seats in the national parliament than others, specifically if those
votes are to minor parties in a specific location. In Catalonia one vote counts more than the same vote in Andalusia, so nationalist parties have more
chances of success. As an example Ciudadanos, a non–nationalist party needs close to 100.000 votes to get a seat, while ERC, the most... Show more
Conversely, territoriality is an elaborated action and it is rational. A territory is a defined space, something that can be measured. As a rational action, it
does not have to be defined by geographical features, the human can divide a territory by other means like by satellite coordinates, fences, walls, etc. In
Spain, the different territories that shape the state have not geographical features to define them. In essence, they are divided based on political
principles. The founding fathers of the modern Spain in 1975 had an intention when divided the nation in seventeen autonomous territories. Whether
they did a good or bad job is a question that is hard to answer and there is always a personal or biased component when analyzing it. Nevertheless, the
fact that they divided the nation in seventeen autonomous Communities or states is a fact. Consequently, the main objective of this essay is to discuss
the territorial tendencies that enhance the Catalan nationalist project and its imagined community; and eventually a new nation. To explain the Spanish
territoriality division the book of David Sack "human territoriality" is key. David Sacks argues that in a territorial model there are ten tendencies that
are nor independent. The interrelationship among the territorial units and the activities they enclose may be so complex that it is almost impossible to
control all of them. Thus, the

The Battle Of The Roman City
Thought to be originally founded by the Carthaginians in the 3rd century BC, Barcelona is now the capital city of the autonomous community of
Catalonia as well as the second most populous city in Spain. Around 200 BC the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and ruled Spain for the next 600
years. The north–east portion of the Iberian Peninsula was one of the first regions to fall under Roman control, and served as a major base for their
future conquests. In fact, the center of the Roman city was located where the contemporary city hall now stands in PlaГ§a de Sant Jaume. Throughout
the Middle Ages Barcelona would go on to be conquered and ruled by many different tribes and armies including the Visigoths, Moors and the Franks.
After ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was not until the end of the 18th century, that the position of Barcelona as a major Mediterranean port become a crucial factor in the Industrial
Revolution. After decades of stagnancy, Catalan culture experienced a renaissance during the 19th century.Catalonia and Barcelona became politically
important to Spain because Barcelona become a hub for Spain's industrialization as well as the largest textile producer in the Mediterranean. During the
end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Catalan nationalism and political Catalanism began to re–emerge after years of political
oppression. In 1936, after political tension had reached a climax, the Spanish Civil War began between the Republicans, who were loyal to the
democratic Second Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a fascist group led by General Francisco Franco. Throughout the Spanish Civil War, the
city of Barcelona and Catalonia were resolutely Republican. After the defeat of the Republican government, Barcelona dealt with lasting punishments
due to their resistance to Franco. The autonomous institutions of Catalonia were abolished and the use of Catalan language in public life was
suppressed. Although the city was devastated from the civil war, it remained the second largest city in Spain, and continued to be relatively
prosperous. Barcelona saw a major increase in population after the civil war due to a large number of immigrants arriving

How Did Spain Shape The Modern World
The history of Spain is one of the most captivating in the world and Spanish history along with its culture has helped to shape the modern world into
what it is today. To date Spain occupies the preponderance of the Iberian Peninsula which is situated in the southwestern corner of Europe and includes
seventeen (17) sovereign regions with diverse geography and cultures. The capital city Madrid there situates the Royal Palace and Prado museum as
well as housing works by famous European masters. Segovia – one of the autonomous regions has a medieval castle known as the AlcГЎzar and an
intact Roman aqueduct. Another autonomous community is Catalonia the capital, Barcelona, which is one of Spain's second most populous
municipalities, with a population of 1.6 million. The Travel Desk states, that Barcelona is not only defined by 'Antoni GaudГ's capricious modernist ...
In 1469, there was the royal marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile united those two kingdoms, which eventually led to the
creation of Spain. The last Muslim stronghold fell in the year 1492 from this moment onward; Spain's history reached a period of economic and
political profligacy which was accompanied by both international and civilian wars. According to a blog posted by Jose Martiniez, "the 19th century
would mark an important part of Spanish history with the loss of important Spanish territories and the collapse of the Spanish Empire." According to
donquijote.org , the independence attained by Spanish territories in the "Americas, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, significantly shaped the
world and modern Spanish history". Although Spain is a relatively small territory located in southwestern Europe, the history of Spain is of grandeur
and is strikingly different from that of the rest of the

