Running head SKILLS ASSESSMENT PAPER1SKILLS ASSESSMENT PAPE.docx

Running head: SKILLS ASSESSMENT PAPER
1
SKILLS ASSESSMENT PAPER
4
Skills Assessment Paper
Summary of Skills
For the development of an organization to be successful and
effectively achieve set goals and objectives, strong management
and organization skills will be required (Bateman & Snell,
2007). Our Team A brings a broad spectrum of skills and
talents coming from life, educational and work-related
experiences. Each member of the team possesses unique skill
sets that will bring fresh ideas, techniques and creative
solutions to challenges in the development of our consulting
firm.
A thorough evaluation of our team member’s skills, suggests
that our key strengths lie within teamwork and dedication,
creating presentations, critical thinking, problem-solving
techniques, communication, research, and observations. With
these skills, this team will be able to successfully achieve most
tasks necessary in the development of a consulting firm. This
team will need to use these skills to collaborate efforts in a
cooperative manner to create, plan, develop and accomplish the
goals of the consulting firm. This evaluation also portrays a
strong dedication to learning and improving which is beneficial
in the development of new skills that may be needed.
Most members of our team currently have educational and
professional experience that proves an intense desire to improve
and advocate change and educate communities to collaborate an
effort enhancing the lives of individuals. This desire will
effectively promote positive changes both within communities

as well as at a societal level. The team’s overall commitment is
to meet basic human needs through education, focusing on
identification of challenges and prevention, as well as assist in
overcoming personal and organizational obstacles that
individuals may face. Our team is committed to improving the
overall quality of life through advocacy and action.
The first type of consulting firm that we could possibly work
with would be a human services/independent living consulting
program. This program would collaborate with a client’s care
givers, doctors and independent care organizations to assist in
facilitating a client’s independence and improve or maintain
health. This consulting firm would collaborate efforts to create
an independent, long-term care plan that will enhance the
develop of daily living skills, educate on services and programs
available, exercise the right to make healthy living choices, and
encourage pro-active involvement of all care-giving
professionals in the pursuit of personal growth, presence, and
participation in the long term care process. This program will
improve and emphasis respect and dignity through the
promotion of independence.
PLEASE ADD THE OTHER TWO TYPES HERE!
The types of problems these consulting firms might solve.
Inflexible regulatory and legal issues create competitive
obstacles human services providers face when offering health
services to communities at large. Recruiting the need for a
consulting firm that provides national and regional insight
towards improving the value of healthcare services can be
particularly indispensable.
Team A’s healthcare consulting firm will address the never-
ending regulations hospitals and smaller services providers
consistently undergo. We will provide the necessary strategic
direction to assure compliance with Government agencies,
medical providers, and insurance companies, along with
navigating through possible human resource and technological
issues. Our consulting firm will aid healthcare providers to
transform operational performance, governance, and growth

strategies while strengthening existing foundation, which will
support organizations to integrate better healthcare delivery.
Our consulting firm will work towards formulating a partnership
with organizations to develop effective payment structures
within the company for the anticipation of regulatory changes
towards mange cost of healthcare. While implementing affective
ways to examine and improve the facilities infrastructure from
gathering existing data to identify possible problems.
The unique facets of operating a healthcare facility often
require ongoing day-to-day management and oversite. The
purpose of our consulting firm is to offer provision to
healthcare providers to assure positive financial growth while
increasing the evaluation of the business. Our team of
experienced specialists specifies a broad range of services to
expand the monetary effectiveness and value of your healthcare
facility.
Conclusion
Logical thinking and planning is a large part of the business
development process and will require diligent effort from each
team member. I think that we will need to effectively develop
strong management skills to ensure the success of whichever
consulting firm we choose. Without a highly trained,
responsible and well prepared team, the goals of our
organization could not be accomplished.
Bateman, T. S. & Snell, S. (2007). Management: Leading and
Collaborating in a Competitive World. (7th ed., pp. 16 -18).
McGraw - Hill.
Running Head: IMMUNIZATION AND VACCINATION
1

IMMUNIZATION AND VACCINATION
12
Immunization and Vaccines
Ram Pandey
South University
Nursing Research Methods
NSG6101
Ellen Rearick
Introduction
Immunization is a process whereby an individual, especially a
young child below the age of six, is made resistant against
infectious diseases. Immunization is usually done through the
administration of some medicine commonly known as vaccines.
Vaccines are administered in an individual's body through
several means such as oral and injection. Vaccines are of great
importance in that they boost the body's immunity thus
preventing the individual from being infected with the disease
later in life.
Immunization is one of the tools that have been proven to
reduce the number of deaths in the world drastically.
Approximately two million deaths have been avoided annually
because parents are informed about the necessities of
immunizing their children (Russel, 1998). This number is

projected to have increased over the years. Thus, with effective
medical support from organizations such as the World Health
Organization (WHO), the immunization processes can reach the
majority of the population even the hard-to-access group of
people in the society. With improved medical services brought
about by improved infrastructure, WHO has an aim to ensure
each person receives proper immunization during childhood.
Proper immunization will reduce infant mortality rates due to
proper health service.
The most important part of the research is to understand the
relationship between vaccination and immunization of young
children with the improvement in the quality of a healthy life.
There is a need to understand other factors surrounding the
immunization and lack of immunization of children below the
age of six years. In this study, various literature will be studied
to enable the development of a hypothesis and its validity tested
by the procedures of the research. From the literature review, it
clearly shows that immunized children have reduced medical
health problems compared to those that have not been
immunized. Lack of immunization among the children can lead
to the contract of diseases which can easily cause infant
mortality.
Statement of problem
There is some great relationship between the rate of
survival in immunized children and mortality rates due to
diseases caused by a lack of immunization. Immunization has
led to increased chances of survival in children. However, there
are still some children who cannot fully access vaccines due to
certain factors that affect them. The factors that affect them
from accessing vaccines provide some base for research to be
carried out.
Objectives
The objectives of this research include:
a.) To determine the reason why some people still do not want
their children to undergo immunization.
b.) To not only understand the political problems but also the

