Waste management and slum formation are two major problems worldwide; they can be seen as interrelated problems in the sense that the more slums are formed, the more wastes are accumulated which raises the bar for reaching a solution to urbanization and waste management problems. Hence, the products of construction waste recycling can be the stimulating factor for slum upgrading which will give dual benefits to the city.

2. What is Construction and Demolition waste?
Construction and demolition (C and D) waste constitutes a major portion of total solid
waste production in the world. Construction and Demolition waste is generated
whenever any construction / demolition activity takes place, such as buildings roads,
bridges, flyover, subway, demolition of any civil structure etc. These wastes are heavy,
having high density, often bulky and occupy considerable storage space either on the
road or communal waste bin.
Demoiltion waste
45%
Renovation waste
40%
New construction
15%
mixture of unused or
damaged raw materials,
as well as off-cuts
(discardedcut material)
includes actual building
components, such as full
length studs and
concrete slabs.
Occurs whenever any
civil changes are done

3. Problems due to C&D waste
Environmental and economic impacts of construction and demolition waste disposal.

4. Thus, India produces 10 to 15 million tonnes of
Construction & Demolition waste annually. The
traditional practice in India is to dispose of this
waste in landfills.
Indian Statistics
Solid waste generation in India consists of 48 million
tonnes/annum. Out of which 25% waste comes
from construction and demolition waste.
As per central public health and environmental engineering organisation (CPHEEO)
Building industry Shortage of aggregates of
55 billion m³
750 million m³ of aggregate
would be required to achieve
target of Building sector.
Composition of Construction and
demolition wastes in India
Concrete
Bricks and Tiles
Wood
Metals
Plastic
Others
0
5000
10000
3600 3000 2500
7000
9000
2500
Waste metric tonnes/day
Construction and Demolition waste production per day in
Indian cities
The total C&D waste generated in India
just by buildings in one year — 2013 —
amounts to a humungous 530 MT, 44
times higher than the official estimate.
Source:InternationalResearch Journalof Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/ar 2003/ar2-3 ch 6 .htm

5. •The guidelines on
Construction and
Demolition (C&D) waste
addressed the building
industry.
•IS:383 was introduced
•Permit use of recycled
aggregates up to 25%
in plain concrete, 20%
in reinforced concrete
of M-25 or lower grade
•Incorporation of the
concept of 3Rs, is
reflected in all the
notified waste
management rules.
•Directed States to
set-up recycling
plant facilities in
cities with
population above
10 lakh
•Recognizes need
for C&D waste
management
Ministry of
Urban
Developme
nt (MoUD)
Ministry of
Environment
, Forest and
Climate
Change
(MoEF&CC)
Building
Material &
Technology
Promoting
Council
(BMTPC)
Bureau of
Indian
Standards
(BIS)
The demand for aggregates in 2007 has seen an increase by 5% to over 21 billion tonnes, the
largest being in developing countries like India.
Construction accounts for nearly 65% of the total investment in infrastructure and the trend is
increasing, hence all the more important how to effectively manage C&D waste with respect to
reuse & recycle.
Some key initiatives on C&D waste management in India is given below :
Initiatives to promote recycling of C&D waste in India
Source: guidelines on Environmental management of construction & demolition (c & d) wastes

6. Aim: To study the performance of walling technologies after incorporation of
construction and demolition waste (C&DW) for slum redevelopment.
Objectives:
Aim and Objectives
 Understanding advantages of using construction and demolition
waste and its re-use in construction industry.
 To study various available walling technologies and to incorporate
recycled construction and demolition waste into it.
 To compare the physical and environmental properties of walling
technology after incorporation of construction and demolition
waste.
 To analyze cost benefits and environmental performance of walling
technology after incorporation of construction and demolition waste
to benefit slum redevelopment projects.

