Mice Persuasive Essay

Mice Persuasive Essay
Mice are one of the most common household pests that you will see. They can live in any area in your property without being detected easily. Mice
are known carriers of diseases like leptospirosis and rat bite fever. You should eliminate them and their hiding place right away. It is better if you book
the services of a professional pest control company to get the job done.
Getting rid of a mouse infestation might seem like a tedious job to do. There are simple ways for you to get rid of these annoying pests. Plus, you
don't even have to use a fancy equipment to finish the task. All you need to use are a few mousetraps and you're good to go. Here are a few reliable
mice removal tips that every homeowner should be doing right now:
Seal Out
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Veterinary Assistant Case Study
What is a Veterinary Assistant A Veterinarian Assistant is the person responsible for signing in the client and owner. Keeping the peace whilst multiple
clients and their owners are in line. Also maintaining a clean workspace. And assist the Veterinarian and Veterinarian Technician in the case that the
client is difficult. In addition Assistants contact pet owner for results or reminder of clinic. As a member of the Countryside Mobile Vet team as a
Veterinarian Assistant one has the reward in helping domestic animals. Salary. The average for a Veterinarian Assistant that works a full time job at a
Vet clinic earns about $33,780 a year. But a Veterinarian Assistant that works at Countryside Mobile Vet earns about $14,508 roughly. Depending
...
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This virus is an extremely common cause of respiratory disease and often results in chronic, often life–long, infection with intermittent recurrences
causing respiratory and sometimes eye disease. It is spread easily through airborne respiratory secretions and direct contact with a carrier cat or
contaminated objects. Calicivirus a common viral infectious respiratory disease, it can also cause mouth sores resulting in severe oral pain. Spread by
direct contact with an infected cat or by contact with contaminated objects. The virus is very resistant to disinfectants and persists in the environment.
Panleukopenia a severe, highly infectious and sometimes fatal disease of the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system and the nervous system. The
disease is named for the characteristic severe decrease in white blood cells, the body's defense against disease. The virus is very persistent in the
environment. This virus spreads by direct contact with infected cats or by contact with viral particles in the

Keeping Your Dog Healthy Essay
Many people believe when they purchase a dog all it needs is food and water and vaccinations really aren't that important. Almost all pets need
vaccinations that are crucial to their wellbeing. The price of keeping pets healthy are quite high which is one reason why most owners refuse to get
their pets vaccinated, but the cost for vaccinations are nowhere near as expensive as the cost of treatment it takes to get a sick pet well again
There are five vaccinations dogs need every year, Rabies, DAPP, Lyme, Bordetella, and Lepto. "DuringVaccination, modified bacteria, a parasite or
virus is administered to your pet by injection or intra–nasally (though the nose). "The vaccination triggers an immune response within your pet's body to
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As of right now there are no tests that directly respond to the rabies virus but the "fluorescent antibody test is the most accurate" at helping diagnosing
this deadly virus. Unfortunately, there is not cure or treatment for the rabies virus. Once your pet has been infected, if not vaccinated before–hand, the
only option other than euthanasia is for the pet to be isolated and observed for 6 months and hope they survive.
The DAPP (Distemper/Parvo) vaccination protects your dog from contracting the Parvovirus which usually houses in the intestinal tract. The
parvovirus can be transmitted by contact with an infected dog, or even contact with infected feces, and infected feces can remain "active" in the
ground for five to seven months. The Parvovirus attacks the intestinal structure of the dogs organs and can lead to a massive loss of proteins, blood
and fluids usually the dog will become sick, losing its appetite, vomiting, and having bloody diarrhea which will result in the pet becoming very
lethargic. It usually takes three to seven days for symptoms to show after being infected with the Parvovirus. The Parvovirus can be treated if caught
in its early stages having a survival rate of eighty five percent or greater and if left untreated it has a mortality rate of ninety percent or

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Autoinjectors
1. Introduction
Mass casualty situations are common with most of the natural disasters like earth quake, tsunami, flood, avalanche, explosion, accidents, building
collapse, military operations and terrorism. Injuries and wound infections are very common in such disasters that need immediate management;
otherwise it may lead to morbidity and mortality. Medical management is very difficult at that situation as the access to hospital sector would be either
not possible or difficult. Autoinjectors are very much useful in emergency situations as it can make self administration possible. It can be used to
deliver drug either by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Autoinjector has got many advantages. It delivers the drug fast and gives better
bioavailability as it deliver the drug with a spray effect during administration. It is convenient and since the needle is inside the vial itself, the needle
phobia can be avoided.
1.1Natural disasters and infections
Natural disasters like tropical cyclones, geophysical disasters (earth quakes) and geomorphic disasters (avalanches and landslides) all these could lead
to outbreaks of infectious disease. There would be an increase in death which is directly associated with trauma, burn and crush – related ... Show more
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Aminoglycosides are used for serious infections due to gram negative bacilli. Structurally they have two aminosugars linked to hexose nucleus through
glycosidic linkage. Aminoglycosides are obtained from Streptomyces or Micromonospora species. Aminoglycosides are highly polar and hence are not
absorbed by oral route. All aminoglycosides resemble in their pharmacokinetic properties. They will not penetrate into the central nervous system and
normally administered topically, intravenously, intramuscularly or intrathecally. Most of the parenteral aminoglycosides are excreted as such in urine.
Aminoglycosides may cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neuromuscular blockade on long term

Detailed Description Of The Raccoon
Detailed description of the Raccoon The raccoon is a native mammal, measuring about 3 feet long, including its 12–inch, bushy, ringed tail. While most
Raccoons weigh between 12 and 22 pounds, raccoons can grow as large as 60 pounds as has been reported in some areas such as Washington,
Maine, and Minnesota. Additionally, their weights are dependent on their genetics, age, availability of food, and habitat location. Furthermore,
because their hind legs are longer than the front legs, raccoons tend to have hunched appearance when they walk or run. According to nature
magazine raccoons are very tactile animals, the five toes on their front paws are extremely dexterous, essentially functioning as five little fingers
which allow it to grasp and then manipulate food and a variety of other objects; hence, it is not surprising to see a raccoon picking up grapes and
berries very much like a human would. They are known for their exceptional hearing and night vision; the excellent hearing and night vision are both
very useful for locating small prey such as beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets. According to the article titled, Life and habitat of Raccoon (n.d),
"Raccoons are also outstanding climbers and are one of the very few animals that can descend a tree head–first –– a feat accomplished by turning their
paws 180 degrees". They are reluctant to swim even though they can swim. Worth noting is that raccoons are omnivorous, meaning they eat both plants
and animals, they tend to

