ECS 111 SECTION P SPRING 2019 Dr. SEALEY STUDY GUIDE FOR .docx

ECS 111 SECTION P SPRING 2019 Dr. SEALEY
STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM ONE on 28 FEBRUARY 2019
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EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
CONSIDER LECTURES UP TO 26 FEB and TEXT BOOK
CHAPTERS UP THOURGH MODULE 4.1 (Through HUMAN
POPULATIONS)
1. Give a basic definition of biodiversity.
2. Which of the following accurately reflects the connection
between science, decision-making, and environmental science?
a. Science and environmental science rely on evidence; good
decision-making only sometimes relies on evidence.
b. Science and good decision-making rely on evidence;
environmental science does not always rely on evidence.
c. Science relies on good decision-making and environmental
science relies on evidence.
d. Science and good decision-making relies on evidence;
environmental science relies on good decision-making.
e. Science and good decision-making rely on evidence;
environmental science relies on evidence.

3. Compare the life history strategy of a deer mouse with that of
a bear, and identify each as either an r- or K-selected species.
4. Why are tertiary information sources considered less reliable
than primary and secondary sources? What is a primary
source?
5. What is an environmental footprint? How is this used to
measure sustainability?
6. Scientists have studied the impact of clear cutting forests on
erosion and waterways. They know that clear cutting will cause
erosion and waterways will suffer the impact of sediment
loading. Evaluate the situation and choose the statement that
best explains how humans may perceive the risks involved.
a. Since the chance of disaster is low humans will not have
biases about this situation.
b. Although the seriousness of the impact is well known
people’s judgment may still vary dramatically.
c. All people understand this situation and will work together on
a solution.
d. Both a and c
e. None of the above
7. Why are some people more vulnerable to toxic substances
than other people, even if exposed to the same dose?
8. Explain how a composting toilet works. Use a diagram to
explain the cycling of water and organic matter.

9. Distinguish between chronic and acute effects cuased by
exposure to toxic substances.
10. List THREE abiotic parameters and THREE biotic
parameters:
ABIOTIC
1
2
3
BIOTIC
1
2
3
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11. Which of the following best describes ecosystem capital?
a. mineral and living resources of the earth.

b. living organisms and other renewable resources of the earth.
c. natural resources such as forests and fisheries.
d. natural resources (goods) and services provided by
ecosystems
e. ecosystem services that support life on earth
12. Refer to the figure below to determine which country has
the lowest population size but the highest density?
a. Asia
b. South Africa
c. Eastern Europe
d. Western Europe
e. Oceania
13. List three of the things you might measure to determine
your ecological footprint?
1
2
3
14. Which of the following statements about biodiversity is
false?
a. Ecosystem diversity is essential for evolution and natural
selection.
b. Keystone species greatly influence the abundance and
distribution of other species.
c. Genetic variation may provide the means to develop
resistance to disease.
d. Species evenness is the degree to which species have
representation in a habitat.
e. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth.

15. Gray wolves once roamed the western portions of North
America from Alaska to Mexico. Gray wolves prey on bison,
deer,
elk, and moose. These prey had been depleted by hunting by
settlers. Ranches and farms were built near gray wolf habitat.
The wolves thus began to prey on livestock. When the federal
government set aside the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
(GYE) as a national park in 1872, about 300–400 wolves were
present, preying mostly on elk and bison (Yellowstone
Association 1996). Fearing the wolves’ impact on elk and bison
herds as well as livestock owned by area ranchers, the
federal government began eradicating the wolf population.
Bounty programs that continued until 1965 offered as much as
$50 per wolf. By the 1930s, wolves had been effectively
eliminated from the 48 contiguous states and Mexico and
remained
in high numbers only in Alaska. The elk population then grew.
Elk grazed on plants and soon plant populations declined.
Plants such as willow trees and aspen were negatively affected.
Song birds depended on the trees for habitat, river banks
remain stable because of the trees, but now the trees were not
producing saplings (young trees). Which of the following is
the best conclusion to make based on this situation?
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a. Keystone species are crucial to the long-term sustainability of

the ecosystems they inhabit.
b. Keystone species can sometimes cause more harm than good
and humans need to step in to solve the problem.
c. Keystone species greatly influence the abundance and
distribution of other species.
d. Both a and c
e. All of the above
16. In human populations, crude birth and death rates enable
one to compare
a. the natural increase or decrease of different populations.
b. relative rates of immigration and emigration.
c. the proportions of fertile women of different populations.
d. the causes of deaths of a population.
e. age profiles of different populations.
17. Four types of benefits that biodiversity provides for humans
would be
a. direct use, indirect use, options, and keystone value.
b. deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, options, and
existence value.
c. direct use, indirect use, options, and existence value.
d. deductive, inductive, direct, and indirect uses.
e. direct use, indirect use, organism use, and existence value.
18. What is doubling time? What would be the doubling time
for a population whose annual growth rate is 5%? Show your
calculations.
19. Humans depend on biodiversity in many ways. Which of the
following is considered to be an “option value”?