7. Scope
Foundation
Walling
Roofing
Partitions C&D waste
1.Reduce
2. Reuse
3.Recycle
Physical parameters
Chemical parameters
Conventional technology
Concrete technology
Cladding
Alternative technology
Sustainability Index
Life cycle
Assessment
As the study is project specific, the scope is utilisation of C&D waste in walling technologies by
recycling it for the replacement of raw materials in building technology.
Scope and Limitation:
Scope:
Limitation:
 The study is limited up to building envelope only.
 The study is limited up to change in proportion and composition of secondary raw materials only.
 For embodied energy calculation, only cradle to gate boundary has been considered.

8. Secondary Data
Incorporation of
recycled C&D waste
Selection of walling
technology
Case study
Primary Data
C&D waste
Literature review
(research papers,
internet documents)
Walling
technologies
Proposal
Physical parameters
Environmental
parameters
Data Analysis and
Conclusion
Data Analysis
Methodology:

9. Mumbai: construction and urbanisation trends
Mumbai, the financial capital of India, is the largest
city in India. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is
one of the fastest growing regions of India. Population
growth, inward migration, urbanisation and increasing
economic activity is driving the growth in the
construction sector.
Construction activities are concentrated within the city
limits. Buildings are being demolished and
reconstructed for vertical development. The height of
buildings demolished range from G+5 to 7.
Construction in the suburbs is mostly on virgin land. Red
bricks and fly ash bricks are commonly used for
construction.
Town Name Mumbai
Government body MCGM
Total city area 603.4 km²
Total Population 22 million
No. of wards/zones 24/6
Mumbai at a glance

10. Construction wastes in Mumbai
As per BMC, Mumbai generates approximately 8,600 metric tonnes (MT) of municipal solid waste
every day. Out of which around 2000 metric tonnes of debris and silt are generated everyday,
debris includes construction waste, demolition waste and renovation waste, whereas silt comprises
earth and clay from drains and road corners. Utilising recycled C&D waste in building materials will
not only save landfill space but also reduces the dependence on natural resources.
Place: Gorai dumpsite
Area : 19 ha
Capacity: 2000 TPD
Place: Mulund dumpsite
Area : 25 ha
Capacity: 1500 TPD
Place: Kanjurmarg dumpsite: new
Area : 141 ha
Capacity: 6000 TPD
Place: Deonar dumpsite
Area : 110 ha
Capacity: 5000 TPD

11. Mumbai to Slumbai: Building a Slum-free Mumbai
 Today, nearly 5.2 million people live in slums, and the
number is still increasing. Over the years, the
population of the city grew at a high speed and so
did the number of slum Dwellers. Nearly one million
people live in Dharavi, the largest slum in Mumbai as
well as in Asia.
 It is home to a large number of micro industries,
including pottery, tanning and leatherworking, and
plastic recycling.
 A walk through Dharavi or any other slum would
completely change the mind about what slums mean
in Mumbai: they are not clusters of temporary shelters,
but complex ecological and economic systems, “a
city within a city.”
The percentage of slum dwellers in the city is so high that locals joke that Mumbai
should be renamed “Slumbai.”
Dharavi, Mumbai

12. Government initiative: Building a Slum-free Mumbai
The re-developmental works undertaken by Government and Private Agencies generates large
quantum of C&D waste and non-availability of suitable land for disposal, lead to deposit of waste
on the roads and the low lying area, which creates nuisance to ULBs and environmental hazards.
This re-developmental works will generate huge amount of Construction and demolition waste and
hence can be utilized in new construction projects by recycling the quantum of waste in walling as
well as roofing materials.
In 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the vision of “Housing for All,” in the hope of
providing more affordable housing to the poor. This is the first time that the Indian government has
brought up housing as a major issue on its agenda, but it is up to each state to formulate its own
plans on how to achieve the goal.
The Government of Maharashtra (which administers Mumbai) formulated a comprehensive and
ambitious New Housing Policy and Action Plan that aims to provide 1.9 million houses, of which 0.8
million will be in Mumbai, for low-and middle-income groups in the state.
Demolition of slum generates huge
amount of C&D waste
Redevelopment of affordable
houses by recycling C&D waste in
building materials.