Why Rats Are Crucial To Human Society
Rats should not be eradicated because they are crucial to human society. Although humans despise rats, they are useful to us in many ways. There are
many ways that rats serve a purpose that should make us think twice about eradicating them. Rats are used by scientists in medical testing because of
their genetic, biological and behavioral characteristics are like those of humans. Another reason rats are of importance to us is because of their impact
on the food chain. They play the part of both predator and prey. The first reason rats are important to humans is rats have a huge impact on the food
chain. They play the part of primary consumers, also known as predators. They eat eat bugs and pests and therefore keep their populations... Show more
Rats are especially annoying pests because they are forced to live close to humans and humans are disgusted by them. There are reasons we are
better off without rats. One of them is the fact that they start diseases like, Leptospirosis (also called Weil's disease), as mentioned "Floods see rat
population explode" Source: John Davison. They also started the bubonic plague during the 1330's in China. Rats also destroy some of humans food
supply and crops like in India, this was mentioned in "attack of the rats" by Victoria Gill. Lastly they ruin furniture, clothes, pipes and other items that
are used daily by humans, this was cited in the article "Rodent populations proliferate in some parts of Texas" by Paul Schattenberg. There are cons to
having big rat populations but we can't forget the

The Pros And Cons Of Vaccines For Animals
Administering vaccines to companion animals is a common practice intended to prevent the contraction of specific diseases by our pets. Like in
humans, animals can be protected from illness by staying up to date on their vaccinations, which can range from once every six months to once
every three years if kept current. However, there are those who choose not to vaccinate their pets and do not believe that vaccines are effective or
safe. Is this mindset acceptable, or can it be considered dangerous? Is it necessary to vaccinate our pets? Are there risks to getting regular vaccines,
and if so, what are they? Avaccine is, by definition, "a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent
organisms that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease" (Merriam–Webster, n.d.). In other words, living or
killed viruses or bacteria are injected into the body and used to create antibodies for diseases caused by those viruses or bacteria. For example, the
disease leptospirosis is caused by coming into contact with Leptospira bacteria through ingestion, being bitten by an infected animal, or having an open
wound or mucous membrane that can allow the bacteria to enter the body. It is also a zoonotic disease, meaning that humans can contract it from their
dogs, although this is uncommon (AVMA, n.d.). However, getting a yearly leptospirosis vaccine can help protect dogs from getting infected by the
bacteria

Pathogenic Leptospirosis: Zoonotic Disease
Leptospirosis is a globally distributed, but often neglected, zoonotic disease. Many mammalian species are carriers of pathogenic leptospires, although
rodents are by far the most common reservoir host (Picardeau, 2013). Pathogenic leptospires are shed in urine, and survive in the environment for a
prolonged period of time, especially in warm, humid climates. Accidental host infection occurs when the host directly contacts infected urine or
indirectly contacts leptospires shed into the environment. Leptospires enter the body via mucous membranes, compromised epithelial barriers, or
inhalation (Hartskeerl et al., 2011). Once inside the body, leptospires cause a transient bacteremia, then settle in the kidneys and liver. In animals,
resulting symptoms can range from mild to severe, and can include hemoglobinuria, icterus, uremia, abortion, infertility or death (Collins, 2015). In
humans, common symptoms of mild disease include fever, headache and occasionally jaundice. The disease in humans is particularly concerning
because of its high fatality rate in 5–15% of cases (Vieira et al., 2006, and Torgerson et al., 2015). Fortunately, antibiotic treatment for both humans and
animals is generally successful if... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, symptoms in people are variable and non–specific, and in animals, the disease is often subclinical (Hartskeerl et al., 2011). Furthermore, the
distribution of leptospirosis can be altered as a result of climactic and ecological changes, such as deforestation or global warming (Levett, 2001).
Different serovars of leptospirosis can adapt to new hosts, and serovar distribution within one species can even change as a result of vaccination
campaigns. Therefore, it is hard to estimate the global burden of disease, and accurately model infectivity and distribution patterns in people and
animals (Hartskeerl et al.,

Anaplasmosis Essay
Number of Anaplasmosis cases and time of year has a strong correlation with the majority of cases occurring in the fall months. Anaplasmosis is
endemic to the State of Kentucky because it is seen every year. Cattle producers can be aware of the trends and better prepare for external parasites in
the months of September through November when Anaplasmosis is most prevalent. Cattle producers in infected areas should stay cautious when
handling blood and avoid transmission between animals. Number of BVD cases and time of year has a moderate correlation with the majority of
cases occurring in the spring and fall months. BVD is endemic to the State of Kentucky because it is seen every year. BVD cases are predominantly
more clustered in central Kentucky.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Producers in heavily infected areas should test their herd and cull any infected animals. Number of Leptospirosis cases and time of year has a
strong correlation with the majority of cases occurring in the winter months. Leptospirosis is not endemic to the State of Kentucky because it is not
seen every year. Leptospirosis cases are clustered in western Kentucky, where large bodies of water are found. Cattle producers can be aware of the
trends and those areas more greatly infected should vaccinate more frequently. Number of Johne's Disease cases and time of year has a moderate
correlation with the majority of cases occurring in the spring and fall months. Johne's Disease is endemic to the State of Kentucky because it is seen
every year. Cattle producers can be aware of the trends to identify the optimum time for the disease to flare up in order to more easily cull infected
animals. Producers in heavily infected counties should test their herd and cull infected animals. Number of BLV cases and time of year has a slight
correlation with little changes made throughout the year. BLV is endemic to the State of Kentucky because it is seen every year. BLV is spread
consistently throughout the state. BLV is consistent throughout the year, throughout the state so cattle producers should be taking active steps toward
prevention year round. Cattle producers should manage external parasite populations year round and should stay cautious when handling blood to
avoid transmission between

Bioethical Dilemma Essay
The bioethical dilemma that I used in Module 1 was concerning animal testing and if it is reasonable to use animals in order for humans to advance
scientifically, specifically in medicine. There are several individuals who feel as if animals are tortured needlessly. Although this is a popular
viewpoint surrounding animal medicine, there are numerous rules and regulations ensuring that the animals are taken care of and treated humanely at
all times, a couple of which are the IACUC Guidelines and the Animal Welfare Act (references below). These provide a framework so that the
animals are not abused and we as a people may still conduct research in order to work towards various cures and treatments for the ill individuals in
our society. The dilemma is that most individuals feel a moral obligation to ensure that animals are treated well and unfortunately media coverages are
incomplete at best, leading those who are suspicious to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S. (2014, May). Philosopher Calls for End to Animal Experimentation. Bioethics. Retrieved from http://www.bioethics.net/2014/05
/philosopher–calls–for–end–to–animal–experimentation–and–more–is–there–a–reasonable–conception–of–animal–rights/
IACUC Guidelines: USDA Covered Species Survival Surgery. (2017, January). Retrieved from https://animal.research.uiowa.edu
/iacuc–guidelines–usda–covered–species–survival–surgery
Lee, C. G. (2016). The Animal Welfare Act at Fifty: Problems and Possibilities inAnimal Testing Regulation. Nebraska Law Review, 95194. Retrieved
from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.vlib.excelsior.edu/eds/detail/
detail?vid=4&sid=16b131e7–798b–4df9–892d–70db738a12f7%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN
Lyons, D. (2001). Utilitarianism. In L. C. Becker, & C. B. Becker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of ethics (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. Retrieved from

