Running head: SOCIAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 1 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 4 The Social and Ethical Implication of Biotechnology Melva Parker SCI-115 James Cox 11/17/2018 The newly developed molecular techniques of genetics identification, gene-splicing, and artificial procedures represent a jump in our ability to control life itself, a command by culture and faith to be the province of a divine agency (Butte & Belsky, 1987). Thus, it would be complete that gene-splicing could be a phenomenon, the genetic engineering that takes place in nature whenever a gene crosses over on chromosomes, a cistron mutates, or a microorganism. Though reproducing systems for each sort of life are utilized for a long time, they require exclusive controlled common procedures to understand their finishes. What makes biotechnology totally not quite the same as logical transformation of the edification, notwithstanding is that science not just dislodges our comprehension of the plants, it allows the United States to rebuild nature to reproduce life itself regardless of whether it’s man, creature, plant, or germ. Quality grafting methods have enabled analysis to embed qualities from absolutely random species to change life cycles and improve infection obstruction for a spread of oceanic animal categories. Some of the first encouraging strategies have ventured on the far side unobtrusive rearing and refined methods to utilize the hardware of life itself to fortify generations. Biotechnology assures to play the partner degree logically incredible job inside the extra restraining and control of our regular and our unnatural universes Farming techniques are created to support local fish species with a ton of productivity, accelerate their advancement cycles, and give protection from the spread of ailments and pathogens. It is, therefore, not stunning that because the biological sciences and biotechnology have enjoyed exceptional success throughout the past thirty years, public awareness and discomfort, notably with gene-splicing, have multiplied. The moral analysis of biotechnology cuts across two distinct ethical domains: the analysis of risks and advantages, and also the analysis of biotechnology in light-weight of broader cultural, religious, and moral principles. Social advantages can't be a basis for argument if the underlying ethical question issues the validity of corroding human advantages against the welfare of alternative species or natural ecosystems within the initial place (Leidos & Marris, 2001). To argue that gene-splicing is solely associate degree extension of natural organic process processes doesn't virtuously justify the application. There’s a very important distinction between "natural organic process processes" and "natural gene-splicing. Natural organic process processes don't build a selection, they are doing not deliberate with the intention of achieving.

1. Running head: SOCIAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATION OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY 1
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATION OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY 4
The Social and Ethical Implication of Biotechnology
Melva Parker
SCI-115
James Cox
11/17/2018
The newly developed molecular techniques of genetics
identification, gene-splicing, and artificial procedures represent
a jump in our ability to control life itself, a command by culture
and faith to be the province of a divine agency (Butte & Belsky,
1987). Thus, it would be complete that gene-splicing could be a
phenomenon, the genetic engineering that takes place in nature
whenever a gene crosses over on chromosomes, a cistron
mutates, or a microorganism. Though reproducing systems for
each sort of life are utilized for a long time, they require

2. exclusive controlled common procedures to understand their
finishes. What makes biotechnology totally not quite the same
as logical transformation of the edification, notwithstanding is
that science not just dislodges our comprehension of the plants,
it allows the United States to rebuild nature to reproduce life
itself regardless of whether it’s man, creature, plant, or germ.
Quality grafting methods have enabled analysis to embed
qualities from absolutely random species to change life cycles
and improve infection obstruction for a spread of oceanic
animal categories. Some of the first encouraging strategies have
ventured on the far side unobtrusive rearing and refined
methods to utilize the hardware of life itself to fortify
generations. Biotechnology assures to play the partner degree
logically incredible job inside the extra restraining and control
of our regular and our unnatural universes
Farming techniques are created to support local fish species
with a ton of productivity, accelerate their advancement cycles,
and give protection from the spread of ailments and pathogens.
It is, therefore, not stunning that because the biological sciences
and biotechnology have enjoyed exceptional success throughout
the past thirty years, public awareness and discomfort, notably
with gene-splicing, have multiplied.
The moral analysis of biotechnology cuts across two distinct
ethical domains: the analysis of risks and advantages, and also
the analysis of biotechnology in light-weight of broader
cultural, religious, and moral principles. Social advantages can't
be a basis for argument if the underlying ethical question issues
the validity of corroding human advantages against the welfare
of alternative species or natural ecosystems within the initial
place (Leidos & Marris, 2001).
To argue that gene-splicing is solely associate degree extension
of natural organic process processes doesn't virtuously justify
the application. There’s a very important distinction between
"natural organic process processes" and "natural gene-splicing.
Natural organic process processes don't build a selection, they
are doing not deliberate with the intention of achieving an