13. B
A
C
D
E
F/S
G/S
G/N
T
R/N
R/S
R/C
H/W
K/E
H/E
L
N
S
M/W
M/E
P/S
P/N
K/W
K/W
F/N
AAKSE
AAREY
AKURLI
AMBIVALI
ANDHERI
ANIK
ASLAPE
BANDIVLI
BANDIVLI
BANDRA-A
BANDRA-B
BANDRA-C
BANDRA-D
BANDRA-E
BANDRA-EAST
BANDRA-F
BANDRA-G
BANDRA-H
BANDRA-I
BAPNALA
BHANDUP
BHULESHWAR
BORIVALI
BORLA
BRAMHANWADA
BRAMHANWADA
BYCULLA
CHAKALA
CHANDIVALI
CHARKOP
CHEMBUR
CHINCHAVALI
CHINCHAVALI
COLABA
DADAR-NAIGAON
DAHISAR
DARAVALI
DEONAR
DHARAVI
DINDOSHI
EKSAR
EKSAR
EKSAR
EKSAR
ERANGAL
FORT
GHATKOPAR
GHATKOPAR
KIROL
GIRGAON
GORAI
GOREGAON
GUNDAVALI
GUNDGAON
HARIYALI-E
HARIYALI-W
ISMALIA
JUHU
KANDIVALI
KANHERI
KANJUR
KIROL
KLERABAD
KOLEKALYAN
KONDIVATE
KONDIVATE
KOPRI
KURAR
KURAR
KURAR
KURAR
KURLA - 1
KURLA
- 1
KURLA - 2
KURLA - 3
KURLA - 4
LOWER PAREL
MADH
MAGATHANE
MAHIM
MAHUL
MAJAS
MALABAR
CUMBALA HILL
MALAD-EAST
MALAD-NORTH
MALAD-SOUTH
MALVANI
MANDALE
MANDPESHWAR
MANDPESHWAR
MANDPESHWAR
MANDVI
MANKHURD
MANORI
MARAVALI
MAROL
MAROL MAROSHI
MARVE
MATUNGA
MAZGAON
MOGRA
MOHILI
MULGAON
MULUND-E
MULUND-W
NAHUR
OSHIWARA
PAHADI EKSAR
PAHADI
EKSAR
PAHADI
EKSAR
PAHADI GOREGAON-EAST
PAHADI
GOREGAON-EAST
PAHADI
GOREGAON-EAST
PAHADI
GOREGAON-WEST
PAHADI
GOREGAON-WEST
PAREL-SHIVEDI
PARIGHKHADI
PASPOLI
POISAR
POWAI
PRAJAPUR
PRINCESS
DOCK
SAAI
SAHAR
SAKI
SALT PAN
SHIMPAWALI
SION
TARDEO
TIRANDAZ
TULSI
TUNGWE
TURBHE
VADHAVALI
VALNAI
VERSOVA
VIKHROLI
VILE
PARLE-EAST
VILE
PARLE-WEST
VYARAVLI
WADHWAN
WORLI
A
R
A
B
I
A
N
S
E
A
M
UM
BAI
HARBO
UR
0 5 102.5
Kilometers
Ward & Village wise Slum Cluster Map of Greater Mumbai
with Satellite Imagery 2015
L E G E N D
WARD BOUNDARY
VILLAGE/REVENUE BOUNDARY
SLUM CLUSTER BOUNDARY
µ1:40,000SCALE :

14. Project proposal
Alternative technologies
BMTPC Recommended
technology
Construction
time
Cost saving
Monolithic Concrete Construction
using plastic aluminium composite
formwork
Monolithic Concrete Construction
using aluminium formwork
Expanded Polystyrene Core Panel
System
Industrialized 3S System using
Cellular Light weight concrete slabs
& precast columns
Factory Made Fast Track Modular
Building System
Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum
(GFRG) Panel System
Because of the initiative taken by
government to under PMAY with
target of 20 million affordable
housing by 2022
Energy and
resource
Saving ?