a. The future discovery of a cure for cancer
b. Having clean air and drinkable water
c. Breeding strains of crops resistant to drought
d. The opportunity to experience the beauty of the natural world
e. Mangroves providing a natural buffer from hurricane-force
winds and floods
20. Explain why habitat fragmentation may be just as serious a
threat to a species survival as total habitat destruction.
21. Which of the following describes a biotic community?
a. all the plants, animals, and microbes in a geographic area.
b. all the plants and animals in a geographic area.
c. all the species of trees in a forest.
d. all the trees and other plants in a forest.
e. abiotic factors in a geographic area.
22. A grouping of plants, animals, and other organisms
interacting with each other and their environment in such a way
as to
perpetuate the grouping more or less indefinitely is called a/an
a. ecosystem.
b. abiotic community.
c. population.
d. ecotone.
e. species

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23. All of the following would contribute to declines in fertility
rates EXCEPT:
a. availability of social programs to care for the elderly.
b. low rates of infant mortality.
c. mandatory childhood education.
d. opportunities for higher education.
e. use of children in farm work
24. Where is most of the fresh water on the Earth’s surface?
Where does your fresh water come from in Miami-Dade
County?
25 Abiotic means
a. toxic.
b. antibiotic.
c. nonliving.
d. desert.
e. microscopic.
26. The process that photo-autotrophic producers perform that is
not performed by other organisms in most ecosystems is
a. chemosynthesis.
b. metabolism.
c. photosynthesis.
d. cell respiration.
e. reproduction.

27. In most ecosystems, the producers are the
a. green plants.
b. fungi.
c. animals.
d. humans.
e. bacteria
28. The complete loss of all individuals of a species is defined
as
a. extinction.
b. biodiversity.
c. hot spots.
d. aesthetics.
e. existence value.
29. Which of the following have removed limits to human
population growth?
a. Medical practices
b. Agriculture
c. Sanitation methods
d. Both a and c
e. All of the above
30. Select the best conclusion based on the data in the chart
below.
Category Benefit Effect
Medical advances Disease incidence or severity
lessened
Humans live longer
Agricultural advances Excess food is now grown Humans have
more food available

Waste management and
sewage system advances
Less water pollution Humans have access to safer water and
fewer
diseases
a. Human populations worldwide are healthy and have plenty of
food and clean water.
b. The effects of limiting factors that might stabilize
populations have been reduced.
c. There is now more healthy food than ever before so larger
human populations can be supported.
d. Advances lead to more resource consumption but human
population growth does not negatively affect the environment.
e. Agricultural advances have led to more nutrition so that the
world no longer has humans facing starvation.
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31. The maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can
support is referred to as
a. its carrying capacity.
b. density dependence.
c. its ecological footprint.
d. immigration.
e. emigration.

32. Draw a simple diagram for an group of 8th graders to
explain the Carbon cycle – Explain where the “extra” carbon is
coming
from in the increase of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere.
33. What is the major limiting factor for humans?
a. Immigration
b. Disease
c. Lack of adequate food supply
d. Lack of clean water
e. Natural disasters
34. The movement of individuals into a population is called
a. emigration.
b. maximizing the carrying capacity.
c. population density.
d. the limiting factor.
e. immigration.
35. Which of the following correctly describes I = P × A × T?
a. Population size, standard of living, and technology impact the
environment.
b. Population size, standard of living, and technology have no
impact on the environment.
c. Population size is impacted by the standard of living,
technology, and the environment.
d. Standard of living and technology impact the population size.
e. Standard of living, technology, and the impact they have on
the environment determine population size.

36. In nature an oxygen free environment is termed
a. aerobic.
b. anaerobic.
c. biotic.
d. complete.
e. organic.
37. A population with stable size is one in which
a. death rate is less than birth rate.
b. death rate is the same as birth rate on the average.
c. death rate exceeds birth rate.
d. birth rate equals recruitment.
e. there are no deaths.
38 Explain how “Biotic potential” and “environmental
resistance” regulate animal populations in ecosystems. How do
these
terms apply to human population growth?
39 How could it be possible that we are already living beyond
the long-term carrying capacity of Earth?
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40 An increase in the population of an herbivore is generally
a. preceded by an increase in population of its natural enemies.
b. paralleled by an increase in populations of its natural
enemies.
c. followed by an increase in populations of its natural enemies.
d. independent of populations of its natural enemies.
e. dependent on an increase of its natural enemies.
41 A condition that would most likely result in the S-shaped
population growth curve is the
a. introduction of a foreign species.
b. elimination of a predator.
c. alteration of the habitat.
d. removal or reduction of competing species.
e. a stable abiotic and biotic environment.
42 The IPAT equation is used to
a. mathematically figure out the exact impact humans have on
the environment.
b. determine how to limit population size.
c. provide a useful way to think about human population growth
and its consequences.
d. compute how immigration and emigration affect population
size.
e. gather mathematical data to help governments make policies
about population sizes.
43 A species that has an essential role in maintaining ecosystem
structure is called a:
a. keystone species.
b. critical species.
c. endangered species.
d. predator.

