Bullfighting In Spain

Bullfighting in Spain
Bullfighting in Spain Introduction Origin of Bullfighting What is the origin of bullfighting in Spain?
According to Martin Seufert's book La Corrida de Toros The Tradition of Bullfighting in Spain,
there are "several" hypotheses that attempt to explain how bullfighting began in Spain. One of those
hypotheses is that the tradition of the "corrida" has roots in the Middle Ages; it was a form of
Roman entertainment, Seufert explains on page 4 of his book (Seufert, 2011, p. 4). It is possible that
bullfighting evolved from "the sacrifice of animals in religious festivities," Seufert explains, or
perhaps it was created by the Moors. Actually, fighting bulls was a "popular activity" in the Middle
Ages but it was an event that only the elite participated in, Seufert explains. On the occasion of
marriages or other ceremonies of "honor" nobles on horses fought "...with long lances" to
demonstrate how strong and noble they were (Seufert, p. 4). The bull has for centuries been a
symbol of "power and fertility," and the in the first mentions of bullfighting in the literature, the
Spanish "Poem of the Cid," a protagonist battles a bull (around 1040) at the marriage of the king's
daughter (Seufert, p. 4). According to Seufert, by the first half of the 1700s bullfighting became
"extremely popular and produced its first professional of historic significance, Francisco Romero"
(p. 4). Romero was a shoemaker who was born in Roda in southern Spain and reportedly he was
first to use
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Essay on European Nationalism Case Study---Catalan
European Nationalism Case Study–––Catalan During the development of Europe, Nationalism
played an important role. Initially, in the 19th century, a wave of nationalism swept the whole
continent of Europe from romantic nationalism to a variety of European countries .Subsequently,
there were some new countries in the different ways to initialize their movement on nationalism,
such as "the Romantic exaltation of "feeling" and "identity" and the Liberal requirement that a
legitimate state be based on a "people" rather than, for example, a dynasty, God, or imperial
domination."(Paul Halsall, 1998). Since then, the concept of "nationalism" ascended to the historical
stage. In this essay, the main research will be focused on the Catalan ... Show more content on
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Eventually, in the early 20th century, as a result of promotion to the movement by some clandestine
political leaders, "the first modern political party in Catalonia, Lliga Regionalista, was founded
.Later, it formed an alliance with other Catalanist forces later, grouped in the so–called Solidaritat
Catalana, and won the elections with the regionalist program that Enric Prat de la Riba had
formulated in his manifesto La nacionalitat Catalana (1906)."(Daniele, 1997). Over all, essentially,
this movement tremendously promoted the autonomy and independency for Catalonia. In
conclusion, Catalan Nationalist movement is regarded as a movement of nationalism in nations
without states. "Crucial to the development of nationalism in nations without states is the existence
and position occupied by the potential elite" (Guibernau, 2000) .During the whole Catalanism
movement and development of Catalonia, it is obviously that intellectuals play an essential role in
provoking this progress, especially in the maintenance of the Catalan language and culture. Initially,
in the result of long–year repression by Catalans, there was a wide gap between intellectual elites
and the masses, which threatened the survival of the Catalan language and culture but gradually
through three main phenomena, which are the Nova Canco, the Assembly of Catalonia and the
proliferation of 'solidarity actions', this individual elite movement into a mass

Why Do Catalans Become Their Own Country
In order to understand why Catalans want to leave Spain, and become their own country, it is
important to know their history. To learn that Catalonia already was an independent nation in the
past; a nation that was forced to surrender to a bigger enemy, a nation that was prohibited to talk
their own language and denied their own traditions, a nation that just wants their independence back.
The birth of the Catalan nation
Catalonia as a nation was officially born on 1258, when the Frankish king, who until then had the
control over the region, recognized their independence. Since then Catalonia became an independent
nation from the Iberian Peninsula (actual Spain and Portugal). It had its own language, laws, and
traditions. The freedom did not last long, when in 1714 the Spanish army, leaded by King Philip V,
in the War of Succession, defeated Catalonia. With the Spanish army defeating Valencia, Catalonia,
and the Balearic Islands, the end of this war resulted in the consolidation of the modern day Spain
(Traugott, n.d.).
Throughout the years of Catalonia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This statute, apart from defining the legal and political rights of Catalan people and the details of the
structure of the Catalan government, was also seeking to define the separation of powers between
the Madrid and Barcelona, trying to restrict the Spanish government intervention in the Catalan
government. However, in July 2010, the Spanish Constitutional Court overruled main points of the
2006 statute. The one that upset the Catalan people the most, was the denial of a legal basis to
recognize Catalonia as a nation within Spain. This changes made the calls for independence rise
with more intensity, as the Catalans felt they were taken part of their autonomy once again. 2010
was the year when the independence movement started rising again, and it has been persistent until
the present day (Guzmán & Quiroga,

The On The Nature Of Man Is The Desire Of Rule Over...
Jeremy Calimbas
Posc 163
9 June 2015
Final Assignment A paramount aspect to the nature of man is the desire to rule over oneself and ones
territory. This theology is not held within the constraints of the individual but can be observed as the
paradigm of many states in which the idea of secession is highly contested. Throughout history
many countries have sought to secure this vital interest through the creation of secessionist
movements. However not all of these movements are successful in quantifying the goal of
autonomy. This paper aims to examine secessionism; the causes of secessionist sentiment as well as
factors that result in success or failure via the analysis of secessionist movements in Indonesia and
China supplemented by references to Scotland and Catalonia. The dynamic of secessionist
movements can be attributed to four general elements: the identity of the seceding community, the
territorial claims of the seceding community, the leadership of the seceding community and the
discontent of the seceding community. For any given secessionist movement these elements are
often common attributes however the degree in which they are relevant is specific to the territory in
question. Let us begin our analysis with issues of identity. It is obvious that if the entirety of a
population within a country or territory identifies themselves as sharing a common ancestry, culture
or heritage than the idea of secession wouldn't exist. Therefore the opposite holds true; that

What Are The Economic, Social And Political Reasons For...
What are the economic, social and political reasons for Catalonia's desire to secede from Spain?
Since Catalonia's post–Franco reinstatement in 1980, September 11th has been a day to celebrate the
end of the War of the Spanish Succession. La Dia Nacional de Catalunya, or The National Day of
Catalonia, has never been celebrated like it was on September 11th, 2012. An estimated 1.5 million
people demanded independence for Catalonia on the streets of Barcelona, waving the new Catalan
Independence flag. The slogan for the rally was "Catalonia, a new European state". "In November
2014, Catalan nationalists held an unofficial poll, and 80% voted in favor of independence. In
addition to the unofficial vote, Catalan nationalist parties won ... Show more content on
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With over 1,000 years of distinct regional history, their own language, a huge population and strong
economy, many Catalan's believe that they are a separate nation already, and want to legitimize it.
Catalan national parties have been a very powerful force in Catalan politics since the reconvention
of the Catalan government, or the Generalitat, in 1977. In 2012, the Generalitat was ruled by the
CiU (Convergéncia I Unió) and Arturo Mas, CiU's leader. Mas's push for an early vote in November
2014 is an example of how Catalan politics are playing a large role in the movement towards
independence. Although many Spaniards argue that Catalonia already has their own regional
government, Catalan's argue that their interests are not properly represented in Madrid. There has
never been a Catalan Prime Minister, and the Catalan's believe that Catalonia will not be served
equally under the Spanish national government.
The objective of my thesis is to better understand the factors that underlie Catalonia's desire to
secede from Spain. Borrowing from academic literature, this thesis will identify the economic,
ethnic/social and political factors that have played a role in the movement towards Catalan
independence. The method for my thesis will be a case study and historical methodology and
possibly a non–participant observation. This methodology will allow me to address the research

