Class 7 computer and information(ict) text book

2
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5
m~wPcÎ
Aa¨v‡qi bvg Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg c„ôv
cÖ_g cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ 1-16
wØZxq Kw¤úDUvi mswk−ó hš¿cvwZ 17-36
Z…Zxq wbivc` I ˆbwZK e¨envi 37-52
PZz_© IqvW© cÖ‡mwms 53-60
cÂg wk¶vi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi 61-72
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Aa¨vq: 1
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
GB Aa¨vq †k‡l †Zvgiv :
1. e¨w³Rxe‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
2. Kg©‡¶‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii †¶Î wPwZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
3. Kg©‡¶‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii ¸i“Z¡ we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
4. mgvR-Rxe‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖfve g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

2
cvV 1 : e¨w³ Rxe‡b Z_¨ I †hvM‡hvM cÖhyw³
c„w_ex‡Z K‡Zv bZyb bZyb cÖhyyw³i Rb¥ n‡”Q, Avgiv nq‡Zv Zvi me¸‡jvi K_v Rvb‡ZI cvwi
bv| ZvB †m¸‡jv nq‡Zv Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b †Kv‡bv cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš—y Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ggb
GKwU cÖhyw³ †h †m¸‡jv Avgv‡ì mevi Rxe‡bB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv fv‡e cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|
c„w_ex‡Z g‡b nq GKRb gvbyl‡KI Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv †h †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e Z_¨ cÖhyw³
eënvi K‡iwb wKsev Zvi Rxe‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Av‡b wb|
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ kyay †h ivóªxq e¨vcv‡i eo eo
wel‡q wKsev Avš—RvwZK RM‡Z eënvi nq
Zv bq- G‡Kev‡i mvaviY gvby‡li mvaviY
Rxe‡bI †mwU eënvi nq| Zzwg hw` †PvL
†g‡j Pvwiw`‡K ZvKvI Zzwg †`L‡e †Zvgvi
Pvicv‡k †Zvgvi cwiwPZ gvby‡liv, †Zvgvi
AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb, †Zvgvi ¯‹z‡ji wk¶‡Kiv
Ges Zzwg I †Zvgvi K¬v‡ki eÜz evÜ‡eiv
†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënvi
K‡i‡Q| GB †h Zzwg GB g~û‡Z© GB †jLvwU
coQ †mwU †KD GKRb wj‡L‡Q- Z_¨ cÖhyw³
eënvi K‡i †m¸‡jv Qvcv n‡q‡Q, †Zvgvi
mvg‡b Avbv n‡q‡Q Ges Zzwg GLb co‡Z
cviQ| GiKg K‡Zv D`vniY †`qv hv‡e-
Zzwg KíbvI Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
GKRb gvby‡li Rxe‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³i
Kx Kx eënvi n‡Z cv‡i Zvi GKUv
ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi †Póv Ki‡j
†mUv g‡b nq †Kv‡bvw`b †kl Kiv
hv‡e bv| wKš—y GKUz †Póv K‡i
†`L‡j †Kgb nq? Aš—c‡¶
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hvK|
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eënv‡i me‡P‡q cÖ_g D`vniY
n‡Z cv‡i e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM|
Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki cÖvq mevi Kv‡QB GLb †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb i‡q‡Q, †h †KD GLb B‡”Q Ki‡j
Ab¨ GKR‡bi mv‡_ †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡b †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Zvgiv wbðqB Abygvb Ki‡Z
Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki †h †KD GLb B‡”Q Ki‡j
Ab¨ GKR‡bi mv‡_ †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡b
†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†Uwjwfkb GLb we‡bv`‡bi me‡P‡q eo gva¨g|