e. threatened species.
44 Human population growth before the 1900s was limited by
all of the following EXCEPT
a. primitive medical technology.
b. birth control technology.
c. famines.
d. disease.
e. poor sanitation.
45 Provide a climate diagram for a Midwest tall grass prairie.
Describe the patterns of temperature and precipitation you
would see, and the resulting vegetation.
46 Provide a climate diagram for a Montane forest in
Yellowstone National Park. Describe the patterns of
temperature and
precipitation you would see, and the resulting vegetation.
47 What is ecosystem function, and how can people benefit
from ecosystem function? Give a specific example.

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48 Describe the major groups of living organisms on earth based
on the SOURCES of Carbon and SOURCES of Energy used.
49 Which human activities can increase the chances of diseases
such as malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases carried by
vectors like mosquitos?
a. Changes in livestock management
b. Adding microbes to soil
c. Planting trees to have more carbon sinks
d. Clear-cutting, building roads, and mining in forests
e. Using bacteria to clean up oil spills
50 Living vegetation and the ocean are known as "carbon sinks"
because
a. they are made of carbon.
b. they create carbon.
c. they destroy carbon.
d. they store carbon.

e. due to gravity, carbon is found closer to the ground.
51 A condition that would most likely result in the S-shaped
population growth curve is the
a. introduction of a foreign species.
b. elimination of a predator.
c. alteration of the habitat.
d. removal or reduction of competing species.
e. a stable abiotic and biotic environment.
52 Biotic factors the influence ecosystems include all of
following except:
a. Herbivory pressure
b. Predation
c. Competition
d. Altitude
e. Mutualism/ symbiosis
Seizure Disorder
Case Studies
A 12-year-old boy began to complain of frequent headaches 4
months before his hospital
admission. On the day of his admission, he had a major motor
seizure, which his parents

observed. During the seizure he lost bladder and bowel control.
On physical examination he
appeared to be in deep postictal sleep. He had no focal
neurologic signs. On examination of
the optic fundi, no evidence of papilledema was found.
Studies Results
Routine laboratory work Within normal limits (WNL)
Skull X-ray study, p. 1062 No evidence of skull fracture
Lumbar puncture, p. 651
Opening pressure 250 cm H2O (normal: <200 cm H2O)
Closing pressure 220 cm H2O (normal: <200 cm H2O)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
examination, p. 651
Blood Negative
Color Clear
Cells
Lymphocytes 0-2/mm3 (normal: <5/mm3)
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes None (normal: none)

Protein 120 mg/dL (normal: 15-45 mg/dL)
Glucose 50 mg/dL (normal: 50-75 mg/dL)
Cytology Questionably malignant cells
Serologic test for venereal disease Negative (normal: negative)
Electroencephalography (EEG), p. 549 Focal slowing of wave
pattern in posterior aspect of
the cerebrum (normal: regular, rhythmic,
electrical waves)
Brain scan, p. 785 Increase in radioactivity in the posterior
aspect of
the brain (normal: homogenous and minimal
uptake of radioactive material)
Cerebral angiography, p. 988 Neovascularity (tumor vessels) in
the posterior
aspect of the brain, involving the cerebellum
and the occipital lobe of the cerebrum (normal:
normal carotid vessels and terminal branches)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of
the brain, p. 1106
Tumor of the cerebellum extending into the

posterior cerebrum
Computed tomography (CT) scan of
the brain, p. 1026
A soft tissue mass arising out of the cerebellum and
invading the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
Case Studies 2
Diagnostic Analysis
The skull X-ray study ruled out the possibility of a skull
fracture as the cause of the boy’s
problem. Lumbar puncture excluded the possibility of
meningitis or subarachnoid
hemorrhage; however, the high protein count and questionable
positive cytology indicated a
possible neoplasm. An EEG located an area of nonspecific
abnormality in the posterior
aspect of the brain. Brain scanning, cerebral angiography, and

CT scanning indicated a
posterior fossa tumor. These tests are mentioned in this case
study mostly for historical
interest. Under most circumstances, this young boy would have
a MRI of the brain early in
the diagnostic period.
Because of these findings, the patient underwent a craniotomy.
In many centers, this young
boy would have a nonoperative stereotactic brain biopsy instead
of a craniotomy. An
invasive medulloblastoma was found to be arising from the
patient’s cerebellum and
involving the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. The tumor was
unresectable. Postoperatively,
the patient was given phenytoin (Dilantin) and radiation therapy
to the involved area. A
chemotherapy regimen was administered. The patient’s tumor
did not respond to the therapy,
and he died 4 months after the onset of disease.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. What are the major assessments that the nurse should make

during seizure activity?
2. Why is the EEG a priority study for patients with seizure
disorders?

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