1. SESSION 7
DATA ANALYSIS
Chapter 15: Data Preparation and Description
Chapter 16: Exploring, Displaying, and
Examining Data
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
2. CHAPTER 16
Data Preparation and Description
Learning Objectives:
• The importance of editing the collected raw data to detect
errors and omissions.
• How coding is used to assign number and other symbols to
answers and to categorize responses.
• The use of content analysis to interpret and summarize open
questions.
• Problems with and solutions for “don’t know” responses and
handling missing data.
• The options for data entry and manipulation.
4. 15-4
Monitoring
Online Survey Data
Online surveys need
special editing attention.
CfMC provides software
and support to research
suppliers to prevent
interruptions from
damaging data .
6. 15-6
Field Editing
Speed without accuracy won’t help
the manager choose the right
direction.
•Field editing review
•Entry gaps identified
•Callbacks made
•Validate results
7. 15-7
Central Editing
Be familiar with instructions
given to interviewers and coders
Do not destroy the original entry
Make all editing entries identifiable and in
standardized form
Initial all answers changed or supplied
Place initials and date of editing
on each instrument completed
10. 15-10
Coding
Open-Ended Questions
6. What prompted you to purchase your
most recent life insurance policy?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
15. 15-15
Open-Question Coding
Locus of
Responsibility Mentioned
Not
Mentioned
A. Company
_____________
___________
_______________
_________
B. Customer
_____________
___________
_______________
_________
C. Joint Company-
Customer
_____________
___________
_______________
_________
F. Other
_____________
___________
_______________
_________
Locus of
Responsibility
Frequency (n =
100)
A. Management
1. Sales manager
2. Sales process
3. Other
4. No action area
identified
B. Management
1. Training
C. Customer
1. Buying processes
2. Other
3. No action area
identified
D. Environmental
conditions
E. Technology
F. Other
10
20
7
3
15
12
8
5
20
16. 15-16
Handling “Don’t Know”
Responses
Question: Do you have a productive relationship with your
present salesperson?
Years of
Purchasing Yes No Don’t Know
Less than 1 year 10% 40% 38%
1 – 3 years 30 30 32
4 years or more 60 30 30
Total
100%
n = 650
100%
n = 150
100%
n = 200
19. 15-19
Key Terms
• Bar code
• Codebook
• Coding
• Content analysis
• Data entry
• Data field
• Data file
• Data preparation
• Data record
• Database
• Don’t know response
• Editing
• Missing data
• Optical character
recognition
• Optical mark recognition
• Precoding
• Spreadsheet
• Voice recognition
27. 15-27
Variable Population Sample
Mean µ X
Proportion p
Variance 2
s2
Standard deviation s
Size N n
Standard error of the mean x Sx
Standard error of the proportion p Sp
__
_
Symbols
28. 15-28
Key Terms
• Central tendency
• Descriptive statistics
• Deviation scores
• Frequency distribution
• Interquartile range (IQR)
• Kurtosis
• Median
• Mode
• Normal distribution
• Quartile deviation (Q)
• Skewness
• Standard deviation
• Standard normal
distribution
• Standard score (Z score)
• Variability
• Variance
29. CHAPTER 16
Exploring, Displaying, and Examining Data
Learning Objectives:
• That exploratory data analysis techniques provide insights and
data diagnostics by emphasizing visual representations of the
data.
• How cross-tabulation is used to examine relationships
involving categorical variables, serves as a framework for later
statistical testing, and makes an efficient tool for data
visualization and later decision-making
46. 16-46
Guidelines for Using Percentages
Averaging percentages
Use of too large percentages
Using too small a base
Percentage decreases can never
exceed 100%
49. 16-49
Exploratory Data Analysis
This Booth Research Services
ad suggests that the
researcher’s role is to make
sense of data displays.
Great data exploration and
analysis delivers insight from
data.