Infectious Disease Personal Statement
My interest in Infectious disease began even before entering residency half way across the world in the unique country of Nepal. Nepal is rich in
natural beauty with breath taking landscapes, diverse culture but is also one of the most impoverished. I had the privilege to witness first hand how
the dedicated physicians living there do the most with less in one of the most remotest parts of Nepal. Majority of the cases were infectious in nature
with differentials including organisms not as prevalent in the US: tuberculosis, typhoid, dengue, malaria, brucellosis and leptospirosis to name a few.
What the physicians lacked in resources, they made up their close attention to detail in both the history and the thoroughness of their physical exam.
My interest further developed during my residency years where I had the pleasure of working with seasoned infectious disease attendings and was
exposed to an array of pathology... even seeing a handful of extremely rare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I cannot envision myself going into private practice or being away from a teaching environment. I take pride and enjoyment in teaching and mentoring
my fellow interns and rotating medical students: be it through formal daily attending rounds or in a more intimate capacity as 1–on–1 tutoring of my
peers who feel that infectious disease is not their strongpoint.
The ideal program for me I feel is the one that maintains a good balance between clinical and academic aspects of infectious disease. I seek a
program that serves a wide and diverse populace accompanied by wide array of pathology of varying complexity, emphasizes the importance of
education, critical thinking, evidence based medicine, gives some aspect autonomy allowing its fellows to develop as independent clinicians and is
supported by a dedicated faculty which will help guide me in whichever career path in infectious disease I may wish to

The Small Indian Mongoose In Hawaiian Island
Huge waves crash against the sandy shores, their roar can be heard throughout the island. Tourists and locals alike lay in the blazing sand, soaking up
as much of the sun's beautiful rays as they can. The florescent birds sing and chirp to make their presence known to all the life around them. A
creature that resembles a squirrel scampers around searching for the perfect nest to rob. Many tourists find this fast little creature to be amusing, but
the locals know better. This little thief is known as the Small Indian Mongoose and it plagues many of the islands in the Hawaiian Island chain. The
Small Indian Mongoose was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands as a way to rid of the rats that were consuming the sugar cane crops. The people who
introduced this pest did not seem to notice that while the rats came out at night the mongoose came out during the day. This quickly became a problem.
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They have been feeding on the sea turtle and bird eggs on islands in the Hawaiian Island chain for over a century. Their feedings have greatly
contributed to many birds being put on the endangered species list. The endangered species are not the only ones being effected. A bacterial disease,
leptospirosis, can be found in mongoose feces. When the feces make their way into waterways it can greatly increase the risk of infection.
Leptospirosis can either show right away with flu–like symptoms or remain dormant for years. Long term effects of this bacterial disease is kidney
damage, liver failure, and, in extreme conditions, death. Small Indian Mongoose are a danger to both animals and humans. Currently the only method
to get rid of these vermin is to trap

Animal Health Fact Sheet Essay
1 Animal Health Fact Sheet INFECTIOUS REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES OF SMALL RUMINANTS Clell V. Bagley, DVM, Extension Veterinarian
Utah State University, Logan UT 84322–5600 June 2001 AH/Sheep/19 INTRODUCTION Several diseases which infect small ruminants result in
abortion or reduced fertility and some may also infect humans (zoonotic diseases). Each of the diseases listed below will be briefly outlined. Those
marked with an asterisk (*) may also cause human disease. Akabane Disease Bluetongue Disease Border Disease (Hairy Shaker) * Brucellosis Cache
Valley Virus * Campylobacter (vibrio) * Enzootic (Chlamydial) Abortion Flagellated bacterium (Flexispira rappini) * Leptospirosis * Listeriosis (see
the October 1999 International Animal... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vaccines have been used in Australia and Japan Treatment: None Human Effects / Prevention: No known effects. BLUETONGUE DISEASE Causative
Agent: Viral agent – 22 strains identified worldwide; 5 of those in U.S.; very little cross– protection between strains. The Epizootic Hemorrhagic
Disease Virus (EHDV), which affects white–tail deer, is a closely related virus and it may also affect cattle. Disease Signs: Adult cattle show few if
any signs. Sheep of any age may be affected and will show edema of head and ears as well as erosions of the mucous membranes and skin of the feet.
Resorption, autolysis or mummification of the conceptus, Birth of stillborn, weak, or dummy calves and lambs. Nervous system lesions –
hydrocephalus; cerebral cysts; other brain lesions. Spread of Agent: Primarily spread by a gnat (Culicoides variipennis) but also by semen from
infected bulls and transplacentally. This gnat uses breeding sites of fecal–contaminated shallow water, animal and human waste water lagoons, and
stagnant water in streams or ponds. Diagnosis: Viral isolation, but only if the fetus was infected in late–term pregnancy.3 Precolostral serum from
aborted or newborn fetus – for antibodies Prevention /

Should We Reduce The Amount Of Rattus On The Bay Of Plenty?
What Should We Do To Reduce The Amount Of Rattus In The Bay Of Plenty?
Rattus have been a problem in Bay Of Plenty for many years now. Something should happen to reduce the amount of Rattus to minimum. This report is
going to have some solutions to control the population of Rattus in the Bay Of Plenty. The Rattus can be controlled by the pest controllers and the Bay
Of Plenty Regional Council. The solutions include putting down a lot of rat traps and using 1080 poison.
Rattus?
Rattus also known as rats are in the Murids family and Rattus are nocturnal so that means the mostly come out at night. The most common rats in the
Bay Of Plenty are Roof rats also known as the Black rat and the Norway rat also known as the Brown rat. The Roof rat ... Show more content on
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Salmonella infection is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines
and are shed through feces. Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. The symptoms of this disease are
Depression, Dehydration and rough body coat, Distended/swollen abdomen, Diarrhea and weight loss, Spontaneous abortion (in pregnant rats),
Fatal (in most cases). The other disease is Leptospirosis. The definition of Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of humans and of horses, dogs,
swine, and other animals, caused by the spirochete Leptospira interrogates and characterized by fever, muscle pain, and jaundice, and in severe
cases involving the liver and kidney. The symptoms of Leptospirosis are a high temperature (fever) that is usually between 38C and 40C, chills,
sudden headaches, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle pain, particularly affecting the muscles in the calves and lower back. One other
way rats effect humans is there bait. Warfarin is a medicine that is used as a blood thinner and a component of rat poisoning this is used in the
warfarin medicine to make your blood thinner. Symptoms of rat poisoning may occur even if it is not ingested. When rat poisoning is ingested your
nose may start to bleed uncontrollably and cut may take longer to clot, and you'll probably start to notice that you bruise easily it may even occur
when you are wearing a watch, ring or