economic and philosophical difficulties the unimmunized
children undergo later in life.
c.) To clearly understand the importance and benefits of parents
ensuring their children are immunized
Null hypothesis
a.) There are no reasons to explain why some people still do not
want their children to undergo immunization.
b.) The political, economic and philosophical difficulties faced
by unimmunized children undergo later in life cannot be
understood.
c.) The importance and benefits of parents ensuring their
children are immunized cannot be clearly understood.
Research Questions
a.) How important is immunization
b.) What are the repercussions of escaping the immunization
process to an individual?
Theoretical framework
Research shows that effective vaccination and immunization of
children in the whole population will lead to an improved health
life of an individual. With the presence of modern statistical
programs used for analysis such as STATA, there will be an
efficient analysis of variables available in this research.
Literature Review
Immunizations and vaccines are considered to be the most
cost-effective intervention when it comes to child survival
(Prinja et al., 2018). However, coverage and access differ from
country to country. This creates large disparities when it comes
to children and immunization across the globe. The Effective
Vaccine Management (EVM) initiative has the main duty of
providing materials that monitor the supply of vaccines. The
process must be monitored because with time there has been a
rise in the cost of vaccines. Therefore, the stock level must be
kept at minimum levels as planned by the medical department
without wastage pf resources so that it can be sufficient for the
population.
Logical support has to ensure that there is a supply of high-

quality equipment and vaccines (Markowitz et al., 2007) A
well-managed logistics support program will ensure that there
are reduced cases of adverse side effects brought about by the
vaccines. WHO should also come up with methods aimed at
improving the lives of those that have not been vaccinated. The
organization should also come up with programs which will be
used as a platform for educating those individuals against
immunization. The following consists of a literature review of
the differences and similarities in the world immunization
systems for three countries: Nigeria, India, and Switzerland.
Nigeria
Nigeria has one of the highest percentages of vaccine-
preventable diseases including measles, poliomyelitis,
tuberculosis, diphtheria, and tetanus. According to Oku et al.
(2017), only one-fourth of children receive full vaccinations.
The country is ranked 2nd when it comes to mortality rates from
vaccine-preventable diseases among children. When it comes to
economic development, Nigeria outperforms lower-middle-
income countries but has the lowest immunization coverage
rates in the world. Burroway and Hargrove (2018) investigated
the community and individual-level factors that influence
whether a child is vaccinated in Nigeria. Researchers found
women’s education level to have the largest association with
childhood vaccinations. The reasons associated with low
immunizations throughout Nigeria consists of: concerns about
immunization safety, lack of knowledge regarding vaccinations,
and long distances to health facilities (Oku et al., 2017)
In 1979, Nigeria launched the Expanded Programs on
Immunizations (EPI) to provide routine vaccinations to all
children under the age of one, as well as pregnant women.
However, Nigeria is one of only three countries where polio
remains an endemic (Prinja et al., 2018). In October 2012,
Nigeria restructured its polio program and created the Polio
Emergency Operation Centre. The country also uses
supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) to help eliminate
polio. During an SIA, healthcare workers provide all children

under the age of five with oral polio vaccine (OPV). These
campaigns are usually conducted house-to-house; however, it is
difficult for healthcare workers to reach all children due to
incomplete household maps and vaccine refusals (Oku et al.,
2017). Even with the campaign and programs, there are still
currently a substantial amount of children in Nigeria who have
not received vaccinations.
India
Approximately 62% of children in India have full immunization.
A 2015-2016 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) showed
large disparities when it came to different doses of the BCG,
DPT, polio and measles vaccines across all districts of India.
Over the past decade, child vaccination coverage throughout the
country has substantially increased. However, currently, one-
third of children in India have not received immunizations.
While donor and government-funded programs have improved
childhood immunizations throughout central and northern India,
there is little focus on the north-eastern region. According to
Khan, Shil and Prakash (2018), there are state or regional-level
inequalities in immunizations throughout India due to the
differential healthcare facility and socio-economic factors
consisting wealth status, gender preference, place of residence
and health infrastructure. The researchers found that women's
education was positively correlated with vaccination. They also
discovered a positive correlation between childhood
immunizations and institutional deliveries, birth registration
and having an MCP card (Khan, Shil & Prakash, 2018).
Nigeria and India have opposite trends regarding the DPT3
vaccine between 2007 and 2017. In 2007, 3.3 million Nigerian
children and 9.3 million children in India did not receive the
DPT series. During the same period, the population eligible for
the vaccine increased by 23% in Nigeria and decreased by 6% in
India. Nigeria surpassed India in 2014 as the country with the
most children without the DPT3 vaccine (VanderEnde et al.,
2018).
Switzerland

