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Researched Position Paper
mceItemHidden">mceItemHiddenSpellWord">mce-
type="bookmark"
id="mceItemHidden">mceItemHiddenSpellWord">mce_0_start"
data-mceItemHidden">mceItemHiddenSpellWord">mce-
style="overflow:hidden;line-
height:0mceItemHidden">mceItemHiddenSpellWord">px"
style="overflow:hidden;line-
height:0mceItemHidden">mceItemHiddenSpellWord">px">Rhet
orical Analysis EssayFor your Issue Proposal, you organized
your preexisting knowledge on your issue and sketched a plan
for research. You then compiled several sources and
summarized their contents for your Annotated Bibliography. In
your Mapping the Issue paper, you traced the controversy
surrounding your issue by describing its history and
summarizing the major positions on it. All these assignments
have been preparing you for this final paper, where you will
advocate a position on your issue with a well - supported
argument written for an audience that you select.
Invention
In rhetorical studies, invention refers to the systematic search
for ideas that can be shaped into an effective composition. (The
term “prewriting” is sometimes used to refer to the concept of
invention.) This section of the assignment, then, is designed t o
help you generate the required content for your Researched
Position Paper.
Please note that the following steps are not intended to serve as
an outline for your paper.
Rather, these steps will help you produce the “raw materials”
that you will then refine into a well - organized analysis, and
these steps are likely to produce more material than you can

actually use in the draft you submit to readers.
1.
You should first choose a publication venue for your paper. For
example, will you write a letter direct ly to an individual,
group, or organization? Or will you write an article for a
newspaper, newsletter, or periodical? Perhaps a piece for a
website, web - based publication, or social media site? To
ensure that you select a specific enough audience, make sur e
your venue has an address (physical or electronic) to which you
could send your paper. Then, investigate the characteristics and
values of the readers you will reach through this venue.
2.
Once you’ve settled on an audience, construct a claim that
advances
the conversation about your issue, turns it in a new direction.
You might disagree with a claim made by an author (
They Say/I Say
, pp. 58 - 61), you might agree with a claim but with a
difference (
They Say/I Say
, pp. 61 - 64), you might agree and disagree with a claim
simultaneously (
They Say/I Say
, pp. 64 - 66), or you might generate an entirely new claim that
addresses an aspect of the issue that has not been addressed in
the sources you’ve found.
3.
Next, attach as many reasons as are necessary to fully su pport
your claim. Your claim+reasons, also known as “enthymemes” (
Everything’s an Argument,
p. 65), will form your thesis.
4.
For each separate enthymeme in your thesis, identify the

implicit warrant and determine whether it represents an
assumption that your audience shares with you. If so, there’s no
need to address the warrant explicitly in your argument. If the
warrant represents an assumption some readers might resist,
however, consider how you might persuade them to accept it. If
you think it would b e impossible to persuade your audience to
accept the warrant, then you might consider changing the reason
so as to produce a warrant that relies on an assumption that you
and your readers share.
Please note: each reason in your thesis will produce a different
warrant, and you must assess the audience’s response to each
one.
5.
For each of your reasons (and any warrant that needs explicit
support), provide sufficient evidence to convince your audience
that your reasons are true statements. Your personal
experiences, observations, and reasoning count as evidence, but
you should also draw extensively on outside sources for
evidence to support your reasons.
6.
Make sure you anticipate objections to your argument by
planting at least one naysayer in your paper . This naysayer
might be hypothetical or might be the actual author of an
outside source. To engage effectively with a naysayer, you
should:
• name and describe the naysayer (
They Say/I Say
, pp. 82 - 84).
• represent objections fairly (
They Say/I Say
, pp. 86 - 87).

• make concessions when possible (
They Say/I Say
, pp. 88 - 90).
• answer objections (
They Say/I Say
, pp. 87 - 90).
7.
The previous six steps will help you construct effective logos
appeals. You should also make effective ethos appeals in order
to come across to readers as a person of good character, good
sense, and good will. To make effective ethos appeals, make
sure you:
• know what you’re talking about. Draw on all those outside
sources you’ve been reading over the course of the semester,
and provide ample evidence for your reasons.
• show regard for your readers. Try to come across as
approachable and thoughtful, not arrogant or insensitive.
• are careful and meticulous in your writing, not sloppy or
disorganized.
6.
Finally, make pathos appeals to readers by connecting with their
emotions, values, and imaginations. To make effective pathos
appeals, make sure you:
• choose an appropriate style based on the conventions of
your publication venue.

• evoke emotions (sympathy , outrage, anger, delight , awe,
horror, etc.) in your readers that make your paper more moving.
• evoke sensations (seeing, hearing, touching, tasting,
smelling) in your audience that make your writing vivid and
help readers experience things imaginative ly.
• appeal to values (freedom, justice, tolerance, fairness,
equality, etc.) that you r readers and you share.
Arrangement
In rhetorical studies, arrangement refers to the selection of
content generated during the inventional stage and the
organization of that content into an effective composition.
To begin your paper, follow the advice offered in Ch. 1 of
They Say/I Say
: “T o give your writing the most important thing of all —
namely, a point — a writer needs to indicate clearly not only
what his or her thesis is, but also what larger conversation that
thesis is responding to” (20). In this case, the conversation
you’re responding to is the one surrounding your issue. Indicate
at the beginning of your paper that you’re writing in response to
that conversation; then state a thesis that consists of your claim
and supporting reasons.
Also, mind the lesson of Ch. 7 in

They Say/I Say
: “Regardless of how interesting a topic may be to you as a
writer, readers always need to know what is at stake in a text
and why they should care. . . . Rather than assume that
audiences will know why their claims matter, all writers need to
answer the ‘ so what?’ and ‘who cares?’ questions up front” (92
- 93). Don’t assume that your readers will care about your take
on the issue —
make
them care by explaining why your argument is significant. Feel
free to use the templates in Ch. 7 of
They Say/I Say
.
After you’ve completed these introductory moves, the
arrangement of your argument is up to you. You should include
material from each step in the inventional stage, but your
selection and organization of that material should follow your
own judgment as to what wi ll prove most effective with the
audience you have selected.
Style
In rhetorical studies, style refers to the appropriate language for
the occasion, subject matter, and audience.
One purpose of ENGL 1302 is give you practice writing in a
variety of styles. For this paper, you should familiarize yourself
with the style of pieces published in the venue you have
selected. Adhere to that style as closely as possible.

Readers appreciate coherent, unified paragraphs, even when
reading an informal piece of writing. Your paragraphs should
include a topic sentence that clearly states the main idea of the
paragraph and supporting sentences that cluster around the main
idea without detours.
You should cite your sources in 8th edition MLA Style.
Proofread carefully; avoid errors in grammar, spelling,
punctuation, and mechanics. Visit the Purdue OWL website
(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ ) for questions you have
regarding style.
Other Requirements
Your paper should be
5 - 10 pages (not 4 1/4 or 4 1/2)
. Construct a thesis that will require at least five pages to
support. Keep the scope of your thesis small enough that you
can support it adequately within ten pages. Your paper should
be double - spaced, typed in Times New Roman font, with 12 -
point character size and one - inch margins all the way around.

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