3. associate degree. However, like all scientific endeavors, the
tools by that science investigates the globe usually yield tools
by that we have a tendency to might remodel the globe. It’s
necessary once evaluating competitor ethical claims, however,
to acknowledge that even as it's tough to live some risks and
advantages per a standard scale valuable, conflicting ethical
principles cannot merely be balanced against each other. As
biologists sought-after to penetrate to the molecular core of
living processes, they fictional tools to help them in this method
(Melham, 2000).
Whereas science is commonly pursued its own sake and also
the easy pleasure of understanding the globe, the mixture of the
tools of data with sensible ends can't be neglected once
considering the ethical price of the enterprise. It’s a legitimate
and by no means that resolved ethical question to raise what the
ethical responsibility of the scientific community is in guiding
the utilization of the fruits of its intellectual labors.
Reference
Butte, F. H., & Belsky, J. (1987). Biotechnology, plant
breeding, and intellectual property: social and ethical
dimensions. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 12(1), 31-
49.
Leidos, L., & Marris, C. (2001). Science and governance in
Europe: lessons from the case of agricultural
biotechnology. Science and Public Policy, 28(5), 345-360.
Melham, B. (2000). A framework for the ethical analysis of
novel foods: The ethical matrix. Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics, 12(2), 165-176.
PRECISION MEDICINE
4

4. How Precision Medicine Works
Assignment 2
SCI-115
Running head: PRECISION MEDICINE
1
How Precision Medicine Works
The National Institute of Health (NIH) defines precision
medicine as a new prevention and treatment method that is
based on understanding a patient’s gene, lifestyle, and
environment (Wang, Zhang, & Zhao, 2016). The primary
purpose of precision medicine is to develop treatments that
address differences in lifestyles, genes, environment, and health
history of the patient. Precision medicine applies humanity,
sociology, economy, sociology, and ethics to minimize medical
expenses and iatrogenic damage and achieve the best possible
therapeutic effect. Understanding the environment, lifestyle,
and genetic characteristics of a patient makes it possible and
easier for healthcare professionals to the most appropriate
drugs, time for medicine usage, optimal dose, and the least side
effect. Precision medicine involves simply utilizing the DNA
that is already there naturally.
Precision medicine works by applying genomics,
proteomics, and other technologies to identify and analyze the
biomarkers specific diseases and large sample groups. When a
patient is diagnosed with a disease of a health condition, the

5. doctor takes a sample from the patient and sequence the genes
found in the cells. Genetic sequencing involves determining the
order of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, which are the
four chemical building blocks for an individual organism
(Thinkstock, 2018). The order of the four chemicals determines
the kind of genetic information found in a segment of a DNA.
Researchers identify sections of the DNA molecule that contain
genes and regulatory information, thus facilitating the
pinpointing of differences between individuals with and without
certain traits. Once the unique differences in a patient’s DNA
are identified, doctors can prescribe drugs. Sequencing results
are used to match the patient to a relevant therapy based on the
genome, thus enhancing patient outcomes (Morash, Mitchell,
Beltran, Elemento, & Pathak, 2018). In addition to conducting
DNA sequencing to determine the unique genome involved in a
patient’s health condition, precision medicine also involves
identifying and analyzing the environment, health history, and
lifestyle of the patient.
Several biological principles are involved in precision
medicine. First is genome sequencing, which involves the
determination of the perfect order of nucleotides in the DNA
molecule. It helps in the determination of the sequence of
genomes. The understanding of the sequence of genomes
facilitates the determination of unique genetic differences of the
patient to facilitate the prescription of the most appropriate
treatment. Second is proteomics, which involve a combination
of detection, quantitation, ionization, and parget enrichment.
Comparative clinical proteomics is enhanced by the collection
of data from several tissues of healthy samples. Comparing the
sample of the patient with the database allows scientists to
associate in the proteomes with particular disease states.
Proteomic screening and the early identification of the presence
and severity of diseases facilitates quick response and the
prescription of appropriate drugs (Duarte & Spencer, 2016).
Third is stem cell, which plays a significant role in testing how
diseased cells respond to drugs. Stem cell facilitates