Unlike the other two countries, Switzerland is a developed
country. After several years of low incidence rates each year,
there has been a measles epidemic since 2006. As a result,
coverage rates for MMR doses have increased to 86%. However,
the number of children who are vaccinated in Switzerland is
greatly impacted by parental perception. In Switzerland, all
immunization costs are covered, but whether a child is
vaccinated depends on the parent's initiative to take them to a
pediatrician. Despite the national and international efforts of
health authorities, immunizations in high-income countries have
adversely impacted by a parent's choice to decline childhood
vaccination (Gross et al., 2015).
Switzerland has the highest rates of measles in Europe.
According to Gross et al. (2015), parents in Switzerland believe
childhood diseases are a natural process of gaining immunity
and not necessarily a threat to a child's health. This has created
problems for the country in regards to measles. The MMR
vaccination currently has suboptimal coverage, and as a result,
measles is still a local endemic in Switzerland. According to a
Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), only 86% of
children under the age of two have received two doses of MMR.
This is lower than the 95% global goal when it comes to
vaccination (Gross et al., 2015).
Methodology
Research design
The study will utilize questionnaires in the collection of
information for this research. The questions will be a
combination of both open-ended questions and closed questions.
Therefore, this research would focus hugely on descriptive
research design. The presence of participants who are used in
this study shows that they are variables of the research.
Research context
The context of this research involves the detailed study of
difficulties faced by individuals who do not access vaccination
facilities. The context, therefore, elaborates how vaccination
facilities can reach those who do not access them and even

those who are against the use of vaccines. The context also
shows the improvement of healthy life in individuals who
access vaccination services while young. WHO aims of reaching
every person is also a research context that is present in the
study.
Procedure
Participants
The study will utilize two types of participants: those that have
been immunized and those that have not been immunized. The
presence of the two types of individuals is necessary as it
clearly shows the effect of being immunized and not being
immunized. It also gives an insight towards the level of
acceptance among parents for the immunization process to be
carried out on their children.
Materials
Questionnaires will be included in the collection of the primary
data necessary for this research. The researchers need to be
physically available to give guidelines and offer assistance to
the interviewees in addition to the instructions provided for at
the beginning of the questionnaire. Analytical programs such as
STATA and SAS will be highly required in the analysis of the
findings.
Variables.
The dependent variables in this study will be the level of
acceptance of the different types of immunizations. The
independent variables will be the participants who will be
interviewed for the purpose of collecting data for this study.
Methods of data collection
Several methods will be used in the collection of data. Such
means include the use of questionnaires and the use of medical
records. Use of questionnaires will take place from ward-based
records to ensure easier responding from the respondents. Use
of medical records will be limited to medical practitioners since
they are the ones with the primary data of information.
Information received will later be sent through email to enhance
faster transfer of information.

Methods of data analysis
STATA will be used in the analysis of data received from
the research. The use of STATA makes it easy in making
comparisons and determining the associations between variables
(Friese et al., 2008). One can develop some regression analysis
between variables while using STATA thus making it quite
useful in the analysis of data
Ethical Considerations
The questionnaire should provide for confidentiality and
protection of the participant's identity.
The researchers should also get the necessary approval from the
University’s ethics board before carrying out the research
They should also get written consent from the participants to
avoid future legal issues.
The significance of the proposed research
The proposed research is going to be useful in finding a solution
for individuals who did not undergo vaccination during their
childhood. It also finds a solution to how the general population
can access medical services after birth with reduced payments.
This research would also be an addition to the improvement of
medical services in the medical department.
Research limitations
This research about vaccination and the lack of vaccination
comes along with several limitations. Some of its limitations
include computation of a large amount of data, inadequate
supply of funds and the lack of seriousness when it comes to
vaccination programs. The analysis of this research involves the
computation of data from different health organizations thus
becomes difficult and tiresome to analyze the data effectively.
Secondly, there has been enough supply of resources, especially
funds. The available money raised by the government is
allocated to other sectors thus resulting to less amount of money
being allocated to the health services with the aim of ensuring
the whole population receives vaccination (Peyle et al., 2009).
Even after undergoing education programs on the importance of
vaccination, there are still many individuals who cannot stand

their children being immunized.
References
Burroway, R., & Hargrove, A. (2018). Education is the antidote:
Individual-and community-level effects of maternal education
on child immunizations in Nigeria. Social Science &
Medicine, 213, 63-71.
Friese, C. R., Lake, E. T., Aiken, L. H., Silber, J. H., &
Sochalski, J. (2008). Hospital nurse practice environments and
outcomes for surgical oncology patients. Health services
research, 43(4), 1145-1163.
Gross, K., Hartmann, K., Zemp, E., & Merten, S. (2015). ‘I
know it has worked for millions of years’: the role of the
‘natural’in parental reasoning against child immunization in a
qualitative study in Switzerland. BMC public health, 15(1), 373.
Khan, J., Shil, A., & Prakash, R. (2018). Exploring the spatial
heterogeneity in different doses of vaccination coverage in
India. PloS one, 13(11), e0207209.
Markowitz, L. E., Dunne, E. F., Saraiya, M., Chesson, H. W.,
Curtis, C. R., Gee, J., ... & Unger, E. R. (2014). Human
papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory
Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports, 63(5),
1-30.
Murphy, T. V., White, K. E., Pastor, P., Gabriel, L., Medley, F.,
Granoff, D. M., & Osterholm, M. T. (1993). Declining
incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease since
introduction of vaccination. Jama, 269(2), 246-248.
Oku, A., Oyo-Ita, A., Glenton, C., Fretheim, A., Ames, H.,
Muloliwa, A., ... & Bosch-Capblanch, X. (2016).
Communication strategies to promote the uptake of childhood
vaccination in Nigeria: a systematic map. Global health
action, 9(1), 30337.