Chew On This And Its Effect On The Food Industry
Food, noun, is any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink in order to maintain life and growth. Many people don't know a lot about
where their food came from and who makes it, but there is way more behind the food. Working conditions are a huge problem across the country and
world.
To start with, many workers get injured and sick doing this job. There are many reports about body parts getting amputated during the meat process, but
the factory kept running and the limb was sold to the public. The book Chew on This has a list of injuries that includes: Employee's Eye Injured
When Struck By Hanging Hook, Employee Killed When Head Crushed by Conveyor, and many more. Employees are also susceptive to get many
diseases from touching the raw meat. Some of these diseases are brucellosis, erysipeloid, leptospirosis, and dermatophytosis. ... Show more content on
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The production lines go fast so they can keep up or beat their competitors and a result of that is all the injuries just listed. It also jeopardizes the safety
of the food and most importantly, the employees.
Lastly, some workers aren't allowed to take a break just to use the restrooms. Some of the employees are forced to pee on the floor near the meat that
people would eat soon. And they are still working, so they don't have enough time to stop and wash their hands which is another problem with the
assembly line going so fast.
Given these points, people need to know the working conditions of staffers because those are the people that are making the food you are about to eat
and there could be a problem behind those closed

Newfoundland Research Paper
The Newfoundland is a working dog from Newfoundland. It is a large, muscular breed ranging from 100–150lbs. They are highly affectionate, playful,
and easily trained furry giants. These characteristics are why I chose this breed. Their food requirements are similar to other giant dog breeds except
for a few key requirements. Newfoundlands, like other giant breeds, need high protein; however, this breed needs specifically beef or chicken dog
foods with meat being the first 2–3 ingredients. This is because Newfoundlands have an increased need for taurine, and the amino acids beef and
chicken provide (methionine and cytosine) help them naturally produce the amount of taurine they need ("Keeping your Newfoundland Healthy – A
Look at Diet & Condition.").... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teething toys are essential for all puppies including Newfoundlands. Teething toys assist in the shedding of deciduous teeth while also offering a good
medium for them to do so on. The price of teething toys are relatively cheap depending on the brand and type of toy wanted. The price $3.74 represents
the teething toy on chart 2. For house training and kenneling purposes, an extra–large dog crate is needed along with a leash and a collar that is
capable of adjusting to a fast–growing puppy. With this dog having a long thick coat meant for the water, it is also important to have grooming
supplies to manage such fur. An undercoat shedding rake will become a Newfoundland owner's best friend during the shedding season along with shed
control shampoo. This breed benefits from being outside and thrives in cold climates, so keeping its coat maintained especially during the summer
month will help the breed

Research Paper On Dog Umbrella
Have you ever wanted to protect your dog when walking it outside in harsh weather conditions? And never found a secure solution that is practical
and affordable enough for you and your dog. Then the dog umbrella is for you. It covers the entire body of your dog from the heavy rain and the
blazing sun while not disturbing it what so ever. This product hits two birds with one umbrella as it also functions as a padded and comfortable
harness, so you can walk and protect your dog at the same time. It is tremendously comfortable for your dog as the harness is padded and adjustable
to the size of your dog and the actual umbrella is made with one of the strongest and lightest materials known as carbon fiber. While the lining of the
umbrella is made

Rat Carry Diseases In The United States
In the United States, rat infestations are at an all–time high. The rodents carry diseases and gather in groups where food is easily accessible. The
diseases come from a rat's bite, rat urine, and rat feces. Other reasons exist as to why rats are dangerous. Rats are dangerous because it carries fleas
and ticks with them to your residence. The rats could come from sewers or trashcans and carry those particles and germs to your clean home. The ticks
and fleas carry additional diseases to the diseases rats carry. Along with small rodents nestled in a rat's fur, rats destroy a home through scratching and
gnarling walls, wires, plumbing, and insulation with their teeth and feet. Pet food and human food become unsanitary due to contamination.

Zoonotic Disease
The rate of zoonotic infectious human disease stood at 60% in 2012 and 75% emerging infectious diseases (Bryner). The increase in zoonosis attributes
from overpopulation that reshapes our environment with habitat modification and the brisk loss of biodiversity. Understanding and breaking the chain
of infection can stop transition of disease. Furthermore, education, containment, surveillance and the design and use of natural products ultimately will
curb the rise of zoonotic infectious diseases.
Humans, animals and the environment represent the interactive disciplines of the public health triad, hence zoonotic diseases spread from animal to
human or vice versa because of environmental circumstances. Consequently, the overpopulation of the world ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Subsequently, all microorganism have the ability to cause infection; virulence (ability to grow or multiply), and invasiveness (ability to enter tissue)
and pathogenicity (cause disease) defines infectious disease (VDH). The reservoir is the place where the microorganism lives and thrives examples of
these places are as follows; water, food, toilet seats, elevator buttons, human feces, respiratory secretions (VDH). Next, the portal of exit where the
organism leaves the reservoir through a mode of transmission, and the organism is transported from one carrier to an additional either through direct
transmission or indirect from the host (VDH). Succeeding, a portal of entry where the contagious disease enters the host body by way of mucus
membranes, open wounds, or tubes inserted in body cavities for example, a feeding tube (VDH). Finally, the susceptible host is the person at risk for
developing the infection for the disease. Additionally, there are several factors for a host to be susceptible to contract the virus including, young and
old people, individuals with underlying chronic diseases for example; asthma, diabetes, weakened immune systems, medications, invasive devices and
malnutrition

Asthma Research Paper
In 1998, Hurricane Mitch plummeted six feet of rain on Central America in 3 days. In its wake, the incidence of malaria, dengue fever, cholera, and
leptospirosis soared. In 2000, rain and three cyclones inundated Mozambique for six weeks, and the incidence of malaria rose fivefold. In 2003, a
summer heat wave in Europe killed tens of thousands of people, wilted crops, set forests ablaze, and melted 10 percent of the Alpine glacial mass.
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a collaboration of more than 2000 scientists from 100 countries. In 2001, the panel
concluded that humans are playing a major role in causing these changes, largely through deforestation and the combustion of fossil fuels that produce
heat–trapping ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Temperature constrains the range of microbes and vectors, and weather affects the timing and intensity of disease outbreaks. Disease–bearing ticks in
Sweden are moving northward as winters become warmer, and models project a similar shift in the United States and Canada. The encroachment of
human housing on wilderness and reductions in the populations of predators of deer and competitors of mice are largely responsible for the current
spread of Lyme disease. Mosquitoes, which can carry many diseases, are very sensitive to temperature changes. Warming of their environment– within
their viable range – boosts their rates of reproduction and the number of blood meals they take, prolongs their breeding season, and shortens the
maturation period for the microbes they disperse. In highland regions, as permafrost thaws and glaciers retreat, mosquitoes and plant communities are
migrating to higher ground.
Extremely wet weather may bring its own share of ills. Floods are frequently followed by disease clusters: downpours can drive rodents from burrows,
deposit mosquito–breeding sites, foster fungus growth in houses, and flush pathogens, nutrients, and chemicals into waterways. Milwaukee's
cryptosporidium outbreak, for instance, accompanied the 1993 floods of the Mississippi River, and norovirus and toxins spread in Katrina's wake.
Major coastal storms can also trigger harmful algal blooms ("red tides"), which can