The Cultural Values Of The Catalonia Region, Spain, And Spain
Spain has an outgoing, fun–loving sense of style within their citizens, but the Catalonia region has a
hard working, business style in their community. The Catalonia region is located on the border of
Spain near Barcelona and is very different than the other regions. Catalonia has a different cultural
heritage and speaks different languages than Madrid, which is mainly why Catalonia wants to
become independent. Catalonia is the wealthiest, most different region in Spain and can already
present itself as a region that is independent of a stable economy. Catalonia is one of Spain's richest
regions which has a different aspect of their cultural values and language than other regions in
Spain. Many citizens thought, to believe that this is the best option for both the region of Catalonia
and Spain. Whereas all the other regions are very similar to each other. Catalonia's region has been
able to govern itself and has already become independent in their education, health, policing, and
much more. These are very important in the economy and since this region has been growing more
and more independent in these areas, it shows a more positive side towards splitting this region apart
from Spain. Since 2010, the Catalonia region has gained momentum to split apart from Spain and
become an independent republic (Dewen). Although, some Catalans do not agree with this because
they do not want "an unpredicted attack in history of democracy" (Parra). These citizens believe that
they

A Comparison Of The Power Of King Henry VII And The Monarchy
Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in western Europe, the power of monarchies grew
by their own means. The monarchy of Spain, under Ferdinand and Isabella, grew their royal power
considerably by conquering the neighboring regions of Moors, Naples, and Navarre among others,
exercised their power by the Inquisition, and expanded their empire across the Atlantic Ocean to
Mexico and Peru. In difference, King Henry VII in England unified the royal government through
marriage and consolidated the power of the English monarchy through the Court of Star Chamber.
While the two monarchies similarly expanded their kingdom through marriage and found ways to
show the power of their newly unified monarchies, the way in which Spain and England expanded
their power and showed their strength differed, as Spain focus more on their religious and empirical
power while England focused on more on their domestic power and their wealth at this time period.
After a thirty year conflict between the House of York and House of Lancaster from 1455 to 1485,
Henry Tudor who ruled England as Henry VII, was the start of the new royal dynasty which would
bring stability and power back to England. To ensure stability, he married Elizabeth of York,
unifying the House of Lancaster and House of York into one royal family. With no outside claims to
the royal bloodline remaining, Henry VII was able to increase the power and finances of the English
monarchy through various means. With the end

Catalonia And Secession : The Corruption Of The Iberian...
Catalonia and Secession
The Iberian Peninsula on the European continent has experienced its fair share of political turmoil
throughout history. This region of the planet has experienced the reign of kingdoms, conquest, civil
war, and world wars. During the 15th century, various explorers, among those, Christopher
Columbus, voyaged from the peninsula to discover new routes around the world. In present day,
Iberia consists of two nations, Spain and Portugal, and his home to historical cities such as Madrid,
Lisbon, Granada, and Barcelona. The latter is an extremely popular cite for tourists and business;
however, it is also the capital of the rising state of Catalonia, a region in the northeast of Spain
trying to secede from the Spanish government and become a sovereign state. Catalonia, over the
course of history, has not shared an equal nor identifiable history with Spain, and has always been
dominated by the European Union member. Currently, there is high tension among the governments
of Catalonia and Spain, as Spain has declared the acts of secession as unconstitutional. Such acts
include the referendum which was scheduled for 1 October 2017, which was met with violence by
Spanish police and officials in Catalonia. Just recently, the Catalonian government has declared
independence, prompting the Spanish government to implement an aspect of the constitution, Article
155, allowing them to disband the autonomy of Catalonia. This is unprecedented in the history of
Spain under

The Influence Of Francisco Franco On Spain
Spain Spain is a country located in the Iberian Peninsula of South West Europe. During the early
1900's Spain had a democratic government, but like most, there were always people who did not
support their system. In Spain's case it was a man named Francisco Franco. He has left a tremendous
mark within Spain's and the U.S' history. He had gone into dictatorship during his rule, told people
of his very own country that they could not express their culture, and he has affected the world in
more way than most know. Francisco Franco had always criticized and judged the way Spain had
ruled their government (History.com Staff, 2009). He believed their ways were unethical, so he took
matter into his own hands. He started a Second ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One being that he had inspired one of the most famous paintings by one of the most famous
painters. Picasso had painted "Guernica" during the time of Franco's rule. More importantly during
the time of the Spanish Civil War. It had showed the tragedies and the suffering the war had put
many through (Pablopicasso.org Staff, 2009). That painting in particular has inspired so many
artists. Franco was responsible for that seeing as he was the one who caused the Spanish Civil War.
Hitler had reached out and asked if he could test out new weapons on Spain's soil. Franco had made
an agreement with Hitler and agreed to him testing new weapons out. That had started the Spanish
Civil War because Hitler didn't care where or who he tested his weapons on. Many people had
suffered because of that. One of the most important reasons people should know about Franco was
that because he had agreed to Hitler testing the weapons out, that gave him a big opening. The
Spanish Civil War was a pre–war that gave Hitler the opportunity to test out weapons that they
would use for World War II. That was one of the most significant mistakes that Franco made during
his time of

A Unique Atmosphere
a unique atmosphere. The flow was very artistic; you can see colors all over, artifacts on every town
square, greenery and organic flowing lines. Within all this Design madness a
modern artifact stood out for me. Looking at it from a distance, it grabbed my attention with its light
translucent structure; I couldn't define the shape. In my eyes all I could see was clustered,
intersecting, free stranding lines in the middle of Plaza Nova. This installation titled "Identity" was
designed by Chinese–based studio Urbanus, for Voltaire's "Barcelonans extreme love of freedom"
300th anniversary of 11 September 1714. On that date, after a thirteen month siege, the city of
Barcelona collided with French–Castilian troops and it turned into a very bloody affair that involved
all sectors of the city. The sacrifices and subsequent spirit of recovery turned this date into a symbol
of the Catalan existing national entity. A colored bamboo structure in a grid installation
reinterpreting a form of an ancient wall with vaults creating openings you could walk through. This
modern artifact had clearly behind it more than aesthetic beauty; a sense of travel through Time and
Space emerged while gazing in to this monument. The "Identity" piece had an urban definition
within the space and a strong feel of cultural representation.
TIME
The openings from both sides are crucial design elements. Each side represents a culture; on one of
them you have the series of Roman arched opening. The Roman