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cviQ †h †Kv‡bv gvby‡li mv‡_ †Uwj‡dvb †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvivi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi gvb
GLb A‡bK †e‡o wM‡q‡Q, A‡bK Kg cwikª‡g Avgiv GLb A‡bK wKQy Ki‡Z cvwi †hUv Av‡M
KíbvI Ki‡Z cviZvg bv|
we‡bv`b: Z_¨ cÖhyw³ w`‡q Avgiv †h ïay KvR Ki‡Z cvwi Zv bq- GUv GLb we‡bv`‡biI
PgrKvi GKUv gva¨g n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| Av‡M Mvb
†kvbvi R‡b¨ gvbyl‡K Avjv`vfv‡e †Kv‡bv GKUv
hš¿ wKb‡Z n‡Zv- GLb †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bB
†m Mvb ïb‡Z cv‡i| GKUv mgq K¨v‡giv wQj ïay
eo †jvK‡ì welq- GLb mvaviY †gvevBj
†Uwj‡dvb w`‡qB †h †Kv‡bv gvbyl Qwe Zzj‡Z
cv‡i, wfwWI Ki‡Z cv‡i| †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb
†hiKg ax‡i ax‡i eyw×gvb GKUv hš¿ n‡q
`vov‡”Q †hUv w`‡q A‡bK ai‡Yi KvR Kiv hvq-
wVK †miKg Kw¤úDUviI †QvU n‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q|
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Ggb GKUv hš¿ P‡j Avm‡Q †hUv w`‡q Avgiv
AmsL¨ KvR Ki‡Z cvie|
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c_NvU wPb‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j †m †Kgb K‡i Mš—‡e¨ †cŠuQv‡e| A_P gRvi e¨vcvi nj †Kv_vI
†h‡Z n‡j GLb KvD‡K c_NvU wPb‡Z nq bv- c„w_exUv‡K wN‡i A‡bK¸‡jv DcMÖn Nyi‡Q Zviv
c„w_ex‡Z ms‡KZ cvVvq, †mB ms‡KZ‡K we‡k−lY K‡i †h †Kv‡bv gvbyl ey‡S †dj‡Z cv‡i †m
†Kv_vq Av‡Q! Zvi mv‡_ GKUv RvqMvi g¨vc‡K Ry‡o w`‡Z cvi‡jB GKRb gvbyl †h †Kv‡bv
RvqMvq P‡j †h‡Z cvi‡e| AvRKvj b~Zb me Mvox‡ZB wRwcGm jvwM‡q †`qv nq- †Kv_vq †h‡Z
n‡e †mwU wRwcGm G XywK‡q w`‡j wR.wc.Gm. Mvoxi WªvBfvi‡K mwVK c_ evZ‡j w`‡q Mš—‡e¨
†cŠu‡Q w`‡Z cvi‡e|
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wR. wc. Gm. c„w_exi †h †Kvb RvqMvi
Ae¯’vb †ei K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i|
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g‡b Ki Zzwg wVK K‡iQ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënvi bv K‡i †Zvgvi w`b KvUv‡e|
mviv w`‡b †Kvb KvR¸‡jv Zzwg Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv Ki|

4
cvV 2 : e¨w³Rxe‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³.
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K eënvi Kwi- G cÖhyw³ eënv‡i
Avgiv GZ Af¨¯Í n‡q †MwQ †h A‡bK
mgq welqUv Avgiv j¶ ch©š— Kwi bv!
eënviUv KZ e¨vcK †mUv †evSvi R‡b¨
Avgiv KvíwbK GKRb gvby‡li GKUv
w`‡bi K_v wPš—v Kwi- aiv hvK Zvi
bvg mvMi|
mvM‡ii Nyg fvO‡jv Gjv‡g©i k‡ã, †m
Zvi †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡b †fvi QqUvi
Gjvg© w`‡q †i‡LwQj| Nyg †_‡K IVvi
ci cÖ_‡gB Zvi g‡b coj AvR QywUi
w`b, Zv‡K Kv‡R †h‡Z n‡e bv! mv‡_
mv‡_ Zvi gbUv fv‡jv n‡q †Mj| Gjvg©Uv
eÜ Kivi mgq j¶ Kij †mLv‡b †W¯‹ K¨v‡jÛv‡i Zv‡K g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Q AvR Zvi eÜzi
Rb¥w`b, we‡K‡j Zvi evmvq Rb¥w`‡bi Drme|
nvZ-gyL ay‡q bv¯Ív Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †m
†Uwjwfk‡b †fv‡ii LeiUv ï‡b †bq| av‡bi
ev¤úvi djb n‡q‡Q ï‡b Zvi gbUv fv‡jv n‡q
hvq| Avevi e‡½vcmvM‡i GKUv wbgœPvc n‡q
N~wY©S‡oi AvksKv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q e‡j mvM‡ii
LvwbKUv `ywðš—vI nj|
bv¯Ív K‡i mvMi Zvi j¨vcUcwU wb‡q e‡m,
cÖ_‡gB †m Zvi B-†gBj¸‡jv †`‡L, Zvi cÖevmx
fvB Zvi cwiev‡ii GKUv Qwe cvwV‡q‡Q| QweUv
fvwi my›ì- mvM‡ii g‡b nj †mUv N‡i Uvwb‡q
ivL‡j g›` nq bv| ZvB †m wcÖ›Uv‡i †mUv wcÖ›U
K‡i wbj|
B-†gB‡j wPwVc‡Îi DËi w`‡q †m Zvi wcÖq
K‡qKUv Mvb evRv‡Z ïi“ K‡i †`q| Mvb ïb‡Z ïb‡Z †m Zvi B-eyK wiWv‡i GKUv eB co‡Z
ïi“ K‡i| Zvi wcÖq eB co‡Z co‡Z Kxfv‡e †h mgq †K‡U †Mj eyS‡ZB cvij bv!