Essay about The Liver and Its Functions
The Liver is the body's largest gland, weighing about three to four pounds. It is located beneath the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of
the abdominal cavity. Without the liver, our bodies would be poisoned and unfit for us to do anything at all. It is a metabolically active organ
responsible for many vital life functions. The primary functions of the liver are: Bile productions and excretion. Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol,
hormones, and drugs. Metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Enzyme activation. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. Synthesis of
plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors. And blood detoxification and purification.
The liver is the body's energy factory. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bile moves into the gallbladder via tiny tubes. The bile is stored in the gallbladder and waits, becoming concentrated, for the signal to be released
into the duodenum aiding in digestion. Without bile, the body could not digest fats, as fats do not absorb into water. The bile acts as a detergent and
allows the two to mix.
The liver is an unusual organ because nearly every one of its cells is exactly alike. The working cells of the liver are known as hepatocytes.
Hepatocytes have a unique capacity to reproduce in response to liver injury. Liver regeneration can occur after surgical removal of a portion of the
liver (hepatectomy) or after injuries that destroy parts of the liver. And this regeneration can adjust its size to match its host. Within a week after
partial hepatectomy, hepatic mass is back essentially to what it was prior to surgery. Even though the liver has the ability to react to damage and can
repair itself, repetitive insults can produce liver failure or deadly diseases, infections, and disorders. A few such diseases are viral hepatitis, yellow
fever, and rubella. Some of the disease caused by bacteria are amebic dysentery, leptospirosis, and streptococcal infections. These diseases can fatally
damage the liver.
Liver failure is the acute failure of the liver to perform its body function. Proteins that allow the blood to clot are not produced so the patient bruises
and bleeds easily. A viscous fluid will sometimes collect

Cow-Calf Livestock Operation
For this task of building an management plan around a livestock operation, I chose to build a cow–calf operation that consists of crossbred Angus
cattle. The Angus cattle brought in will be bred with Hereford heifers or cows. Hereford cattle are exceptional mothers and are known for great
calving ease. This is one area that should not be stressed about come calving season when this is an cow–calf operation. Angus cattle were selected
because they are the most desirable when selling for meat quality and overall profit back to the seller. From research many owners have had great
outcomes with using this cross of cattle. Yes, still popularly used but still a profitable cross to breed. When breeding these cattle, high fertility
Angus bulls will be used. Some of the bulls with be bred to straight Angus cows and heifers, while others will be bred to pure or mixed Hereford
cows and heifers. Around 20 bulls will be present in this herd, noting that many head in this herd are of the younger age and not ready to breed. This
number of high fertility bulls will ensure that most of the cows should be bred by the time breeding season is coming to an end. Around the time for
breeding season to end, all female cattle will be brought in to be preg–checked. If not pregnant, that cow will be separated into a corral and will need to
be artificially inseminated. Once all cows have gone through, the females that need to be artificially inseminated will wait until the next day or couple
days to

The Effects Of Icteric Leptospirosis With Renal Failure
Leptospira was isolated and identified as the cause of icteric leptospirosis with renal failure called Weil 's disease by Adolf Weil about 100 years ago,
almost simultaneously but independently it was identified as an occupational hazard of rice harvesting in china and japan, an identical syndrome was
identified in sewer works in Europe. Since that time leptospires have been isolated from almost all mammalian species on every continent except
Antarctica. leptospirosis is now recognized as the most widespread zoonosis disease worldwide and a major cause of disease in many domestic animal
species. (Levet).
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, many animals can spread leptospirosis pets and farm animal, rodents, raccoons, opossums. There are two ways to
contact the disease, drinking contaminated water or by swimming, rafting or kayaking of by coming in contact with soil contaminated with urine or
bodily fluids of infected animals. The second way of contamination is by coming in direct contact with urine or bodily fluids of an infected animal for
example in a hospital setting. Individuals most at risk are farmers, mine worker?s slaughterhouse workers, veterinary and animal caretakers, fisherman
and people who work with fish, and military personnel and those involve in water outdoors activities (control). The disease if more prominent in areas
with inadequate sewage, and tropical regions, epidemics are usually seen in extreme weather patterns. (Lunn) Leptospirosis is

What Is Leptospirosis Infection?
What is Leptospirosis Infection in Cats?
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases, infecting both domestic and wild animals. It is acquired through the bacteria burrowing
into the cat 's skin. The disease enters the skin and then reproduces in the kidneys, central nervous system, eyes, liver and reproductive system via the
bloodstream. Though many cat 's immune systems are able to quickly produce antibodies and fight off leptospirosis, the condition can cause severe
organ damage in the kidneys and liver.
Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in cats that can be fatal. The disease is zoonotic, meaning that it can spread from the cat to other
animals and humans. Children, elderly adults and those with weak immune systems are especially at risk for acquiring the parasitic bacteria from their
cat.
Symptoms of Leptospirosis Infection in Cats
Though the disease quickly spreads throughout the entire body, the extent of symptoms will depend on the overall health and immune system of the cat.
Shivering
Weakness
Sudden fever
Stiff gait
Reluctance to move
Refusal to eat
Vomiting that may contain traces of blood
Diarrhea that may contain blood
Increased thirst and urine output that may progressive to no urination due to kidney failure
Bloody vaginal discharge
Dehydration
Coughing

Breathing difficulty
Fast, irregular pulse
Depression
Mild lymph node swelling
Runny nose
Causes of Leptospirosis Infection in Cats
The disease comes from an

World of Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis: It's Causes, Symptoms, Complications,
Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment.
I.Introduction
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection affecting both humans and animals. It is acquired through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or by
contact with a urine–contaminated environment such as floodwater, soil, and plants. The bacteria enter the body through broken skins, eyes, nose or
mouth.
As of October 26, the Department of Health (DOH) has recorded a total of 2,158 cases including 167 deaths. Leptospirosis cases in Metro Manila have
increased by as much as 174 percent since last year. Leptospirosis cases reached its peak from October 14 to 19, with hospitals reporting up to 350
cases a day.
This term paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Egyptian campaign, Napoleon's army suffered from what was probably infectious jaundice. Infectious jaundice occurred among troops
during the American Civil War.It was also reported among troops at Gallipoli and other battles of World War I, where the sodden conditions of trench
warfare favored infection. Terms used in early 20th century descriptions of leptospirosis include the pseudo–dengue of Java, seven–day fever, autumn
fever, Akiyama disease, and marsh or swamp fever. L icterohaemorrhagieae was identified as the causative agent in Pre
–World War II outbreaks in
Japan, which were characterized by jaundice and a high mortality rate.
In October 2010 British rower Andy Holmes died after contracting Weil's disease.
Causes
Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochaete bacterium called Leptospira spp. that has at least 5 serovars of importance in the United States and Canada
causing disease in dogs (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Bratislava).
There are other (less common) infectious strains. Genetically different leptospira organisms may be identical serologically and vice versa.