15. Methodology
Primary data
EPS
(Calculation method)
Physical parameters Environmental parameters
Compressive
strength
Density
Fire resistance
Water absorption
Thermal
Conductivity
Embodied energy Carbon footprint
Analysis

16. Material: Technology profile of expanded polystyrene core panel system
EPS core panel is a 3D panel consisting of 3-dimensional welded wire space frame provided with
the polystyrene insulation core. Panel is placed in position and shotcrete on both the sides.
EPS panel includes welded reinforcing meshes of high-strength wire, diagonal wire and self
extinguishing expanded polystyrene uncoated concrete, manufactured in the factory and
shotcrete is applied to the panel assembled at the construction site, which gives the bearing
capacity of the structure.
Typical block of shotcreteon two sides with two wire mesh surfaces,
diagonal links and an EPS core.
Source: EPS manual, Bmtpc

17.  In 2011, Unitech, using the expertise provided by the Italian company Schnell, built a 200 sq mt
commercial centre in Gurgaon.
 Completed in two months.
 Replacing EPS panels instead of using brick or concrete block masonry allows them to cut
construction time by over 50%.
Schnell uses a panel-based building system to cut down on construction time. Their factory-made
panels which are 1.2 m wide and 3 m high consist of a sheet of expanded polystyrene
sandwiched between two steel meshes. The panels are assembled on-site and concrete is then
sprayed on them, rather than building a wall brick by brick.
EPS panel project in India:
Source: https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/foot-soldier/a-10-storey-building-built-in-48-hours-it-happened-in-india/
Potential in India:
• The technology minimizes labour cost.
• It saves the duration of construction while maintaining quality standards.
• It has a bright future in India where demand for lost cost housing is rising.
• Since it is an inert material, EPS does not rot, therefore, it does not attract termite making the
building more durable.
• The technology offers other benefits such as thermal insulation which makes the building
comfortable regardless of temperature change.
Material: Technology profile of expanded polystyrene core panel system

18. Original material composition After partial (75:25) replacement
of Recycled material made out
of C&D waste as per IS:383
After complete (100%)
replacement of Recycled
material made out of C&D
waste
130 to150mm thick EPS panel
Sintered polystyrene Galvanised
steel wire with zinc coating.
Shotcrete
Shotcrete composition:
1:1.5:3 (40mm thick on either side)
1 part Cement
1.5 part sand (100% natural sand)
3 part aggregate (100% natural
aggregate 6mm and down gauge)
Silica
Water
Water reducing admixtures
Air entering admixtures
Super plasticizer
130 to150mm thick EPS panel)
Sintered polystyrene
Galvanisedsteel wire with zinc coating
Shotcrete
Shotcrete composition:
1:1.5:3 (40mm thick either side)
1 part Cement
1.5 part mix sand (75% natural
sand+25%
crushed building materials such as
bricks, plaster etc.)
3 part mixed aggregate (75% natural
aggregate 6mm and down
gauge+25% broken concrete to the
size of 6mm and down gauge)
130 to150mm thick EPS panel
Sintered polystyrene
Galvanisedsteel wire with zinc
coating
Shotcrete
Shotcrete composition:
1:1.5:3 (40mm thick on either side)
1 part Cement
1.5 part sand (100% crushed
building materials such as bricks,
plaster etc.)
3 part aggregate (100% broken
concrete to the size of 6mm and
down gauge)
EPS: Material proportion and composition:

19. EPS: Physical properties
Physical properties Permissible values
as per BMTPC manual
Properties after partial
(75:25) replacement of
recycled C&D waste as
per IS:383
Properties after full
(100%) replacement of
recycled C&D waste
Compressivestrength
Shall not be less than
20 MPa
20.4 Mpa 16.8 Mpa
Density
20 Kg/m3 (As per IFC
material database)
20 Kg/m3 21Kg/m3
Water absorption
2.3% after immersion in
water for 7 days
( water absorption
decreases as density
increases.)
2.4% by weight after
immersion in water for 7 days
4.2% by weight after
immersion in water for 7
days
Fire Resistance
With 40 mm of shotcrete
applied to both sides, each
panel should achieve a fire
rating of 90 minutes. It can
withstandthe temp. of upto
163⁰C.
165oC 108oC
Thermal conductivity 0.34 W/m C 0.32 0.34
Inference: when comparing proportion of partial replacement (75:25), the values are almost similar to the
permissible values. But in full replacement (100%) of recycled content, the valuesfails in meeting with the
permissible one.