Narrating The Nation Picasso And The Myth Of El Greco
Robert Lubar's essay "Narrating the Nation: Picasso and the Myth of El Greco" discusses the
aftermath of the bloody Spanish–American war resulting in "El Desastre del '98" in Spain which
rocked the national psyche into a period of cultural dissonance. Following the Disaster, the nation
quickly found itself in an agitated period of conflicting ideas and divisive discourses, specifically
between Madrid and Catalonia. Essentially, class divisions, regional differences, and this lack of
national identity was what gave way to the "Myth of El Greco" in fin–de–sïecle Spain. Lubar
proposes that the 'myth' connected tradition and modernity whilst illustrating the middle class'
pursuit to construct hegemony for Catalan cultural nationalism.
The "Myth of El Greco" was deployed in context with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What the history of Spanish art tells us is that the writers of history construct these cultural
discourses and emanate artistic rhetoric in order to challenge institutions and ideologies existent in
their times; where tradition serves to extol and preserve the comfortable customs in our lineage,
modernity serves to revolutionize and counter those very social constructs. If there is anything that
has become clear to me, it is that temporality and tradition, progressivism and modernity, all exist in
an intertextual phenomena within, in relation, and in conversation with each other. As Unanomo and
Ganivet pointed out in their writings, 'tradition simultaneously informs, and is formed by, the
present'. During the era of regeneration, Castille rushed to codify culture within their targeted
political positions which could be considered as a push against the State due to political corruption,
whereas Catalonia urged a reform of economy and political culture, their position was precisely a
call to the government to amend that which they had

The Power Of The Catalan Government
Spanish judge has lifted the extradition order for the former Catalan president, and his cabinet
members. This move was made as the campaigning for Catalan's election began this month. Though
the European warrants were withdrawn, the national warrants remain. If Carles Puigdemont was to
go back to Spain, he would still face arrest. Madrid's use of the judicial system to manipulate and
wear down members of the former Catalan government has been one of the main forces used to
suppress the separatist movement. The Catalonian independence movement, and the October 1st
vote, is very multidimensional. More than 2.3 million people came to vote of the 5.3 million
registered voters. Of those 2.3 million, 90% of those who voted backed independence. ... Show more
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For starters, the cost/benefit ratio was not applied to the situation in Catalonia by the Spanish
government. Critically, it is the use of force between states that Zacher seems to be referring to in
his argument. The use of force and suppression, despite being denounced by other European leaders,
shows that to maintain control of the state of Spain, the central government was willing to use
violence. Under the first pillar, economic conditions and the high cost of conflict would deter the
state. Despite these predictions made by Zacher, force was still resorted to and conflict exists. This
seems unordinary due to the economic powerhouse that Catalonia is. Catalonia accounts for 1/5th of
Spain's economy and leads all regions in producing 25% of the country's exports. Furthermore, the
fourth pillar was challenged because Zacher states, with an increasing amount of information flow
there will be an increase in economic interdependence, and cultural distinctiveness. Thus, the
Westphalian state should be at a decline. However, as seen in the situation with Catalonia, with the
spread of culture and economic prosperity, the demands for a state have been on the rise. In 2014
there was a turnout of under 50% and 80% voted for independence, and in 2017 there was a turnout
greater than 50% and 90% voted for independence. Lastly, his final pillar, the decay of cultural,
political and economic heterogeneity that makes the

Modernisme: Catalonia At The Turn Of The Twentieth Century
Modernisme: Catalonia at the Turn of the Twentieth Century In the late nineteenth century,
Catalonia was changing dramatically and at an incredible pace. It was in this rapidly evolving
environment that the Modernisme movement was born. Modernisme encompassed a variety of
artistic and intellectual fields including politics, music, poetry, architecture, and jewelry–making, as
well as the more typical visual mediums like painting and sculpture. The movement kicked off
around the time of the 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition, a world's fair, which presented
Catalonian art and industry in the context of Europe at large (Robinson 35). The birth of
Modernisme came just as the Spanish Renaixença (Renaissance) was winding down and the public
was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While some artists, like Lluïsa Vidal, were forgotten for decades, the Catalonian government is
clearly proud of the Modernisme artists and has done a spectacular job of preserving and promoting
their work, making it accessible for generations to come. Their work, along with the dedication of
the current owners of El Quatre Gats is vital to showcasing a significant and fascinating moment in
artistic history. Though the Modernisme movement was brief, multi–faceted, and not always
coherent, it is easy to be entranced by the skill of the artists and one cannot help but imagine how
incredible it would be to take a table in the corner of El Quatre Gats and enjoy an evening of varied
artistic

The Pros And Cons Of Secessionism
Secession is the withdrawal of territory from a state in order to transform it into an independent state
or join it to another state (McGarry, 2016). It is commonly associated with negativity because of its
unpeaceable characteristics and often bloody aftermaths. The movement is believed and known to
lead to war (The Economist, 2000), as it has previously done so during the seventeen hundreds when
American colonies rebelled against Great Britain (HistoryNet, 2016). Particularly the civil war
which happened from eighteen sixty one to eighteen sixty five when the United Sates was
overthrown when the Union armies defeated the confederate armies. That war today is still deemed
"the most serious secession movement" that happened in the United States. ... Show more content on
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Today it is even experiencing better economic growth than the rest of Spain, as well as having the
highest GDP. They also control a massive seventy percent of exports in the whole of Spain. Not only
does it hold such a large percentage of exports, but the region is also responsible for the production
of high–tech (45%) such as automobiles as well as electronic products. It is also importance to note
that the Catalan region holds up to nineteen percent of the GDP of Spain, compared to the 9.5%
contributed by Scotland to the United Kingdom (Guibernau, 2013, p.

Similarities Between Paris And Gauls
Both Paris which is the capital city of France and Barcelona which is the capital and the most
famous town of Catalonia have similarities with their rebellious history and their historic revolution.
The similarities are reflected on the grounds of the cause for rebellion and the phases they
underwent during the revolution period . The associated similarities for resistance in both cities were
economic problems and the cultural differences of the population in the towns. Both financial issues
and cultural differences influenced the residents to need for the insurgency. On the side of the
revolution, it encompassed a social and political change in both cities1. The essay focuses on the
historical rebellion similarities between Paris and Barcelona.
From the general view of the history of Paris, the city is believed to be over 2000 years of age.
During the period between 250 and 200 BC, the tribe Gauls of Parisii settled in the town. The
general population of Gauls was financially unstable and had different cultural practices. During the
early Middle Ages of 52BC Julius Caesar conquered Paris and made it the regional existence of
Romans. The emergence of the Romans and the preexistence of the Gauls widened the disputes
cultural Gaps . The general population of both the Romans and the Gauls was vibrant and defiant
which made them a free cooperative under the authority of Etienne Marcel who was their chief
leader. The raging of the Bastille in 1789 was the first of a progression