Different Theories And Models Of Care Used At The Atherton...
Rural and remote Australia refers to those areas outside of major cities and are made up of many diverse towns including pastoral, farming, mining, and
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. The Atherton Tablelands, a highland region of northern Australia near Cairns, is classified as a rural
and remote area. This essay will provide a profile on Atherton including the demographical, geographical, environmental, and cultural features as well as
how these factors impact on the health of individuals within the community. It will all discuss the various theories and models of care used at the
Atherton Hospital, the role of the registered nurse and the multidisciplinary team. The specific knowledge and clinical skills required for registered
nurses will also be outlined, as well as examples of how these skills could be demonstrated.
Atherton is a town located within the Tablelands Region in Far NorthQueensland, 90 kms south–west of Cairns. The Atherton Tablelands is known
for its mild climate with temperatures ranging from 5В°C to 25В°C (Local Tourism Network, 2016). In 2014 the population in Atherton was
approximately 10,886 with 5,117 males and 5,769 females, and an increasingly aging population trend (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016).
According to the 2011 census 7.1% of the population were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and in 2009 there was an unemployment rate of 7.6%
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). The area is well–known for its rich

Barbaric Poisoning Police Report
Police investigate sinister poisoning allegations of an 18 year old tennis star at Wimbledon Police are investing the claims of an 18 year old British
tennis promising star after she was allegedly poisoned at the Wimbledon and ended up in an intensive care unit. This incident definitely did not go
well on the online tennis lines which many sharp bettors normally rely on. Gabriella Taylor could not have it any other way than to withdraw midway
of the quarter final of this coveted Junior event after contracting a disease which was later diagnosed as leptospirosis, a fatal bacterial ailment that is
normally spread by animals. Extraordinary allegations were rife and that's when it came to light that the tennis prodigy may have been poisoned. The...
Leptospirosis is an infectious bacterial disease with animals serving as vectors. The disease has serious ramifications and in some rare cases it can lead
to organ failure. Milena Taylor told the Telegraph that she firmly established that her daughter was staying in completely healthy environment making it
impossible to have cause of her daughter's disease as environmental. She further confirmed that the infection team found that the bacterium is extremely
rare in Britain and what befell her daughter was not in any way remotely accidental. She added that her daughters bags containing her drinks were
frequently left in the players' lounge unattended and that someone with malicious intentions could have taken the chance to contaminate her drinks.
Miss Taylor tweeted on July 11 to bring to speed those who might be aware of her whereabouts that she had been admitted in Southampton general
hospital in the intensive care unit for four days. She went on to thank everyone for the support they had continued to afford her .What was nerve
wrecking in the tweet was the fact that she was suffering from unknown disease and the blood test results were yet to come

Wampanoag Essay
The Wampanoag' is a Native American individuals in North America. They were a free alliance comprised of a few tribes. Numerous Wampanoag
individuals today are selected in two governmentally perceived tribes, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, or four
state–perceived tribes in Massachusetts. In the start of the seventeenth century, at the season of first contact with the English, the Wampanoag lived in
southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, a domain that incorporated present–day Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket islands. Their populace
numbered in the thousands because of the extravagance of nature and their development of corn, beans and squash. Three thousand Wampanoag lived
on Martha's Vineyard alone.
From ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The primary Bible distributed in the provinces was a 1663 interpretation into Wampanoag by the teacher John Eliot. He made an orthography, which he
instructed to the Wampanoag. Many wound up plainly proficient, utilizing Wampanoag for letters, deeds and other notable reports. Since 1993 the
Wampanoag have been dealing with a dialect recovery. The WГґpanГўak Language Reclamation Project is a coordinated effort of a few tribes and
groups driven by prime supporter and chief Jessie Little Doe Baird. They have instructed a couple of youngsters, who have turned into the main local
speakers of WГґpanГўak in over 100 years. The venture is preparing grown–up instructors to achieve more youngsters and to build up an educational
programs for a WГґpanГўak–based school. Baird has assembled a 10,000–word lexicon from college accumulations of frontier reports in WГґpanГўak,
and additionally composing a sentence structure, accumulations of stories, and different

Should Dog Meat Trade Be Illegal
Most people in the world view dogs as a friendly, loving pet that will be by your side throughout your life. While in South Korea, China, Vietnam,
and the Philippines, a large number of people picture dogs as a juicy piece of meat ready to be cooked and eaten. Each one of these countries, breed
dogs and slaughter them for meat and it is considered, ВЁnormal" for them. The name for this dreadful action is called Dog meat trade. I believe that
people need to stop killing innocent dogs for their meat. Dog meat trade should be stopped because it is inhumane, causes disease and can lead to the
extinction of dogs. My first piece of evidence is that it is very inhumane. Emma Henderson from independent.co.uk says, "Dogs are kept in cages,
inhumanely killed on the street and served as 'dog hot pot'" Their deaths are horrific, there are many blows to the head, they leave the animals in a
semi–conscious state before being stabbed to death. "Every year tens of thousands of dogs are inhumanely transported from Thailand to neighbouring
countries where they are butchered by cruel and barbaric methods." says, soidog.org. These pieces of evidence is very cruel ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Onegreenplanet.org says, "One of the largest dangers of dog meat is the spread of rabies to both animals and people. In the Philippines,
approximately 10,000 dogs and 300 people are killed by rabies each year." They also said, "There is also a danger that bacterial infections like anthrax,
brucellosis, hepatitis, and leptospirosis can be spread through the meat to people."According to the Animal Cruelty Prevention Association, "The dog
meat trade is the only trade known to encourage the mass unregulated movement, sale and slaughter of millions of dogs each year, posing a significant
human health risk through the potential transmission of animal borne diseases, notably rabies, but also cholera and other deadly diseases."