Peyre, M., Samaha, H., Makonnen, Y. J., Saad, A., Abd-Elnabi,
A., Galal, S., ... & Domenech, J. (2009). Avian influenza
vaccination in Egypt: limitations of the current strategy. Journal
of molecular and genetic medicine: an international journal of
biomedical research, 3(2), 198.
Prinja, S., Monga, D., Rana, S. K., Sharma, A., Dalpath, S.,
Bahuguna, P., ... & Aggarwal, A. K. (2018). District level
analysis of routine immunization in Haryana State: Implications
for mission indradhanush under universal immunization
programme. Indian journal of community medicine: official
publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social
Medicine, 43(3), 209.
Russell, D. G., & Alexander, J. (1988). Effective immunization
against cutaneous leishmaniasis with defined membrane
antigens reconstituted into liposomes. The Journal of
Immunology, 140(4), 1274-1279.
VanderEnde, K., Gacic-Dobo, M., Diallo, M. S., Conklin, L. M.,
& Wallace, A. S. (2018). Global Routine Vaccination
Coverage—2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report, 67(45), 1261.
Appendices
ImmunizationandVaccines
Revision Week 4.docx
by Ram Pandey
Submission dat e : 16- Feb- 2019 10:34 AM (UT C- 0500)
Submission ID: 107 8867 654

File name : Immunizatio nandVaccines_Revisio n_Week_4 .do
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ImmunizationandVaccines Revision Week 4.docx
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Junaid Khan, Apurba Shil, Ravi Prakash.
"Exploring the spatial heterogeneity in dif f erent
doses of vaccination coverage in India", PLOS
ONE, 2018
Publicat ion
Submitted to Edison State College
St udent Paper
Rebekah Burroway, Andrew Hargrove.
"Education is the antidote: Individual- and
community-level ef f ects of maternal education
on child immunizations in Nigeria", Social
Science & Medicine, 2018
Publicat ion
bmcinf ectdis.biomedcentral.com
Int ernet Source

www.relief web.int
Int ernet Source
Exclude quo tes Of f
Exclude biblio graphy On
Exclude matches Of f
FINAL GRADE
48/50
ImmunizationandVaccines Revision Week 4.docx
GRADEMARK REPORT
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Comment 1
Only the f irst three lines are needed-
PAGE 2
Comment 2
I am unsure o n this f o rmat.

PAGE 4
PAGE 5
PAGE 6
Comment 3
T hank yo u f o r the summaries o f each o f these articles as
well as the co nclusio n co mparing
them -
Comment 4
T he ref erences are o n a separate page. Please also check the f
o rmat f o r use o f the hanging
indent and italics f o r jo urnal titles.
PAGE 7
ImmunizationandVaccines Revision Week 4.docxby Ram
PandeyImmunizationandVaccines Revision Week
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COMMENTSInstructor
VaccinesandImmunization Week
2.docx
by Ram Pandey

Submission date: 27-Jan-2019 10:52PM (UTC-0500)
Submission ID: 1069348028
File name: VaccinesandImmunization_Week_2.docx
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ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to Tarrant County College
Student Paper
Submitted to Perry High School
Student Paper
Submitted to EDMC
Student Paper
Submitted to Northcentral
Student Paper
Submitted to Volunteer State Community
College
Student Paper
FINAL GRADE
35/50

VaccinesandImmunization Week 2.docx
GRADEMARK REPORT
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Comment 1
Please review and use APA tit le page f ormat. Thank you.
PAGE 2
Comment 2
Please review ref erence f ormat.
Comment 3
This is a good summary of the article- what is needed f or this
week is qualitative nursing
research.
PAGE 3
Comment 4
As above.
VaccinesandImmunization Week 2.docxby Ram
PandeyVaccinesandImmunization Week 2.docxORIGINALITY
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Week 3 Revised Midweek
Assignment
research_proposal.docx
by Ram Pandey
Submission dat e : 11- Feb- 2019 09:4 1AM (UT C- 0500)
Submission ID: 107 637 634 8
File name :
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Week 3 Revised Midweek Assignment research_proposal.docx
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to Furman University
St udent Paper
Submitted to University of New South Wales
St udent Paper
myprof ile.cos.com
Int ernet Source
Submitted to Grand Canyon University
St udent Paper
Submitted to South Piedmont Community
College
St udent Paper
www.tandf online.com
Int ernet Source
Bacterial Inf ections of Humans, 1998.
Publicat ion
Exclude biblio graphy Of f
FINAL GRADE

42/50
Week 3 Revised Midweek Assignment research_proposal.docx
GRADEMARK REPORT
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
PAGE 2
PAGE 3
Comment 1
Ram,
T his needs to be o ne sentence abo ut what yo u are
researching- educatio n o n increasing
vaccinatio n rates?
Comment 2
T his review is the week 4 assignment. I have been unable to f
ind a hypo thesis and null
hypo thesis.
PAGE 4
Comment 3
T hese details are f o r a f utuer assignment.
Comment 4

T he individuals are the po pulatio n being studied.
PAGE 5
Comment 5
What data is being co llected? I am unclear o n what the
intervnetio n wo uld be?
What is being "do ne"- the independent variable?
What is being measured- the dependent variable.
PAGE 6
Comment 6
What pro ject?
I am still unable to determine what the pro po sal is f o cused
upo n. T his inf o rmatio n appears to
state that vaccinatio ns reduce illness. T his has been stro ngly
pro ven in many studies
Comment 7
T his so unds like the research has been co nducted.
T he assignments in this co urse are f o cused o n yo ur pro po
sal.
PAGE 7
Comment 8

T his is a very stro ng statement. Perso nal o pinio n is disco
uraged in research.
PAGE 8
Week 3 Revised Midweek Assignment
research_proposal.docxby Ram PandeyWeek 3 Revised
Midweek Assignment research_proposal.docxORIGINALITY
REPORTPRIMARY SOURCESWeek 3 Revised Midweek
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VaccinesandImmunization2.doc
by Ram Pandey
Submission dat e : 26- Jan- 2019 06:05PM (UT C- 0500)
Submission ID: 10688634 88
File name : VaccinesandImmunizatio n2.do c
Word count : 97 9
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academic.oup.com
Int ernet Source
Submitted to Shef f ield Hallam University
St udent Paper

bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com
Int ernet Source
Submitted to Southwestern Oklahoma State
University
St udent Paper
FINAL GRADE
36/45
GRADEMARK REPORT
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Comment 1
Please review APA title page f o rmat. T hank yo uj.
PAGE 2
PAGE 3
PAGE 4
Comment 2
Please adhere to the o ne page per article guideline. T hank yo
u.