Venezuela's Economy : The Corruption Of The Economy In...
Venezuela
Capital: Caracas
Continent: South America
Issue: In Venezuela, the United Socialist Party (PSUV) has been in the power 18 years first with
Chavez and them with Maduro, both elected by democratic elections. Now the country is divided
into two significant groups Chavistas, people who support socialism and the actual president, and
opposition, people anti–government and believe the corruption of the actual president. With this, the
country is immersed in extreme violence, constants violations of humans rights and alarm power
corruption. Additionally, some problems that the dictatorship produces like protests, the end of
commercial relations with other countries, and the decreasing economy. The abuse of power leading
to incrust the violations of humans right is the significant issue that Venezuela has to face today.
This has an extended history that began in 1999, with the victory of Chavez in the name of
socialism, but the break in the government started when Maduro raises in power and with the end of
relations with the United States, who was the principal oil buyer. As well, the counting falling oil
prices had decreased the Venezuela's economy and limited the public inversion that the government
used to do. With bad relations and an affected economy poverty, violence and discomfort with the
government began. The corrupt power and constant violation of human rights are affecting in
significant ways the country, particularly in the investment that the government

How Did Spain Shape The Modern World
The history of Spain is one of the most captivating in the world and Spanish history along with its
culture has helped to shape the modern world into what it is today. To date Spain occupies the
preponderance of the Iberian Peninsula which is situated in the southwestern corner of Europe and
includes seventeen (17) sovereign regions with diverse geography and cultures. The capital city
Madrid there situates the Royal Palace and Prado museum as well as housing works by famous
European masters. Segovia – one of the autonomous regions has a medieval castle known as the
Alcázar and an intact Roman aqueduct. Another autonomous community is Catalonia the capital,
Barcelona, which is one of Spain's second most populous municipalities, with a population of 1.6
million. The Travel Desk states, that Barcelona is not only defined by 'Antoni Gaudí's capricious
modernist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1469, there was the royal marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile united
those two kingdoms, which eventually led to the creation of Spain. The last Muslim stronghold fell
in the year 1492 from this moment onward; Spain's history reached a period of economic and
political profligacy which was accompanied by both international and civilian wars. According to a
blog posted by Jose Martiniez, "the 19th century would mark an important part of Spanish history
with the loss of important Spanish territories and the collapse of the Spanish Empire." According to
donquijote.org , the independence attained by Spanish territories in the "Americas, Cuba, Puerto
Rico and the Philippines, significantly shaped the world and modern Spanish history". Although
Spain is a relatively small territory located in southwestern Europe, the history of Spain is of
grandeur and is strikingly different from that of the rest of the

Causes Of The Cold War After WWII
After WWII, westerners started doubting the effectiveness of a democratic society. Russia became
communist and a strong political force in the world. Communism and fascism ideals spread
throughout Europe and western powers feared that they would threatened the existence of
democracy. The rise of communism put Russia and the United States in a place of strained relations,
called the Cold War. The failure of Western society is the result of an unfair capitalist economy,
smaller nations fighting for independence, and poor policies addressing Multiculturism.
WWII left the West in a depraved state and made leaders reconsider their policies. One of the
leading cause of WWII was the failure of the Treaty of Versailles. Europe was unable to come to a
fair agreement that could preserve peace after WWI. Germany was the main instigator of the war
and held the belief that the Jews needed to be exterminated. Germans thought they were unable to
live peacefully with Jews solely based off of their religious beliefs. This type of discrimination and
genocide showed how incapable Europe was of accepting differences.
Many people praise the strong economy of the West, but fail to recognize the inequality in
capitalism and the large wealth gap between rich and poor. In countries like China, wages are
significantly lower than more developed countries. The exploitation of workers from other countries
to benefit Western economy has become very common. After WWII, there was a notable labor
shortage

Tarragona Essay
Tarragona is a beach resort town in Spain that is just 60 miles towards the southwest of Barcelona.
This beautiful Catalonian city situated on the Mediterranean coast of Spain was first under the
occupation off Gneus Scipio pool responsible for funding Roman military Camp way back in 218
B.C. Similar to other Roman settlements, even this empire grew drastically and became a colony of
Rome under Julius Caesar during 45 B.C. This beautiful town was once a settlement of more than 1
million people and the civilization that had left a remarkable effect on the architectural and cultural
influence of the town. The architectural presence of Tarragona cannot be matched with anywhere
else in the whole Catalonia district. Strong Roman historical presence, the visitors have the
advantage of tasting modern Catalonian relaxation along with a rich and deep history of the region.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether you're traveling from a Spanish city or any other part of the world, you can directly reach
Barcelona airport. From Barcelona you can catch Catalonia express train from either from the Sants
Station or other stations like Passeig de Gracia and Plaza

Search For Sovereignty: Law And Geography In European Empires
Europe has a long history of empires, from the Roman Empire to the British Empire, and has caused
the region to have one of the most complex border systems in the modern world. We all recognize
the borders of France, Italy and Britain; however, these have not always been so clear. Borders are a
constantly evolving political tool. There is no easy way to divide land based on political, cultural,
and religious boundaries which is why there is a constant state of tension and unrest in most areas.
There are several various examples which really embody and signify the complexity and intricacy of
borders and the people within those borders in Europe. We can further our understanding of this
region and see how several major European monarchies have transformed the region into the ...
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However, that interpretation of the European history is misleading as reports from journals and other
sources often contradict the supposed and actual authority of these monarchies on their extending
regions. Author Lauren Benton speaks to the lack of control these empires actually had on their far–
reaching and remote states in her book, A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European
Empires: 1400 – 1900. The extent and law of the monarchies often did not reach as far or as
stringently as it is portrayed. Often times mountainous regions were avoided and law was not
enforced as the people of these regions would be considered barbaric and animalistic. As reviewer
Richard Ross stated in his review of A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European
Empires: 1400 – 1900, the empires would often favor "symbolic display and management" over the
borders and cities rather than actual enforcement. This symbolic vs. actual management of regions
and cities led to many semi–autonomous regions that have a history of conflict with the states that
claim to assert power over

Language Issues During The Franco And Franco's The Catalan...
Language is a huge part of our construction of identity. Language allows us to feel like we belong in
a community or social group, record past events, bring people together (socially, culturally and
politically), express feelings and emotions, or develop a deeper understanding of a particular culture
and history. Moreover, every language is constantly changing over time and more people are
becoming more open to learn more than one language. Spain is one the countries which deals with
multilingualism. More specifically, in Catalonia, where being bilingual is no longer a controversy in
today's society. My objective of this paper is to further explore bilingualism from during Franco and
after Franco regarding the Catalan language and the Castilian (Spanish) language in the state of
Catalonia in Spain. My research will be guided by the following questions: What were the language
issues during the Franco regime and after Franco's death? Were there any consequences during the
Franco regime? What is the current language situation in Catalonia? How has it affected Spain? Is
one language more important than the other? Are educational institutions required to teach Catalan
as well as Castilian? The paper will be organized as follows: First, I will provide a brief history of
Catalonia's linguistic issues during the Franco regime (1939–1975). Second, I will explain the
language policy changes after Franco's reign. Third, I will discuss bilingualism in Catalonia from the
last few years