6. understanding the development and treatment response of
diseases (Fillmore, Xu, Sánchez-Rivera, Jacks, Wong, & Kim,
2016).
In conclusion, precision medicine involves understanding
the patient’s gene, lifestyle, and environment to determine the
most appropriate treatment. Precision medicine utilizes the
DNA that is already there natural. Gene sequencing is used to
determine the order of the chemical building blocks to identify
unique differences and determine an appropriate medicine. Key
biological principles involved in precision medicine include
genome sequencing, DNA, proteomics, and stem cells.
References
Duarte, T. T., & Spencer, C. T. (2016). Personalized
Proteomics: The Future of Precision Medicine. Proteomes,
4(29), 1-18.
Fillmore, C. M., Xu, C., Sánchez-Rivera, F. J., Jacks, T., Wong,
K.-K., & Kim, C. F. (2016). Using stem cell biology to design
precision medicine for non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of
Thoracic Oncolog, 11(25), s4-s5.
Morash, M., Mitchell, H., Beltran, H., Elemento, O., & Pathak,
J. (2018). The Role of Next-Generation Sequencing in Precision
Medicine: A Review of Outcomes in Oncology. Journal of
Personalized Medicine, 8(30), 1-9.
Thinkstock. (2018). What Are Precision Medicine and
Personalized Medicine? Retrieved October 27, 2018, from
Health IT Analystics:
https://healthitanalytics.com/features/what-are-precision-
medicine-and-personalized-medicine
Wang, Z.-G., Zhang, L., & Zhao, W.-J. (2016). Definition and
application of precision medicine. Chinese Journal of
Traumatology, 30, 1-2.
Running head: PRECISION MEDICINE

7. 1
Assignment 1
SCI-115
Precision medicines
The business report by Byrnes (2016) titled “Slow Progress to
Better Medicine” the development and use of precision
medicine and related issues. The author uses Carina, a baby
born on July 25, 2014, with a lump on her jaw’s right side, as
the case study. Precision medicine involving a medicine
primarily designed to interfere with a protein resulting from the
abnormal fusion of genes was applied to treat her, making her
the first patient to use the medication. Precision medicine, an
approach that that involves developing medicines that focus on
individual differences in the genes of patients, health history,
environment, and lifestyle was behind the development of the
medicine (Byrnes, 2016). Unlike the traditional medical model
that focuses on generic approaches and the development of
drugs to treat as many people as possible, precision medicine
focuses on individual differences. Several challenges could
arise from precision medicine. For example, revenues may not
be earned from such medication because only small groups are
targeted (Byrnes, 2016). To recoup the initial investment, drug
manufacturers may be required to charge higher per patient.
First is the precision medicine which is a development in
medicine that seeks to come up with drugs that address
individual gene differences, lifestyle, health history, and
environment. The second is CRISPR, which technology for
editing genomes and comprises of a bacterial Cas9 endonuclease
protein and a sgRNA that contains a 20-bp sequence that is
homologous to the target DNA (Cao, Wang, Le, & Vu, 2016).
CRISPR/Cas9 is used to treat medical complications facilitated
by genomic disorders (Byrnes, 2016). The course provides

8. important background information about these concepts by
defining and expounding on their application.
The article by Byrnes (2016) caught my attention because it
examines an important development in the field of medicine that
could contribute to better health and patient outcomes. The
article provides a practical application of precision medicine to
address complex health conditions. The author shows how
precision medicine was used to a lump on Carina’s right-side
jaw. The scientific knowledge covered in the article affects me
directly because it inspires me to focus on the development of
better medicines, such as precision medicine, to foster positive
health outcomes. The knowledge covered in the article also
shows me that in the event I develop unusual medical
complications, precision medicine may be used to restore my
health.
In my opinion, research on precision medicine should be funded
through taxpayer monies and not the private sector. Research in
precision is expensive, and although it may yield enough
revenues immediately, it will lead to the development of better
ways of treatment to foster good health. Taxpayer monies
should be used to fund research in precision medicine to make
sure that precision medicine will be made affordable to patients.
When the private sector supports research in precision, where
developed drugs only target smaller groups of patients, they
will be required to charge higher amounts to recoup the initial
investment. Charging higher prices for precision medicine may
imply that only the upper will benefit from the development.
Taxpayer monies should be used to fund research in precision
medicine to help those in the middle and lower social classes
benefit from the developments.
References
Byrnes, N. (2016, July 25). Slow Progress to Better Medicine.
Retrieved October 11, 2018, from MIT Technology Review:

9. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601844/slow-progress-to-
better-medicine/
Cao, H. X., Wang, W., Le, H. T., & Vu, G. T. (2016). The
Power of CRISPR-Cas9-Induced Genome Editing to Speed Up
Plant Breeding. International Journal of Genomics, 1(1), 1-10.