VaccinesandImmunization2.docby Ram
PandeyVaccinesandImmunization2.docORIGINALITY
REPORTPRIMARY
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Immunization Frame Work Paper
Week 5.doc
by Ram Pandey
Submission dat e : 20- Feb- 2019 10:28PM (UT C- 0500)
Submission ID: 1081209180
File name : Immunizatio n_Frame_Wo rk_Paper_Week_5.do c
Word count : 57 6
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Immunization Frame Work Paper Week 5.doc
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to EDMC
St udent Paper

FINAL GRADE
35/50
Immunization Frame Work Paper Week 5.doc
GRADEMARK REPORT
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Comment 1
Ram, please use APA title page f o rmat.
PAGE 2
Comment 2
I am unclear o n this- research o f articles-
Comment 3
Please clarif y this sentence.
PAGE 3
Comment 4
T his sectio n needs to be specif ic to yo ur prppo sal.
Comment 5
T his sectio n is very unclear- ho w do es this theo ry apply to

yo ur research pro po sal?
PAGE 4
Comment 6
Please review ref erence f o rmat. T hank yo u.
Immunization Frame Work Paper Week 5.docby Ram
PandeyImmunization Frame Work Paper Week
5.docORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY
SOURCESImmunization Frame Work Paper Week
5.docGRADEMARK REPORTFINAL GRADEGENERAL
COMMENTSInstructor
Running head: VACCINES AND IMMUNIZATION
1
Vaccines and Immunization
Ram Pandey
South University
NSG6101
Dr. Ellen Rearick
January 23, 2019
Vaccines and Immunization
Miller, E. (2015). Controversies and challenges of vaccination:
an interview with Elizabeth Miller. BMC Medicine, 13, 1–5.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0508-z
There have been several questions that was answered by
Professor Elizabeth Miller who is a an expert in the whole
world on immunization problem solving and a central adviser on
immunization policy. Elizabeth says that the medication or the
vaccines are different from other medications because they need
to be given to healthy peoples in the masses, who are mostly
children, this is done to keep diseases from spreading and those
diseases can not hurt people any more. She says that being
worried about the safety of vaccines is a wise and therefore
perfectly rightful obligation for people in the world. She also
mentions that when precautionary signals arise, these things
must be examined right away and with out any delay. She said
that our concern is legitimate as our children get these vaccines
and we need to protect them at any cost.
So, our concern for the vaccine is a legitimate one. This article
has come up with it seems 5 distinct parental attitudes towards
vaccinations, one is people who do not question it it’s important
to have your kids get vaccinated when every its necessary, they
are about 30-40 % then there are the cautious acceptor type they
are about 25-35%. These are the parents and people whom
might are concerned minimally but usually go forward with
immunization by asking a question or two about the different
side effects and disease risks of the vaccine. Another group is
called the hesitant group about 20-30% who usually have
important objection or worry about vaccination endangerment
and benefits.
So, for some of these group of people one thing is the most
important thing than anything else is trust in the doctor, if they
ask some questions and they are satisfactorily and completely
answered by their doctors or nurses then they will go ahead with
the vaccination. There are another group who are called the late
group or selective vaccinator who are comprised of about 2-27%

of the population, this group particular worry in regards to some
immunizing agent or questionable phenomena, like resistant
burden, and these parents are usually very well-educated.
They are some of the parents who needs the most time and need
the most elaborated data about the medication pros and cons.
They might also need to make another schedule to think and
then come back to take the vaccine. The last one are the refuser
who comprise of little less of the two percent they are
oftentimes driven by their religion, philosophy, or some other
beliefs. Usually this kind of radical people will never get
vaccinated no matter what you do.
Sodha, S. V., & Dietz, V. (2015). Strengthening routine
immunization systems to improve global vaccination coverage.
British Medical Bulletin, 113(1), 5–14.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldv001
These days in developing countries the vaccine and the program
for immunization has become very expensive. Where people
other then the top 1 percent can not afford them any more. Our
present-day worldwide immunization reporting calculation are
an figuring 84% of children do not have 3 DTP medicine in the
year that they are born, reason for this is because 14.8 million
(68%) lived in countries like (India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Ethiopia,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Vietnam, Mexico,
South Africa and Kenya); more importantly, 10.9 million (50%)
of these children are living in just three countries: India,
Nigeria and Pakistan. Even though 129 (66%) countries come
through and get ≥90% national DTP3 coverage in 2012, only 56
(29%) acquired ≥80% DTP3 coverage in all district,
highlighting the need to reduce coverage disparities within
countries. This disconnect between the national immunization
coverage and subnational coverage highlights the current
challenge faced by countries, which must address inequity
between subnational levels to improve national coverage and to