The European Debt Crisis : A Financial Phenomenon That...
The European debt crisis was a financial phenomenon that affected multiple countries around the
world and the shockwave almost collapse the global market. One of the countries that were greatly
impacted by the crisis was Spain. Some of the implications of the event caused unemployment to
skyrocket, debating the role of the European Union and the state Catalonia is seeking their
independence. Ultimately, the Euro Crisis showed the weakness of the European Union and debate
if it would last into the future. The creation of the European Union is rooted at the very beginning,
for most of Europe history countries had always been at war. This caused a decline in trading since
Europe had always been a continent with trade barriers, tariffs and ... Show more content on
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In 1992, twelve countries came together and signed the Maastricht Treaty creating the European
Union (Krajewska, 2014, pp. 6–25). The last obstacle that the EU had to face was the different
currencies of each country, therefore a decade later on January 1, 1999 the Euro was created. Many
countries that adopted the new currency fell within the Euro Area. Each country had to discontinue
their old currency and the monetary policies giving control the newly formed European Central
Bank (ECB), but each separate country still had their own fiscal policies one of the key reasons for
the current debt crisis (Krajewska, 2014, pp. 6–25). The union of multiple countries into a central
body seemed to be a wise choice for greater economic growth, but the failure from one country is a
failure for all.
As the world is becoming more globalized the increase of a financial shutdown seems to be even
closer to reality. The financial crisis that impacted Europe started overseas in the United States. In
2008, a major financial crisis occurred when banks started to create too much money at a fast rate
pushing up the mortgage prices for houses, ultimately crashing the market (Krajewska, 2014, pp. 6–
25). A ripple effect started affecting a wide range of financial and economic institutions all around
the world. As the crisis deepened, governments tried to find a solution to the problem; they
attempted to take some

The Ris Policies With A Strong Supporting Network For...
At this point, the research would usually discuss the repercussions of the RIS policies with regards
to firm involvement and actions. However, Catalonia has historically been severely lacking in
resources and, as a result, levels of innovation are quite low. This lack of resources is what is usually
attributed to the reason for why the Catalan government is so willing to pursue action on developing
a strong supporting network for science and technology. However, even today the capacity for
production in those areas are still weak. R&D expenditures for Catalonia are at 1.35% in 2005 are
much lower than the OECD average of 2.25% (Segarra–Blasco et al 2008). This is directly related to
the low levels of R&D for firms. As a result, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ICT is particularly notable, however, due to its history. It was produced in the Valles
Technology Park in the 1980s but was soon dissolved due to extreme lack of interest in the
industrial sector. It has since been restored but the institution is so recent that no significant
knowledge has been produced on the subject.
Basic Research Basic research is restricted to public research centres such as universities. However,
one of the most active and internationalized types of public research centre are CSIC centres in
Catalonia, of which nine are dedicated to basic research. These centres were also heavily affected by
the court's delay in regional and national boundaries. However, support for these centres has since
strengthened with agreements with the Catalan government in order to provide more integration
with the RIS. With regards to universities, these institutions were traditionally almost entirely
created for teaching instead of research. Around the new millennium however, a trend began to
change this feature. New resources and regulatory measures have been initiated by the national and
Catalan governments, giving rise to a new efforts at research and connections with industrial
partners.
Applied Research The bifurcation between applied and basic research can be found in R&D
expenditure data. Public expenditure growth has been rapid in both absolute and relative terms,
especially between the mid–1980s to early 1990s

Why Do Catalans Have Their American Culture
Another aspect that needs to be known in order to understand the reasons why Catalans pursue
independence from Spain are their cultural characteristics. Catalan people have many distinct
cultural traits that difference them from the Spanish culture. The main aspects are exposed below to
help realize how Catalans have their own culture.
Language
Language is probably one of the most important characteristics traits for the Catalan people.
Throughout the history, they have had to fight periods when the Catalan language was strictly
prohibited. As mentioned earlier in this report, people were not allowed to speak it, they were not
allowed to teach it in the schools, and they were not even allowed to give their children Catalan
names. Even though it was prohibited, many Catalans that were in the exile continued to write books
in Catalan, risking their life, to ensure that the language was not forgotten. This just makes it one of
the reason why Catalan people are very proud of their language, and think it is one of their most
characteristic cultural traits. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was a form of Vulgar Latin spoken by the people living in the Pyrenees Mountains. Throughout
the year, Catalan spread southward along the Mediterranean coast. Catalan became a recognized
official linguistic identity by the 11th century, when many legal, religious, and philosophical
documents were in Catalan (Ottenbreit, n.d.).
As mentioned earlier, during Franco's dictatorship, Catalan was banned with very strict penalties if
used for both public and private use. However, once democracy was established again in the
country, Catalan went back to be the co–official language along with Spanish. Nowadays, there is
approximately 9.5 million Catalan speakers, and about 4.2 million are native speakers, which makes
Catalan be the second most commonly spoken native language in Spain, after Spanish.
National

Nationality In Spain
The privileges of some regional communities over others is a structural singularity that is rooted in
the Spanish political system. Different from the French system where there is a run–off between the
two most voted candidates, in Spain there is only one single round during the elections. Depending
on the territory or region, some political parties take more representation or possible seats in the
national parliament than others, specifically if those votes are to minor parties in a specific location.
In Catalonia one vote counts more than the same vote in Andalusia, so nationalist parties have more
chances of success. As an example Ciudadanos, a non–nationalist party needs close to 100.000 votes
to get a seat, while ERC, the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conversely, territoriality is an elaborated action and it is rational. A territory is a defined space,
something that can be measured. As a rational action, it does not have to be defined by geographical
features, the human can divide a territory by other means like by satellite coordinates, fences, walls,
etc. In Spain, the different territories that shape the state have not geographical features to define
them. In essence, they are divided based on political principles. The founding fathers of the modern
Spain in 1975 had an intention when divided the nation in seventeen autonomous territories.
Whether they did a good or bad job is a question that is hard to answer and there is always a
personal or biased component when analyzing it. Nevertheless, the fact that they divided the nation
in seventeen autonomous Communities or states is a fact. Consequently, the main objective of this
essay is to discuss the territorial tendencies that enhance the Catalan nationalist project and its
imagined community; and eventually a new nation. To explain the Spanish territoriality division the
book of David Sack "human territoriality" is key. David Sacks argues that in a territorial model there
are ten tendencies that are nor independent. The interrelationship among the territorial units and the
activities they enclose may be so complex that it is almost impossible to control all of them. Thus,
the

A Study On Ruins Conservation On The Urban Landscape...
Research Methods
To meet the aim and objectives of the research, a combination of qualitative research methods is
used. To begin with, the study involves a literature review focused on three main topics: ruins
conservation in the urban landscape; values and significance in heritage conservation; and ruins
authenticity and design intervention. The study looks at definitions, discourses, and problems
occurred within the heritage field.
Furthermore, the study involves multiple–case studies to understand the similarities, to explore
differences and draw comparisons between case studies; with the goal to reproduce findings across
the cases (Yin, 2003; Baxter and Jack, 2010). Baxter and Jack (2010) have suggested that placing
boundaries on a case study by binding the case with a criterion such as time and place, also
definition and context; provides an opportunity to ensure the study remains on the reasonable scope.
Moreover, Mason (2002) stated that contextual factors robustly influenced values. According to
Mason (2002, p.14), the context in the case of methodological strategies in value assessment refers
to 'physical, geographical surroundings; to historical patterns and narratives; and to the social
processes with discernible impact on heritage and its conservation'. However, there is also the need
to compare cases under a different context. Thus, the differences between each case studies allow us
to comprehend how the innovations were being implemented in each unique