Hurricane Maria Impact
Impact of hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico
Hurricane Maria made its landfall in Puerto Rico islands at the south east Costal town of Yabucoa at 11:15am BST on 09/20/2017 (mm/dd/yyyy)
with a wind speed of 155mph as a category 4 hurricane knocking out power in the islands which has a population of 3.5 million. Hurricane Maria hit
Puerto Rico islands just days after this region was hit by hurricane Irma. Hurricane Irma passed through north of Puerto Rico with a wind speed of 185
mph on 09/07/2017 (mm/dd/yyyy). Even though it did not make a landfall on Puerto Rico Hurricane Irma made significant damage by pushing the
island in to darkness without power and agricultural loss of over $45 million.
Picture describing the path of Hurricane Maria with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People of the islands were panicked and were thoughtless on how to act on this situation as they were just recovering by the damages of
Irma.Puerto Rico Islands started feeling the effects of Hurricane Maria even before it made a land fall. As a precautionary measure Electric board
in the islands had already taken away power. Puerto Rico island experienced wind of highspeed and high tide in the Atlantic Oceanwhich started to
flood the streets. Hurricane Maria made a landfall on 20th of September which made things even worse. Slowly sea started moving into the streets
and due to the highspeed winds of 155mph trees were falling on the grounds every now and then. The Guajataca dam which is one of the oldest
dams built in the year 1929 for the purpose of hydroelectricity, irrigation and drinking water use and which is located between city of San Sebastian,
Quebradillas and Isabela in Puerto Rico started to experience a structural failure on 22nd of Septemberrising fear of flash floods and evacuating
thousands of residents near the city of Isabela and

Puerto Rico Essay
Puerto rico was such a beautiful island before the big hurricane but they did have a lot of issue. They had many corruption and mismanagement in
their government. They also had electrical problems , they had frequent blackouts , so when the hurricane hit , the electrical problems worsen and was
destroyed quickly. Also they had problems with roads , bridges , dam , ports , hospitals , andwater treatment plants that have been decaying for years .
Financial issues was the main topic because they was already in debt so it will be hard for them to recover from the hurricane. They was already in a
hole so this just made everything worse. They also never had good support for our government .
Like I said previously there was no luck with hurricane . They got hit by Irma on September 6 and hurricane maria came september 20 . They got
hit twice back to back so you know it was very tough . When Iram first hit , it killed 4 people . It also cut off two thirds of the islands electricity .
Then 34% of the population did not have access to to clean water and food. When the hurricane hit , it was a category 4 which is a very strong storm.
During this time they was able to recover but a few days later they got hit again . Maria was a category 5 storm and had more of an impact on the
island then Irma did . Parts of of puerto rico got up 30 inches of rain. The storm knocked all of the power on the island . They didn't have running
water . This has been

Grey Wolf Research Paper
Grey wolves are unique and beautiful creatures that are a major part of everyday life in the woods, or anywhere in the wild really. They closely
resemble dogs, and are part of the same family, and even act like dogs when young, but they are not dogs. When they are young, they will chew on
bones, play with other pack members, and even play with each other if they're bored or hyper enough. When the pups reach 3, they can either leave the
pack to make their own, or stay. If they do decide to leave, they can be killed by other wolves, coyotes, or hunters waiting for them to take a wrong turn
in the woods. Each wolf, when they're an adult, can reach up to 3–5 ft. in body length, and their tails can be 1–2 feet long! The average female weight is
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have been known to raid coyote dens and kill the pups, even though they are rarely eaten. There is not a single record of a wolf being killed
by a coyote, but they can bang together and chase down a lone wolf if they are vulnerable. There are many diseases wolves can carry, like rabies,
canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine, hepatitis, papillomatosis, and canine coronavirus. If a wolf is infected with something, they
will show no fear, even towards humans, and will attack. Most attacks are because a wolf has rabies. Bacterial diseases carried by grey wolves are
brucellosis, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, tularemia, anthrax, foot and mouth disease, and bovine tuberculosis. Leptospirosis can be gotten from infected
prey, and can cause a list of things, like vomiting, fever, anorexia, and things to that scale. Aesop featured wolves in his tales, and his most famous is
The Boy Who Cried Wolf, which is a story about a boy who is told to watch sheep, and after many false alarms, a wolf comes along and eats the sheep.
The term "to cry wolf" is derived from this tale, and it is directed at people who purposely raise false alarm. In the story Little Red Riding Hood
(written by Charles Perrault), it is said to have a bigger impact on wolves appearance than The Boy Who Cried

Detections With The Multiplex Potential Of The MAP System...
Currently, there are limited options available for point–of–care diagnostic testing, and none with the multiplex capability potential of the MAP device.
Rapid diagnostic tests – and thus efficient and near real–time surveillance and response – are essential for timely and comprehensive decision making.
For example, confirmatory testing of DENV requires virus isolation, often inaccessible, or multiple visits to a physician, which may be impractical for
a variety of reasons. As was seen in the recent Ebola outbreak, rapid segregation of malaria and viral hemorrhagic fever cases is essential for
containing the spread of the disease. The MAP device can provide lab results within the hour, enabling enhanced patient care and surveillance. In...
For example, non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs are recommended for managing pain and fever associated with chikungunya and leptospirosis, but
are contraindicated for dengue fever due to the risk of hemorrhage. Leptospirosis and malaria are treatable with antibiotic or antimalarial medication.
Without this treatment, patient prognosis declines. Rapid identification of malaria cases in an outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) will protect
those cases and can help build confidence in the healthcare system, and rapid identification of VHF cases can help prevent large–scale outbreaks.
While the MAP is useful in a clinical setting, it is designed to perform equally well in an austere or field setting. Because of its compact design, long
battery life, reagent stability, and user–controlled cloud connectivity, the MAP can allow field and forward operating units to diagnose and treat
personnel without a large infrastructure and communicate diagnoses for personnel returning to healthcare facilities. In an outbreak or other public health
emergency, it can facilitate rapidly screening military personnel as well as local populations. In these situations, cloud connectivity allows for rapid
data aggregation and analysis, improving situational awareness and a proactive approach to containment. The small volume of blood required and
protected lancet lowers the risk of infection for medical personnel from that of traditional venipuncture.
The ability to operate outside a

Microbial Diseases and Natural Disasters Essay
Natural disasters are always looked at as a catastrophic event when they first occur, but the worst part for many has yet to come. Natural disasters can
range from volcanic eruptions to tsunamis, but the biggest killer is usually not the disaster itself (1(pg.1)). Natural disasters can have rapid or slow
repercussions with serious health, social, and economic consequences (1(pg.1)). Even though the disaster itself can kill multitudes, the outbreak of
microbial diseases that sometimes follow a natural disaster can be worse, especially if the population is distributed. Moreover, the risk of microbial
diseases is higher in developing countries than in industrialized countries because of the lack of healthcare and immunizations that... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In waterborne outbreaks the pathogen does not always have to come from drinking the contaminated water because many different disease–causing
microbes can be found in a tiny sample of unsafe water (4(pg.4)). Safe water can be limited once a natural disaster happens, and unsafe water, filled
with disease causing microbes, is lurking all around. The disease most commonly associated with the consumption of unsafe water is the diarrheal
disease, which can be caused by a few different microbes. Most cases of diarrheal disease outbreaks have been recorded after flooding. It is believed
that flooding causes the disease, but in reality, the disease is caught by the consumption of the contaminated water (1(pg.2)). Even though floods are the
main source of the disease, earthquakes and population displacement can also be a cause (2(pg.6)). One incident in Indonesia after a tsunami left one
hundred percent of the surviving population drinking unsafe water. This resulted in eighty–five percent of those people having diarrhea for two
consecutive weeks. Another outbreak in Bangladesh in 2004 involved over 17,000 cases and was caused by Escheria coli (1(pg.2)). The U.S. also
had a case of the diarrheal disease in 2003 when a sever power outage left New York City powerless for weeks (2(pg.9)). Additionally, the U.S.
experienced many cases of diarrhea after hurricanes Allison and Katrina because of microbes being present (1(pg.2)). Another waterborne