Essay
What have you heard in the news recently? Some people would mention Bitcoin, some would mention Net Neutrality. If we go back just a few months
ago, Catalonia was at the epicenter of news. This was because a referendum about declaring independence from Spain was held, and the violence that
ensued during it. This referendum showed that the majority of Catalans supported the idea of breaking apart from Spain to form their own independent
nation, Catalonia. In this paper, Catalonia's efforts to becoming an independent state will be looked at by two theories, realism and liberalism.
Catalonia is an autonomous region of Northeastern Spain. By being autonomous, Catalonia decides how to run itself with no major influence from
Spain. Basically,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to international relations, an entity qualifies as a state by meeting four conditions. First, it must have territory. Second, a stable population
must live within its borders. Third, most of its population must support and pledge allegiance to its government. Lastly, other states must recognize
this entity as being sovereign. After all four are realized, an entity becomes a state. Catalonia kind of meets the first and second conditions. Catalonia
does have territory and a stable population, however there are Catalan minorities that have spilled outside of its territory and into Spain to the West
and France to the East (2001). Despite meeting the first two conditions to becoming a state, Catalonia does not meet the third or fourth condition.
Some Catalans support the regional government's efforts to become an independent state, while others are loyal to Spain and believe that Catalonia
should remain a part of Spain. Also, Catalonia is not recognized as an independent state by any other state in the international realm. Catalonia does
not qualify as a state, but when it comes to being a nation, Catalonia certainly qualifies as one. A nation is a group of people that share characteristics
and Catalonia is populated by Catalans that share a common history, language, culture, and a set of values. These common values are displayed during
Catalan rituals and festivals (1989). The state is viewed differently by the theoretical

How Far Does the Disaster of 1898 Account for the Growth...
How far does the disaster of 1898 account for the growth of Catalan and Basque nationalism?
The humiliating defeat of Spain to America during the Spanish–American War of 1898 dealt a catastrophic blow to the Spanish nation. In the
subsequent Treaty of Paris signed on December 10th 1898, Spain relinquished its remaining colonial territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The
disaster evoked heavy criticism of the Restoration government and its inherent corruption amongst many groups within Spanish society and served as a
catalyst for the emergence of new political forces seeking to contest against the ruling oligarchy, most notably Catalan andBasque nationalism. This
essay will argue that the disaster of 1898 was largely accountable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As such, Catalonian regionalist demands tended to assume a subordinate position in relation to the greater demands of Spain and its profitable
empire. However, the crisis of 1898 engendered the breaking down of Catalan acquiescence with the Restoration system. The loss of Spain's colonial
territories brought with it the loss of colonial markets that had existed as prime export outlets for Catalan industry. In the last decade of the nineteenth
century Spanish exports to its colonies had more than doubled from 146.1 million pesatas in 1891 to 365.4 million in 1897, with the value of
Catalonian produce to the colonies reaching a peak of 124 million pesatas in 1895. For the region's major textile industry, the markets of Cuba and
Puerto Rico accounted for one–fifth of the entire output of its cotton mills. In surrendering control, by 1902 the territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico and
the Philippines now received just 6.2% of Catalan textile produce, a decline from 22% in 1896. Within Catalonia, a feeling that defeat had been caused
by years of faulty centralism by a corrupt administration ended any trust Catalan business had placed in the Restoration system to protect its interests.
In the spirit of the Regeneracionismo movement, Catalan business interests represented by organisations such as the Fomento del Trabajo proposed a
number of reforms designed to regenerate the region in order to compensate for the loss of its vital export outlets. Yet, the

Search For Sovereignty: Law And Geography In European Empires
Europe has a long history of empires, from the Roman Empire to the British Empire, and has caused the region to have one of the most complex
border systems in the modern world. We all recognize the borders of France, Italy and Britain; however, these have not always been so clear.
Borders are a constantly evolving political tool. There is no easy way to divide land based on political, cultural, and religious boundaries which is
why there is a constant state of tension and unrest in most areas. There are several various examples which really embody and signify the complexity
and intricacy of borders and the people within those borders in Europe. We can further our understanding of this region and see how several major
European monarchies have transformed the region into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, that interpretation of the European history is misleading as reports from journals and other sources often contradict the supposed and actual
authority of these monarchies on their extending regions. Author Lauren Benton speaks to the lack of control these empires actually had on their
far–reaching and remote states in her book, A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires: 1400– 1900. The extent and law of
the monarchies often did not reach as far or as stringently as it is portrayed. Often times mountainous regions were avoided and law was not
enforced as the people of these regions would be considered barbaric and animalistic. As reviewer Richard Ross stated in his review of A Search for
Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires: 1400 – 1900, the empires would often favor "symbolic display and management" over the
borders and cities rather than actual enforcement. This symbolic vs. actual management of regions and cities led to many semi–autonomous regions
that have a history of conflict with the states that claim to assert power over

Why Do Catalans Have Their American Culture

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