The Effects Of European Integration On The Regional...
We can have a long list of regions within EU that are seeking for independence: Scotland, the
Basque Country, Catalonia, Flanders, Venetian, Bavarian, Corsica and more is coming. Although
each case has its distinct story, they have some common reasons for separatism, for example, due to
long–term history tension, culture difference, different national identity perceived by people,
minority groups under representative and economic inequality. Besides, benefits such as regional
sovereign are both motivations and reasons for regions to secede. Many scholars also argue that the
integration of Europe is another spur of the independence movements. However, I will argue that the
effect of European integration on the regional independence is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Its prosperous development of economy also draws labours from the rest of the state. However,
Catalans do not have the control of their own wealth. Every year Catalonia is taxed for about €20
billion, about 10% of Catalonia's GDP, by the Spanish government and never return back as social
investments (Srmava, 2014). The Spanish government use that money to subsidise other poorer
regions. Staying in Spain now become a brake to the development of Catalonia's economics. The
hypothesis for partition of Belgium is based on the similar story. The state is divided by language
and history and economics inequality into Flanders and Wallonia. The case for Scotland is a bit
different as people use the same language and share the culture. The two major arguments are the oil
and currency. North Sea oil and gas reserves can help Scotland to become one of the richest
countries in the world after independence. Moreover, Scotland led by Salmond wants to join the
common currency union, while the London–based government does not. The former said "this is for
the good of everyone", because of removal obstacles for transaction within EU and increasing the
competitiveness. The Cameron government argued back that joining a currency union would reduce
the autonomy of economics, and the recent financial crisis showed the fragility of the euro system at
the moment. Although language and culture differences provide good reasons for separatism
literally, in

The Better Together Campaign
Independence is something being fought for in many countries today. Hen autonomy is no longer
enough to preserve and protect countries seek to separate themselves. Both Catalonia and Scotland
have some rights to have autonomy, but are seeking to separate from their larger nations to better
serve the needs of their people and preserve their culture. "Catalonia has been granted a great deal of
control over its own affairs, including transportation, commerce, culture and safety" (Knowledge).
Although this may be the case Catalonia is financially dependent on Spain and does not have the
legal right to completely self–govern, set their own taxes, etc. Similarly, Scotland is also dependent
on the United Kingdom. With both nations having thier own ... Show more content on
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"It was instead offered continued union with the UK, but with another name. It was offered the same
shoddy, unicameral devolved Parliament. The same bankrupt political parties. The same Head of
State; the same currency; the same ongoing treaties; the same rotten banking & economic system"
(Raeburn). Raeburn believes the status quo needs to be shaken and continuing the same practices are
not truly change. Many Scottish people understood this. Voting "No" as not truly a gage of whether
Scotland anted independence rather a rejection of continuing the same practices under a different
name. That is not true separation. For this reason Raeburn and other critics believe that the
independence vote will continue to fail until true change is sought after in order to create a thriving
separate country. There quite a few similarities between Scotland's failed attempt and Catalonia's
filed attempt at independence. The key factor for the both failing is economic hardship. "Scotland
accounts for 8.4 percent of the UK population and 8.3 percent of the UK's total output. Under the
current spending formula Scotland receives about £31000 ($5000) more per capita than England. By
one calculation even if Scotland were to receive 90 percent of the North Sea oil revenue, something
the UK would never allow,

The Battle Of The Roman City
Thought to be originally founded by the Carthaginians in the 3rd century BC, Barcelona is now the
capital city of the autonomous community of Catalonia as well as the second most populous city in
Spain. Around 200 BC the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and ruled Spain for the next 600
years. The north–east portion of the Iberian Peninsula was one of the first regions to fall under
Roman control, and served as a major base for their future conquests. In fact, the center of the
Roman city was located where the contemporary city hall now stands in Plaça de Sant Jaume.
Throughout the Middle Ages Barcelona would go on to be conquered and ruled by many different
tribes and armies including the Visigoths, Moors and the Franks. After ... Show more content on
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It was not until the end of the 18th century, that the position of Barcelona as a major Mediterranean
port become a crucial factor in the Industrial Revolution. After decades of stagnancy, Catalan culture
experienced a renaissance during the 19th century. Catalonia and Barcelona became politically
important to Spain because Barcelona become a hub for Spain's industrialization as well as the
largest textile producer in the Mediterranean. During the end of the 19th century and the beginning
of the 20th century, Catalan nationalism and political Catalanism began to re–emerge after years of
political oppression. In 1936, after political tension had reached a climax, the Spanish Civil War
began between the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic Second Spanish Republic, and
the Nationalists, a fascist group led by General Francisco Franco. Throughout the Spanish Civil War,
the city of Barcelona and Catalonia were resolutely Republican. After the defeat of the Republican
government, Barcelona dealt with lasting punishments due to their resistance to Franco. The
autonomous institutions of Catalonia were abolished and the use of Catalan language in public life
was suppressed. Although the city was devastated from the civil war, it remained the second largest
city in Spain, and continued to be relatively prosperous. Barcelona saw a major increase in
population after the civil war due to a large number of immigrants arriving

Quebec Nationalism And Quebec Secessionism
It is crucial to understand the population of Quebec in terms of how likely certain demographics are
to support sovereignty. Duchesne, Eagle, and Erfle (2003) note that constituencies with a high
percentage of young adults are very likely to be in favour or Quebec secessionism. This may be due
to the fact that "young voters provide an effective backing for the nationalist cause in the province"
(Duchesne, Eagle, & Erfle, 2003, p. 652), especially as nationalist and alt–right movements are
becoming widespread in various regions around the world where political tensions are high, such as
Quebec, Alberta, and many areas in the United States. Additionally, ridings with high numbers of
voters over the age of 65 are also likely to support sovereignty and parties such as the Bloc
Quebecois (Lublin & Voss, 2002). That is, these individuals directly experienced the surge in
confidence and economic advancement that the Quiet Revolution and the referendums brought to
the province (Lublin & Voss, 2002). Further, Lublin and Voss (2002) argue that individuals from
Quebec who "grew up in an era during which sovereignty was widely discussed as a viable and
legitimate option ... support sovereignty and the BQ" (p. 94). Overall, support for Quebec
sovereignty is not divided amongst age groups, allowing Quebec regionalism to survive within
various generations, thus the sovereignty movement continues to exist with young people in the
present and in future political shifts in secessionist