Essay On Metabolic Bone Disease
Metabolic bone disease Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a condition most commonly seen in captive reptiles; when left untreated the condition can be
extremely debilitating or even fatal to the pet. SYMPTOMS
The common symptoms of MBD are:
вќ– Limping
вќ– Bowed legs
вќ– Hard lumps on the legs, spine or jaw
вќ– A soft head or soft lower jaw
вќ– Difficult walking or lifting their own weight
вќ– Decrease in appetite
вќ– Twitching limbs and frequent bone fractures or breakages CAUSES
MBD has multiple causes but the main ones are:
Low calcium diet or an imbalanced diet;
Calcium is an important part of a reptile's diet as the nutrient helps build bone and strengthen them, the lack of calcium causes bones ... Show more
When other animals like your dog sniff the urine the bacteria can transfer from the urine to the dog, infecting the dog with the bacteria.
When it rains the bacteria can also be washed into small bodies water, then animals such as dogs that swim in or drink the contaminated water will be
infected with the bacteria. Another way is through open wounds such as bites, in which the bacteria goes into the body from there.
TREATMENT & PREVENTION
Leptospirosis can be recovered from without seeking medical help due to symptoms never showing however it's best you take your pet to a vet if you
think they may have the infection or show symptoms.
The vet will administer antibiotics to fight the bacteria and also help with their symptoms such as vomiting.
The best way to prevent it is to keep rodent infestations under control and get your pet vaccinated. Leptospirosis is zoonotic meaning it can be passed

from animals to humans and vise–versa so always be hygienic when

New Challenges From An Old Bug
Leptospirosis: new challenges from an old bug
Kate Murphy BVSc (Hons) DSAM DipECVIM–CA MRCVS PGCert(HE)
Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, 615 Wells Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS149BE
Synopsis (200 words)
Article (3000 words maximum)
What is Leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection with worldwide distribution. It can affect most mammals (Bharti and others 2003) but some species seem more
susceptible, such as the dog and the human. It is a spirochaete infection and the infecting organism was traditionally identified by serological testing,
however, modern methods using DNA hybridisation have been developed although many of these only allow identification to the species level (Jung
and others 2015). The two most common serovars (L. canicola and L. icterohaemorrhagiae) have been the basis of leptospirosis vaccination in dogs
for many years. There is now serological evidence of exposure to a much wider range of serovars including L. Grippotyphosa, L. Australis and L.
Sejroe (Ellis 2010).
Why do we need to worry about Leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is reported to be re–emerging disease worldwide (Goldstein 2010; Sykes et al. 2011; Harkin 2009; Hartskeerl et al. 2011) and human
cases are reported to be increasing (Harkin 2009; Hartskeerl et al. 2011). In the UK, there were 10 cases of human infection reported in the second
quarter of 2015. Four cases were reported after travelling (Public Health England, 2015). Infection in humans is typically acquired

Argumentative Essay On Vaccination For Dogs
I would like to do my Researched Argument Essay on the topic of vaccinations for dogs, more specifically, the importance of leptospirosis vaccination,
what are the symptoms of a dog that had been affected by this disease, and how relevant is lepto vaccine to human.
I found this topic extremely interesting due to the increasing number of lepto patients regardless if it is an animal or a human. Leptospirosis is a very
dangerous disease that is often overlook. I want to bring awareness on how important it is to keep up with your pets vaccination and the possibility of
what could happen if we overlook the importance of vaccinations. I took personal interest in this topic because it is the field I want to go into in the
future. As a veterinarian,

Raccoon Description
Detailed description of the Raccoon The raccoon is a native mammal, measuring about 3 feet long, including its 12–inch, bushy, ringed tail. While most
Raccoons weight between 12 and 22, raccoons as large as 60 pounds as has been reported in some areas such as Washington , Maine and Minnesota;
additionally, their weights are dependent on their of genetics, age, available food, and habitat location. Furthermore, because their hind legs are longer
than the front legs, raccoons tend to have hunched appearance when they walk or run. According to nature magazine Raccoons are very tactile animals,
the five toes on a their front paws are extremely dexterous, essentially functioning as five little fingers which allow it to grasp and then manipulate...
Moreover, the treatment of the infectious diseases caused by the Raccoon are based on laboratory findings coupled with the history of the infectious
process, the signs and symptoms exhibited by infected person. Hence, adequate supportive care and appropriate Systemic ant–infectives are the main
stay of treatment. Ways to keep Raccoon out of homes Ways to keep Raccoon out of homes include but are not limited: Not feeding raccoons.
Keeping indoor pet food and any other food away from a pet door. Feeding dogs and cats indoors and keeping them in at night Keeping garbage can
lid on tight by securing it with rope or chain Eliminating their access to denning sites such as the chimneys, attics, and spaces under houses, porches,
and sheds In opinion, trapping and removal of raccoon should be deferred to professionals who are experienced and have the tools to effectively
remove mammals such as Raccoons from homes. For de–infestation to be efficient the raccoons' access to the home most be completely

A Research Study On Influenza Viruses
1Executive summary
Influenza viruses are zoonotic pathogens that constantly circulate and change animal hosts this includes birds, pigs, horses and humans. The
possibility of emergence of new virulent strains that is able to cause human epidemic or pandemic is significantly high. Rapid development in this field
continues at a rapid rate leading to constant updates on theory, techniques, and applications that are important for informing users of genetic
information. This study aims to detect and characterise influenza A viruses that may have significant zoonotic or reverse zoonotic potential. Different
genetic techniques have been used to understand the surveillance and characterization of naturally occurring influenza viruses. This in turn will help in
understanding of the host tropism and virulence of viruses. This study will provide both, human and veterinary research, the potential cross species
transmission capacity of influenza A viruses.
2Introduction Influenza, commonly known as 'the flu', is a respiratory disease found in humans and certain animal species this includes pigs, wild
aquatic mammals like whales, domestic and wild birds, minks and farmed carnivores (Nicholson, Webster, Hay, 1998). There are three types of
influenza viruses type A, type B and type C. Type A virus is the important one as far as cross
–species infections are concerned (Nicholson, Webster,
Hay, 1998). Types B and C are human viruses that primarily affect young children with mild disease

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