improve herd immunity.
Country ownership is currently a large barrier in several
countries, particularly many of the countries that has the largest
population of children who are not immunized. In these
countries, not safe and inconvenience national preparation
combined with faint capability for development their national
policies has led to bad and improper governance of national
immunization services. In laymen terms, what this means is
that politics and money hungry people do not want to get the
vaccines or immunization to the poor people for who the
government pays for or for the people that WHO or other non-
profitable organizations pay for as this money sometimes goes
to one place and gets stuck there and never comes out. But there
are also places where these things are very hard to get to like
India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan or some of the African
regions or Nepal, some of these countries have secluded areas
where foreigners are not allowed as they are war zones or
difficult to get into as there are mountains or deserts or terrorist
camps where even doctors or nurses are not allowed or trusted.
As per the article worldwide immunization amount has been
considerably bettered from <5% of kids vaccinated in 1974 to
84% DTP3 kids covered in 2013, but many different objection
still are not solved because to improve the coverage of global
immunization we are still not fully there yet. Besides the
exploding quality and cost of contemporary day immunization
method, so many different possibilities exist to modify everyday
immunization systems with accrued resource through different
opportunities and worldwide business organizations. But for
our world wide immunization coverage to change for the better
in a major way, many different organizations and people and
their attempts will be necessary in so many different areas
where we will need to be custom-made to the particular

necessity of particular people and for certain different
developing or developed countries.
Running head: IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNIZATION
1
IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNIZATION
2
Vaccination and Immunization
Name
University
Course
Professor
February 3rd, 2019
Introduction
Immunization is a process whereby an individual, especially a
child below six years, is made resistant against an infectious

illness. Immunization is done through administrating some
medicine commonly known as vaccines. Vaccines are
administered in an individual’s body orally or though injections.
Vaccines are of great importance in that they boost the body’s
immunity thus preventing the individual from being infected
with the disease later in life.
Immunization is one of the tools that have been proven to
drastically reduce the number of deaths in the world.
Approximately two million deaths have been avoided annually
because parents are informed about the necessities of
immunizing their children (Russell, 1998). Thus, with effective
medical support from organizations such as WHO (World
Health Organization), the immunization processes is able to
reach majority of the population even the hard-to-access group
of people in the society. With improved medical services
brought about by improved infrastructure, WHO has an aim to
ensure each person receives proper immunization during
childhood. Proper immunization will reduce infant mortality
rates due to proper health service
Statement of problem
There is some great relationship between the rate of survival in
immunized children and mortality rates due to diseases caused
by lack of immunization. Immunization has led to increased
chances of survival in children. However, there are still some
children who cannot fully access vaccines due to certain factors
that affect them. The factors that limit them from accessing
vaccines provide some base for research to be carried out.
Objectives
The objectives of this research include:
a) To determine the reason why some people still do not want
their children to undergo immunization.
b) To not only understand the political problems but also the
economic and philosophical difficulties the unimmunized
children undergo later in life.
c) To clearly understand the importance and benefits of
parents ensuring their children are immunized.

Immunization and vaccination of a newborn are of significant
impact to an individual later in life. With vaccination, there
have been some positive results in the healthy life of immunized
population. How important is immunization? What are the
repercussions of escaping the immunization process to an
individual?
Literature review
The EVM (Effective Vaccine Management) initiative is an
initiative whose duty is to provide materials that monitor the
supply of vaccines. The process must be monitored because with
time there has been a rise in the cost of vaccines. Therefore, the
stock level must be kept at minimum levels as planned by the
medical department without wastage of resources so that it can
be enough for the population. Logistic support has to ensure
that there is a supply of high-quality equipment and vaccines
(Markowitz, 2007). A well-managed logistic support program
will ensure that there are reduced cases of adverse side effects
brought about by the vaccines. WHO should also come with
methods to improve the lives of the unvaccinated since they
suffer a lot from fatal diseases. The organizations should also
try to change the mentality of individuals who are against
immunization
Theoretical Framework
Research shows that effective vaccination and immunization of
children in the whole population will lead to an improved health
life of an individual. With the presence of modern statistical
programs used for analysis such as STATA, there will be an
efficient analysis of variables available in this research.
Methodology
Research Design
Use of questionnaires as sources of information for the
research, therefore, means this research would focus hugely on
descriptive research design. The population used in the study
shows that they are the variables of the research.
Research Context

The context of this research involves the detailed study of
difficulties faced by individuals who do not access vaccination
facilities. The context, therefore, elaborates how vaccination
facilities can reach those who do not access them and even
those who are against the use of vaccines. The context also
shows the improvement of healthy life in individuals who
access vaccination services while young. WHO aims of reaching
every person is also a research context that is present in the
study?
Procedure
Participants
The participants of this research entail individuals of two types,
those who have been immunized and those who have not been
immunized. The presence of the two types of individuals is
necessary as it clearly shows the effect of being immunized and
not being immunized. There are also some biostatisticians who
deeply analyze the findings in the research.
Materials
Analytical programs such as STATA and SAS will highly be
required in the analysis of the findings. Questionnaires have
also been included in the collection of primary data that is
necessary for the research.
Methods of Data Collection
Several methods have been used in the collection of data. Such
means include the use of questionnaires and the use of medical
records. Use of questionnaires has taken place from ward-based
records to ensure easier responding from the respondents. Use
of medical records will be limited to medical practitioners since
they are the ones with the primary type of information.
Information received will later send through email to enhance
faster transfer of information.
Methods of Data Analysis
STATA will be used in the analysis of data obtained during the
research. The use of STATA makes it easy in making
comparisons and determining the association between variables
(Friese, 2008). One can develop some regression analysis