Protests In Spain
Spain is facing an uprising in politics and their economy due to the "contested independence
referendum" in the Catalonia region. The Catalonia region is located on the border of Spain near
Barcelona and is very different than the other regions. Such as Madrid, Catalonia has a different
cultural heritage and language than Madrid, which is mainly why Catalonia wants to become
independant. Catalonia is the wealthiest, most different region in Spain and can already present itself
as a region that is independent with a stable economy. Catalonia is one of Spain's richest regions and
has very different cultural value and languages than the other regions in Spain. Since 2010, the
Catalonia region has been gaining momentum to split apart ... Show more content on
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Catalonia is a democracy, and in a democracy the citizens are allowed to share their voices. But on
that Sunday, October 1st, over 900 people were injured for protesting and voting. Many police fired
rubber bullets and used batons to beat the protesters and voters up. These were not the same
protesters as before, these citizens were in support of the split between Catalonia and Spain.
Downtown Barcelona has been wild since this idea of splitting came about but there has been talk
about positive outcomes in the future for the region of Catalonia and Spain. Since Catalonia has
proven itself as an independent region in the past, there are many new aspects. On December 21st,
there will be a new regional election because the one before had 90% of voters supported this idea
and the police did not understand. Also with the voting day before, many in Madrid believe the
voting was fair/ true but the Prime Minister Rajoy believed that it was illegal and not fair because
many did not vote due to the physical abuse given by the police. Until December 21st, the best thing
anyone can do is to just wait. Waiting for any responses and news about what has happened in the
Catalonia region can take forever, but is hopefully worth the wait. As Spain waits to hear the news,
the Catalonia region got help from abroad, except help from Europe because what the Catalonia

The Catalonia And Spain Conflict
Catalonia, the Northeastern region of Spain, is engaged in a true and realistic conflict over gaining
sovereignty and independence from Spain. This conflict, which is rooted in Catalonian nationalism,
has been ongoing for years and has evolved significantly over time (Alexander, 2014). Since the
conquering of Catalonia many centuries ago, the Catalonian people have worked resiliently to resist
the loss of their language and culture by struggling against assimilating to the common cultures,
laws, and language of its conqueror (Alexander, 2014). Throughout Spanish history, Catalonia has
employed different methods in achieving their goal of independence from Spain. The manifestation
of this conflict has taken the form of protests, laws, political parties, and certain acts of violence
which indicates the severity of it, the passion of its participants, and provides concrete evidence that
this conflict not only exists but is highly prevalent in Spanish history. The Catalonia and Spain
conflict has manifested itself in several different forms throughout the twentieth century. To begin
understanding the manifestation of the conflict, it is imperative to understand the scope in which the
conflict branches from. While it is apparent that the conflict is generally between Catalonia and
Spain, the scope in which this conflict reaches is spread within specific groups of the Catalonian and
Spanish population. According to Bolloten and Esenwein (2015) the scope of the Catalonia and

The Role Of Imperialism In Catalonia
Anagette San Roman
Ms. Sauter
World History/Block G
10 December 2014
Country's Imperialism:
Catalonia
The country of Catalonia, located in Europe, is a country that every single person would like to visit.
Visitors' time at this well–constructed, rather small country would be a great experience when
coming to their spiritual, physical, and mental health. However, the country is going to imperialize
the country of Spain because the people of Catalonia are demanding to be just like Spain. The
country is going to travel on small boats until they reach the coast of Barcelona, Spain. The main
objects that the country of Catalonia is after are Spain's land, resources, and their trade connections.
Although the country of Catalonia already has all of those three objects and connections in their
country, they just want to conquer another prosperous country like Spain. ... Show more content on
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Socially, taking over Spain brought major changes in agriculture growth, population increase, and
trade. In the agriculture industry, the people were able to grow their own crops and learn from the
Spanish plantation workers. With the help of the Spanish farmers, the Catalonian people ate
healthier crops that would eventually let them take in all the natural vitamins and build their bodies
stronger. Catalonians learned from the Spanish knew to work hard and establish determination to be
successful.
In addition, Catalonia has gained political power from conquering Spain. For instance, the people
decided that they would rather be ruled by a king and queen. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
made the decisions that they wanted to rule the people of Catalonia. With their rule came prosperous
laws and changes that would benefit the people and country as a whole. The Catalonia people were
extremely happy that they no longer had to make their own laws and regulations because the king
and the queen would take

Homage to Catalonia
George Orwell Homage To Catalonia Published by Harvest books (New York) in June 1969,264 pgs
Book Review of Homage to Catalonia George Orwell, noted writer and journalist, arrived in
Barcelona, Spain in late 1936 to cover the fight against fascism. Being an avid fan of socialism, he
was amazed to see the small glimpse of socialism in action. He was intrigued to say the least, of the
classless society he observed there. Barcelona, Spain at this time was held under Anarchist control,
and as such most of the old class society rituals were abandoned: tipping, titles, and the old divisions
between rich and poor were practically gone. Everyone was equal in this new society, and most of
the rich aristocrats had either fled or went into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Later after 115 days on the frontlines, Orwell receives a leave to return to Barcelona. Upon arriving
in Barcelona he is struck by the changes that have occurred. On the streets he once again heard titles
of servile nature being spewed from one persons mouth to another, the rich and poor clearly
reappearing, and the resemblance of a class society slowly drifting back into view. Later he
describes his sadness after getting dragged into street fighting caused by infighting between the
communists and various anarchist factions, mostly caused by communistic led police trying to seize
a telephone exchange held by anarchists in Barcelona. Finally after escaping the street fighting, he
returns to the front for a short time until being shot through the throat by enemy sniper fire, which
lands him in various hospitals until he is finally declared medically unfit to fight. After being
declared unfit to fight, Orwell's real problems begin. Returning to Barcelona to get his military
discharge papers stamped, he finds that his ignorance of joining the first anti–fascist militia he came
across begins to haunt him. In Barcelona, his former unit the P.O.U.M has been fully suppressed and
has sadly become the political scapegoat of Communist propaganda and all former P.O.U.M
members were being rounded up and arrested. He laments at the sights of how his former comrades
were being treated, but has no time to do much for them, because he is on the run as well. Finally

Essay
What have you heard in the news recently? Some people would mention Bitcoin, some would
mention Net Neutrality. If we go back just a few months ago, Catalonia was at the epicenter of
news. This was because a referendum about declaring independence from Spain was held, and the
violence that ensued during it. This referendum showed that the majority of Catalans supported the
idea of breaking apart from Spain to form their own independent nation, Catalonia. In this paper,
Catalonia's efforts to becoming an independent state will be looked at by two theories, realism and
liberalism. Catalonia is an autonomous region of Northeastern Spain. By being autonomous,
Catalonia decides how to run itself with no major influence from Spain. Basically, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to international relations, an entity qualifies as a state by meeting four conditions. First, it
must have territory. Second, a stable population must live within its borders. Third, most of its
population must support and pledge allegiance to its government. Lastly, other states must recognize
this entity as being sovereign. After all four are realized, an entity becomes a state. Catalonia kind of
meets the first and second conditions. Catalonia does have territory and a stable population, however
there are Catalan minorities that have spilled outside of its territory and into Spain to the West and
France to the East (2001). Despite meeting the first two conditions to becoming a state, Catalonia
does not meet the third or fourth condition. Some Catalans support the regional government's efforts
to become an independent state, while others are loyal to Spain and believe that Catalonia should
remain a part of Spain. Also, Catalonia is not recognized as an independent state by any other state
in the international realm. Catalonia does not qualify as a state, but when it comes to being a nation,
Catalonia certainly qualifies as one. A nation is a group of people that share characteristics and
Catalonia is populated by Catalans that share a common history, language, culture, and a set of
values. These common values are displayed during Catalan rituals and festivals (1989). The state is
viewed differently by the theoretical

