9789740332633

1. F F F
Cell and structure of cell
F ˈ F F ( F ˈ )
F F F F(organelles) ˈ F(cell)
F ˈ (tissue) ˈ (organ)
(organism) F F F
F F F F F F
F F F ˈ F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F 10-20 F
F F F F 15 F 1.8 x 10-9
ˈ F 2.5 x 109
F
4.5 x 1013
1 (0.05 ) F
2.25 x 108
F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F (cell wall) F F F F F F F
F F (chloroplast)
1

2. 2 F
1.1 F F (prokaryote cell) F
(eukaryotic cell)
F F (Cell structure)
F F ˈ 2 F F F (eukaryotic cell) F
(prokaryotic cell) F F F
F F 1.1 F ˈ F
ˈ F (unicellular organism)
F F F F F F F ˈ
F (multicellular organism) ( F ˈ F
ˈ F) F F F ˈ F
F F F F F F F F
F
ˈ F F F F F F F F F
F
F F
F
F
F
FF

3. 1 F F F 3
F F F F 1-10 F F F
3 F (cocci) F F (bacilli) F (spirilla)
F F F F F F ˂ F
F F F F F
F
F F F F F 10-100 F
F F F 1,000-1,000,000 F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F
F F F (vacuole) F
F F F F F
(cytoplasm) ˈ F F F 70-90 F
F (cytoskeleton) ˈ F
F F ˈ F ˈ F
F F F
F F F F F F F
pH 5 pH 6.9-7.2
F F F F F F ˈ F
F F F F
F
F F F F (cell membrane) ˈ ˈ
F F F F ˈ
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F ˈ F F F F
(cytoplasm) (cytosol) F F F F
(nucleus) F F (Deoxyribonucleic
acid) ( ) ˈ F F

4. 4 F
F F
F
F
F
F F
F
F
F F
F
1.1 F F F
F
1-10
ˈ F
F F
F F F
ˈ
( ʽ ) F
70s
F
F
(flagellum)
F F binary fission
F F
10-100
ˈ
F
F
F
F F F
ˈ F
( ʽ )
80s
F
F F mitosis
meiosis
F
/ F
F
F

5. 1 F F F 5
F F (Plasma membrane cell membrane)
F F F F F F F ˈ F F
F ˈ F 2 F F F F F
F F fluid mosaic F F (ion)
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F ( )
F F F glycocalyx F
F F ˂ F ˈ F F F
F F F F
F F
F F F F ˈ (receptor)
ˈ F F (protein channel pore) F
F F F ˈ
Transmembrane protein F F F
F F F ˈ F F F
Integral protein ˆ F F F (intrinsic protein)
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
ˈ F F F
Peripheral protein F F F
F F ˆ F (extrinsic protein) F F
F F (signal transduction)

6. 6 F
1.2 F F F F 2 F
F F
1.3 F F F F F

7. 1 F F F 7
F (simple diffusion) F F F
F F F F (Hydrophobic)
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F ˈ (largeunchargedpolarmolecules) F
F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
1.4 (A) F F F F F F (simple diffusion) F
F (passive transport) F (Active transport)
(B) F F F F electrochemical gradient F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F

8. 8 F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F concentration gradient F
F F F F F F
ˈ F F F F F F F F
F 2 carrier proteins ( carriers, permeases transporter)
ˈ F F F F F F
carrier protein F F F F channel proteins ˈ
ˈ F F F F F
ʽ - ʽ F F F channel proteins F F
F carrier protein
F F F F F (simple diffusion) F
carrier proteins channel proteins F F
F concentration gradient F F F F
F ˈ F (passive transport) F ˈ
F F F F F ˆˋ F F F F F
F F F concentration gradient F F carrier
protein F ATP F F F
F F (active transport)
(Mitochondria)
ˈ F F F 2 F F
(outer mitochondrial membrane) F F F F F
F F (inner mitochondrial membrane) F F F F F
F F F F
F F (cristae) F F (matrix)
ˈ F F F F F

9. 1 F F F 9
F F
F F F F
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
1.5 F
F F (outer mitochondrial membrane)
F porin F F F F
F F 2 (inter mitochondrial membrane space)
F F F F F F 2
(cytochrome c) F ˈ F F
F F (inner mitochondrial membrane)
F F F 5 F ˈ F F F F F F F F
cardiolipin F F F
F F F F H+
F
F F F H+
F F F F F F F ATP synthase
F ATP thermogenin F F F
F F
F
F F
( )

10. 10 F
F F F F (matrix) F
F ˈ F F F F
F F ATP F F
F F (oxidativephosphorylation)
F F
F F
F tRNA
F F F
F F F F 2 3
F F F
F F 5-10 F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F 32-36 ATP F F F
F 2 ATP F F F
F F F F F F F
(Ribosome)
ˈ F F F F (membrane) F ˈ F F
F F 50 ( F ) F F
2 F F F F F F F
mRNA F ˈ F