between variables while using STATA thus making it quite
useful in the analysis of data.
Discussion
Introduction
The most important part of the research is to understand the
relationship between vaccination and immunization of young
children with the improvement in a healthy life. There is a need
to understand other factors surrounding the immunization and
un-immunization of children below the age of six years. This
implementation of the vaccination program is the reason why
there is a need to use theoretical models before carrying out
tests of the different hypothesis (Murphy, 1993). Empirical
methods used for the study involves data from different health
organizations to realize the success of various projects. The
study, therefore, helps to analyze various literature before
coming up with a hypothesis and going ahead to test its validity.
It, therefore, gives an opportunity to study the relationship
between the immunization program and the population’s health.
This research clearly shows that people who have had their
children immunized have reduced medical health problems
whereas people who have their children not undergone any
immunization program have several diseases which can result in
infant mortality. For instance, there has been an increased infant
population in India due to the oral administration of the
monovalent vaccine against polio. There is also an improvement
in the population’s health due to the administration of
diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, tuberculosis, measles and polio
vaccines by the national immunization program in India.
Nigeria has come up with pentavalent vaccine against
diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis and influenza
through a single doze. Sweden also has an immunization
program that ensures everyone is immunized against nine
diseases which are rubella, pneumococcus, haemophilus
influenza type b, mumps just to mention but a few. National
immunization programs in the mentioned countries have been of
great significance as they have improved the populations’ health

in general and reduced rate of deaths caused by lack of
vaccination.
The significance of the Proposed Research
The proposed research has been useful in finding a solution to
population who has not yet undergone vaccination during its
childhood. It also finds a way in which the whole population
can access medical services after birth with reduced payments.
The research will also be an addition to the improvement of
medical services in the medical department.
Research Limitations
The research about vaccination comes along with several
limitations. Some of its limitations include computation of a
large amount of data, inadequate supply of funds and
vaccination programs taken for granted. Nigeria is one of the
most densely populated countries in the world. The high
population in the less developed countries results to inadequate
vaccines available in Nigeria hence some children are not
vaccinated. Among the high population, there are still some
people who do not access education thus they only believe in
vaccine misconceptions. Large population in Nigeria results to
computation of huge data from different health organizations
makes difficult and tiresome to analyze the data effectively.
Secondly, there has not been enough supply of funds. For
instance, there is little investment of vaccination in India due to
insufficient funds. India also focuses on eradication of polio
thus little funds left to cater for other vaccines (Peyre, 2009).
Finally, some countries like Sweden have been providing with
mandatory vaccines which contain additives that are not healthy
and those not meant for children leading to health issues in
children.

References
Friese, C. R. (2008). Hospital nurse practice environments and
outcomes for surgical oncology patients. Health service
research, pp. 1145-1163.
Markowitz, L. E. (2007). Human papillomavirus
vaccination:recomendations of the Advisory Committee of
Immunization Practices(ACIP).
Murphy, T. V. (1993). Declining incidence of Haemophilus
influenzae type b disease since introduction of vaccination. pp.
246-248.
Peyre, M. S.-E. (2009). Avian influenza vaccination in Egypt:
limitations of the current strategy. Journal of molecular and
genetic medicine : an international journal of biomedical
research., 198.
Russell, D. G. (1998). Effective immunization against cutaneous
leishmaniasis with defined membrane antigens reconstituted
into liposomes. The Journal of Immunology., 1274-1279.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5

Vaccination and Immunization of Children under the age of 5 in
India and Switzerland
Research Methodology
Student’s Name
Institution
Course
Date
Running Head: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1
Research Methodology
Introduction
The process of conducting research entails specific procedures
and techniques that need to be followed. These procedures
outline how information regarding a topic will be selected,
processed and analyzed. Additionally, this is also where a
reader finds out the reliability and validity of the study, thus
giving it the scientific touch. There are different types of
research methodology chosen depending on the nature of the
study. The two board types are qualitative and quantitative.
There are four main types of quantitative research designs:
descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental and experimental
while there are 5 types of qualitative research: ethnography,
narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory, and case study
(Creswell & Clark, 2017). This study intends to determine
reasons why children under the age of 5 are not
vaccinated/immunized. The researcher identified political
problems and wants to help readers understand the importance
and benefits of immunizing children under the ae of 5.
Therefore, the study will be qualitative in nature, specifically a
descriptive study. This will allow the researcher to provide a
better and deeper understanding as to why vaccination of
children under the age of five is important. It makes this

possible by allowing inquiries to be done on participants.
Results from such a study form a firm basis for policy decision
making, something that the researcher aims to achieve.
Extraneous Variables (and plan for how controlled).
These are variables that will not be involved directly in the
study. In this case, variables such as the parent’s literacy levels,
as well as the location, household wealth and size will be
extraneous variables. The parent’s literacy level is bound to
affect their decision as to whether they are willing to let their
child get immunized or not. The region where they stay is also a
factor that could easily influence the environmental conditions
that justify vaccination. Finally, household size and wealth can
also be a determining factor. All these variables will be
included in the questionnaire, where the respondents will be
asked to indicate their literacy levels, location, household
wealth and size. These will then be factored out when analyzing
data.
Instruments
Validity, and reliability estimates
Christensen, Johnson, and Turner (2011) defined the validity of
a research instrument as its ability to measure all the variables
chosen for the study. This, therefore, is determined by the kind
of questions included in the research questionnaire. They should
be able to measure one element at a time, be clear and precise
on the nature of their inquiry. Reliability, on the other hand,
was also described by Christensen, Johnson, and Turner (2011)
as the level of consistency indicated by the scale of a research
instrument. Consistency means that in the event that the study is
conducted again, say twice or three times, then the results
obtained will be similar. As indicated by Cho and Kim, (2015),
the best way to achieve reliability is to have a consistent scale
measuring all the question included in the questionnaire. A five-
point Likert scale that will be adopted by this study so as to
give the respondent a wider range of answers on which to
provide their view about a statement or question. The scale will
be verified using Cronbach’s alpha derived from SPSS (Version