Cultural Identity And Autonomous Regions Within The...
Region Report 3
There are many important issues that face Europe and the European Union as a whole today. One of
these exactly important issues is the topic of cultural identity and autonomous regions within the
European Union. This includes states such as Catalonia, Basque Country, Northern Ireland and
more. The long and complex history of Europe has led to hundreds if not thousands of areas within
the region that have a separate and distinct identity and culture. These areas have independent
cultures and histories that define them outside of the national identity. Historically, Catalonia and
Northern Ireland have had many different views from their parent nations and it has led to conflict in
the past and will lead to conflict in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means areas like Northern Ireland, and Wales will receive individual sponsorship for
development such as €2.6 billion for Cornwall, West Wales, Isles of Scilly, and the Valleys. These
investments have many practical results, are good for the regions, and perhaps most importantly
they help reduce the unrest within that specific region by creating jobs and a flourishing market.
With the increased job market and projects in the region people are earning more money and
enjoying a higher quality of life which leads to a more cohesive area. This idea of European Union
cohesion policy is important for dealing with areas that are becoming increasingly unstable within
countries especially with respect to the European Union's commitment to preserving regional and
cultural identity. This is especially important in countries with financial instability and inequality.
Spain is an excellent example, because due to a job shortage and weak economy there is high
unemployment, nearly 20% in 2016, and very high public debt. The high unemployment and a high
number of people below the poverty line leads to wealthier and distinct areas becoming unhappy
and stating that the government is taking a disproportionate amount of their money.
Catalonia is a region in northeast Spain that is a prime example due the autonomous operation and
self–governance that has led to what many believe is a completely separate and wealthier region

Analysis Of The Poem ' The ' Of Mendoza Utilises Onofre...
It is fair to say that Mendoza utilises Onofre Bouvila as a character to be portrayed as a direct
parallel to the development and aspirations of Barcelona. This is expressed in the novel, since; it is
irrelevant how rich and powerful Onofre becomes. This is due to the fact that, he can never be on the
top table of the social ladder literally and figuratively, due to his impoverished upbringing and
working class background. "corrió hacia la mesa presidencial... Al llegar a la mesa advirtió que no
quedaba una sola silla libre, ni un cubierto reservado para él. ¿Qué haces aquí parado como un
pasmarote? Tu puesto está allá, en la mesa tres... ¡Pero yo quiero sentarme aquí al lado de la
zarina!... ¿quieres ofender a su alteza imperial?". "These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Therefore, one can surmise that Barcelona will never be able to consider it as the most significant
and influential city in Spain. This is mainly due to the fact that, it has the smaller population and is
not the capital city.
This is further illustrated with Onofre at the end of the book. When Onofre disappears on his flying
machine it is Mendoza's method to demonstrate to the reader that Onofre has given up on his
aspiration of achieving the highest echelons of the social ladder in Spain. This could be Mendoza's
intention to show that Barcelona's aspiration to escape the suppression by the hands of Madrid is
dissipating. "Los que alertados por el ruido de los motores habían salido a los balcones o habían
subido a los terrados vieron cómo la máquina voladora desviaba sur umbo hacia el mar, como si la
empujara un viento repentino de poniente." This shows us that Mendoza is trying to tell the reader
that what happened to Onofre is not important to us. This could be a criticism by Mendoza, about
the vociferous nature of which Barcelona and Catalonia attempt to gain independence from Spain.
He achieves this denigration by displaying Catalonia's cries for independence as falling on deaf ears.
Hence Mendoza uses the character of Onofre to express his point of view that the objectives
Catalonia

What Is A Nation In The 21st Century Analysis
Mutlaq Alotaibi
Sara Jones
ENG 100
Nov 28, 2017
What Is a Nation in the 21st Century?
According to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk "Authority, without any condition and reservation, belongs to
the nation." (Abinader). Nevertheless, many individuals around the world fail to understand the real
meaning of a nation in the 21st century. According to the Oxford dictionary, a nation is a large body
of people brought together by uniting factors which include descent, history, culture, or language.
However, this definition has changed over time, especially due to onslaught of ethnic and minority
conflicts in addition to economic sovereignty. As a result, more nations in the Middle East, North
Africa, South Asia, Latin America and Europe are undergoing significant changes thus leading to the
emergence of new nations. This issue has been discussed in Michael Goldfarb's article What Is a
Nation in the 21st Century? Through a comprehensive analysis of his article the real meaning of a
nation in the 21st century is revealed.
Michael Goldfarb's article What Is a Nation in the 21st Century? has gained mainstream coverage
over the last month. The article starts off by acknowledging the current crisis of nations breaking off
and forming independent states in various parts of the world. He states that by answering the
impending question "what is a nation?" do we fully understand the reason behind these occurrences
(Goldfarb). According to him, quest for new nations began soon after the end of communism

How Far Does the Disaster of 1898 Account for the Growth...
How far does the disaster of 1898 account for the growth of Catalan and Basque nationalism?
The humiliating defeat of Spain to America during the Spanish–American War of 1898 dealt a
catastrophic blow to the Spanish nation. In the subsequent Treaty of Paris signed on December 10th
1898, Spain relinquished its remaining colonial territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The
disaster evoked heavy criticism of the Restoration government and its inherent corruption amongst
many groups within Spanish society and served as a catalyst for the emergence of new political
forces seeking to contest against the ruling oligarchy, most notably Catalan and Basque nationalism.
This essay will argue that the disaster of 1898 was largely accountable ... Show more content on
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As such, Catalonian regionalist demands tended to assume a subordinate position in relation to the
greater demands of Spain and its profitable empire. However, the crisis of 1898 engendered the
breaking down of Catalan acquiescence with the Restoration system. The loss of Spain's colonial
territories brought with it the loss of colonial markets that had existed as prime export outlets for
Catalan industry. In the last decade of the nineteenth century Spanish exports to its colonies had
more than doubled from 146.1 million pesatas in 1891 to 365.4 million in 1897, with the value of
Catalonian produce to the colonies reaching a peak of 124 million pesatas in 1895. For the region's
major textile industry, the markets of Cuba and Puerto Rico accounted for one–fifth of the entire
output of its cotton mills. In surrendering control, by 1902 the territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico and
the Philippines now received just 6.2% of Catalan textile produce, a decline from 22% in 1896.
Within Catalonia, a feeling that defeat had been caused by years of faulty centralism by a corrupt
administration ended any trust Catalan business had placed in the Restoration system to protect its
interests. In the spirit of the Regeneracionismo movement, Catalan business interests represented by
organisations such as the Fomento del Trabajo proposed a number of reforms designed to regenerate
the region in order to compensate for the loss of its vital export outlets. Yet, the

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