20. EPS: Environmental Properties
EPS panel without C&D waste
Material Embodied Energy
(MJ)
CO₂ emissions
(Kg)
EPS insulation 8894.40 304.46
Shotcrete (40mm each
side)
2849.88 391.51
EPS panel with partial (75:25) replacement of C&D waste
Material Embodied Energy
(MJ)
CO₂ emissions
(Kg)
EPS insulation 8894.40 304.46
Shotcrete (40mm each
side)
2806.10 388.57Quantity of EPS panel = 17.62 m³
Area of wall: 117.456 m²
Inferences:
 0.37 % reduction in overall Embodied energy after incorporating C&D waste in EPS panel.
 0.75% reduction in carbon emissions after incorporating C&D waste in EPS panels.
Embodied energy and Carbon emissions Comparison (with and without) C&D waste

21. 12.92
10.51
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
without C&D
waste
with C&D
waste
Embodied Energy
205.92
165.26
0
50
100
150
200
250
without C&D
waste
with C&D waste
Embodied
Energy
0.56
0.52
0.5
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
without C&D
waste
with C&D waste
Carbon
Emissions
16.85
13.95
0
5
10
15
20
without C&D
waste
with C&D
waste
Carbon
Emissions
Coarse Aggregate (Natural VsRecycled)
Fine Aggregate (Natural Vs. Recycled)
 18.63 % reduction in Embodied energy, if we replace Recycled aggregate instead of Natural aggregate.
 7.14 % reduction in Carbon emissions if we replace Recycled aggregate instead of Natural aggregate.
 19.74 % reduction in Embodied energy, if we replace Recycled sand instead of Natural sand.
 17.21 % reduction in Carbon emissions if we replace Recycled sand instead of Natural sand.
EPS : Environmental parameter
Embodied energy and Carbon emissions Comparison of Recycled Vs. Natural materials

22. Comparison of Embodied energy and Carbon Emissions of GFRG and EPS
 In EPS, the difference in reduction in Embodied Energy is 43.47 MJ (0.37 MJ/m²) and carbon
emission is 2.94 kg (0.025 kg/m²) after partial 75:25 replacement C&D waste than in original EPS.
11744.28
11701.21
694.97 692.03
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
EPS (without C&D waste) EPS (with C&D waste)
Emdodied
energy (MJ)
CO₂ Emissions
(Kg)

23. Cost Analysis
Inferences:
 Minute Reduction in cost 1.35 Rs/m² of EPS panel after incorporation of recycled content.
 Minute Reduction in cost 0.50 Rs/m² of GFRG panel after incorporation of recycled content.
104403.72
104245.72
EPS (without C&D waste)
EPS (with C&D waste)
Cost (In Rs.)

24. Conclusion
0.75%
0.37%
0.15%
EPS
 Though the amount of reduction is less, but if considered at broader scale, the quantum of
embodied energy and GHG savings will be huge.
 Though there is not much change in the properties between original materials and after partial
replacement (25%-30%) of recycled raw materials made from C&D waste in both EPS and
GFRG, thus recycling C&D waste is beneficial in
• Reducing
depletion of
natural
resources
• Reducing 12%-15%
share from MSW,
thus, Saving Landfill
Space
Embodied
energy
Carbon
emissions
Cost

25. References
 GFRG manual. (2012). BuildingMaterials & Technology Promotion Council Ministryof Housing & Urban Poverty
AlleviationGovernment of India, 45.
 Agency, I. E. (September 2016). Evaluation of EmbodiedEnergy and CO2eq for Building Construction.
International Energy Agency, 123.
 BMTPC. (n.d.). http://www.bmtpc.org
 Chini, S. S. (5). Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India. Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India.
 CPCB. (2017). Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste Management in India. Guidelines on
Environmental Management of C&D Waste Management in India (Draft 2017), 39.
 EPS manual. (n.d.). BuildingMaterials & Technology Promotion Council Ministryof Housing & Urban Poverty
Alleviation Government of India, 10.
 Indian construction material database, IFC