22) to determine its suitability. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.6 and
above will indicate that the scale is reliable (Cho & Kim, 2015).
Description of the Intervention
This study intends to identify the relationship between
vaccination and immunization of young children below the age
of 5 thereby providing insights into why it is important for them
to do so. The purpose of the research study, therefore, is to find
a lasting solution for all parents looking to decide whether to
vaccinate their children. The results will also help find the best
way for the whole population to access medical services after
birth to reduce the high cost of payments made to access them.
Data Collection Procedures
The main research instrument that will be used in this research
study is the questionnaire. A questionnaire is a form containing
a set of questions submitted to a specific target population to
gain statistical information regarding a particular topic (Patten,
2016). In this case, the questionnaire will be used to collect
information from participants who have been immunized and
those who have not been immunized. The process of data
collection will first involve finding a sample from the
population. This sample will be arrived at by using a stratified
sampling technique where the entire population will be divided
into strata (individuals with social, economic, or educational
status). Simple random sampling will then be used to select the
preferred sample from each stratum which will then be a pool to
form a sample size. The questionnaire will then be distributed to
the selected sample on a drop and collect later method. They
will then be analyzed and the information obtained used to make
conclusions and recommendations.
References
Cho, E., & Kim, S. (2015). Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: Well-
known but poorly understood. Organizational Research
Methods, 18(2), 207-230.

Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2011).
Science and Research. Research methods, design, and analysis,
20-22.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and
conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.
Patten, M. L. (2016). Questionnaire research: A practical guide.
Routledge.
Running head: METHODOLOGY 1
METHODOLOGY 2
Methodology
Ram Pandey
South University
Methodology

Sample/Setting
This research will be conducted in three countries; Nigeria and
India as developing countries and Switzerland as a developing
nation. Data from the study will be retrieved from the most
recent Demographic Health Surveys of the following countries:
Switzerland – a developed country, and India and Nigeria –
developing countries. All the data that will be obtained will be
represented of the respective countries. A semi-structured
questionnaire will be used to get information from the eligible
mothers and study design and methods will be uniform for each
nation. Therefore, a survey with a tiered structure shall be
conducted and the eligible sample participants will be nested in
households, and households included in primary sampling units
and regions (Olorunsaiye & Degge, 2016).
The sample population will only be women of reproductive age
(15-49 years old), and resided in the selected household or had
visited and slept in the household the day before the survey. A
total of 17, 789 women will be included in the survey.
Women whose children will not have immunization records will
not be involved in the survey. Additionally, data from strata
which will be comprised of single primary sampling units will
not be included in the survey.
Sampling Strategy
The survey will employ a two-stage stratified sampling
technique that will be applied to draw a sample of households as
well as individuals from primary sampling units. The population
sizes in the particular regions of the survey shall be estimated.
The extent to which immunization has to be done and the
prevalence of the kinds of diseases vaccinated against will be
determined and the desired level of confidence (Olorunsaiye &
Degge, 2016). By using a two-stage stratified sampling
technique, sampling will take place at two different stages.
Sampling will start by randomly selecting a sample of primary
units (districts). Then from each primary unit, eligible mothers
will be selected. Two-stage stratified sampling technique has
been deemed useful for this survey since it has pragmatic merits

and is famous for its flexibility (Olorunsaiye & Degge, 2016).
Individually, the number of primary (n1) and secondary (n2)
units can vary to account for different costs of sampling
primary versus secondary units and for the variability of the
characteristic being estimated between primary units and
between secondary units within primary units. The number of
clusters will be calculated as follows:
Research Design
The research design will be a cross-sectional survey research
design that will be conducted at a particular point in time (Pond
& Mounier-Jack, 2016. The following information will be
collected from the study population:
Outcome variables
The survey will generate an initial outcome variable which will
be a binary measure of whether or not a child was fully
vaccinated. Full immunization status is interpreted as a child
between 12 -23 months old who had been immunized fully as
per relevant guidelines in place in each country. Access for
most children is determined by coverage of Diphtheria 1 and
Diphtheria 3 and Measles. For instance, if it is vaccinated with
DPT1 at 6 weeks, the ability to access such a service is high.
Mother-Child Independent Variables
There will be two categories of independent variables namely,
individual (child and maternal) and district (contextual)
indicators (Zheng et al., 2013). Both the sets of variables
mainly dwelled on vital statistics.
District-Level Independent Variables
These variables captured the district ambient economic facts.
Additionally, to provide a rational of the environment-specific
challenges women faced, factors such as barriers to hospital
access, lack of husbands or someone accompanying them, as
well as the attitude of the healthcare workforce (Zheng et al.,
2013).

References
Olorunsaiye, C. Z., & Degge, H. (2016). Variations in the
Uptake of Routine Immunization in Nigeria: Examining
Determinants of Inequitable Access. Global Health
Communication, 2(1), 19-29.
doi:10.1080/23762004.2016.1206780
Pond, R., & Mounier-Jack, S. (2016). Comments on
“Monitoring vaccination coverage: Defining the role of
surveys”. Vaccine, 34(50), 6111.
doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.066
Zheng, Y., Yang, P., Wu, S., Ma, C., Seale, H.,
MacIntyre, C. R., & Wang, Q. (2013). A cross-sectional study
of factors associated with uptake of vaccination against
influenza among older residents in the postpandemic season in
Beijing, China. BMJ Open, 3(11), e003662.
doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003662

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