hLb eBUv †kl n‡q‡Q ZLb GKUz †ejv n‡q †M‡Q| nVvr K‡i Zvi g‡b nj evmvq Lvevi wKQy
†bB| evRvi Kiv nqwb| mvM‡ii nVvr g‡b nj B›Uvi‡b‡U Lvev‡ii AW©vi †`qv hvq- Zviv
evmvq G‡m Lvevi †cŠu‡Q †`q| mvMi ZLbB B›Uvi‡b‡U Zvi wcÖq Lvevi wcrRvi AW©vi w`‡q †`q|
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i Mvb †kvbv hvq|
B-eyK wiWvi eënvi K‡i eB cov hvq|
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wKQy¶‡Yi gv‡SB nvwm-Lywk GK Zi“Y Zvi evmvq wcrRv wb‡q Av‡m| mvMi ejj, ÒAvgvi evmvUv
Lyu‡R †c‡Z †Zvgvi wK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡q‡Q?Ó Zi“YwU ejj, ÒGKUzI Amywe‡a nqwb- Avwg
wRwcG‡m †Zvgvi wVKvbvUv w`‡q w`‡qwQ,
†Kvb c‡_ Avm‡Z n‡e e‡j w`‡q‡Q!Ó
mvMi †L‡Z †L‡Z Avevi Zvi Kw¤úDUv‡i
c„w_exi LeivLei †bq| wbDwUª‡bv wb‡q
weÁv‡bi GKUv PgKcÖ` Lei †ei n‡q‡Q|
wbDwUª‡bv Kx- mvMi †mUv Rv‡b bv ZvB †m
DBwKwcwWqv‡Z wbDwUª‡bv m¤ú‡K© PgrKvi
GKUv †jLv c‡o wbj| ïay ZvB bq, bZyb
GKUv wm‡bgv Lye bvg K‡i‡Q- wm‡bgvUv
†`L‡j g›` nq bv| mvMi ZLbB wm‡bgvUv
WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i †`q, iv‡Z †m
†mUv †`L‡e|
we‡K‡j eÜzi evmvq Rb¥w`‡bi Drm‡e hv‡e- Zv‡K wKQy GKUv Dcnvi †`qv ìKvi, eÜzwU eB
co‡Z Lye fv‡jvev‡m ZvB mvMi B›Uvi‡b‡U GKUv eB AW©vi w`‡q †`q, Zvi evmvq eBUv †cŠu‡Q
hv‡e| †m wb‡Ri R‡bÏ GKUv eB AW©vi w`j-
e¨vs‡K h‡_ó UvKv Av‡Q wK bv Rvbv ìKvi| mvMi
ZLb Zvi e¨vs‡K †LuvR wbj, †mwfsm †_‡K wKQy
UvKv Zvi †PwKs GKvD‡›U wb‡q Av‡m|
Ni †_‡K †ei nIqvi mgq Zvi †gvevBj †e‡R D‡V- evwo †_‡K Zvi gv †dvb K‡i‡Qb| mvMi
wR‡Ám Kij, Ògv fv‡jv AvQ †Zvgiv?Ó gv ej‡jb, Ònüv fv‡jvB AvwQ, Z‡e †Zvi evevi PkgvUv
g‡b nq e`jv‡Z n‡e, ¯úó bvKx †`L‡Z cvq bv|Ó mvMi ejj, ÒZzwg wPš—v K‡iv bv gv, Avwg
mvg‡bi mßv‡n P‡j Avme, evev‡K †Pv‡Li Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q hve|Ó
gv‡qi mv‡_ K_v †kl K‡i mvMi †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡b ZLb ZLbB †Uª‡bi wU‡KU eyK K‡i †`q|
fv‡jv †Pv‡Li Wv³vi †K n‡Z cv‡i †LvuR †bevi R‡b¨ †m iv‡Z B-wPwKrmv †K‡›`ª †LvuR †b‡e|
eÜzi evmvq Rb¥w`‡bi Drm‡e mevB wg‡j Lye Avb›` Kij, †QvU ev”Pviv N‡ii GK †Kvbvq
nBPB K‡i Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Lj‡Q| iv‡Z Lvevi †L‡q mvMi evmvq wd‡i Av‡m, ciw`b Kv‡R
†h‡Z n‡e ZvB †m mKvj mKvj ï‡q c‡o, weQvbvq ï‡q ï‡q †m †kl LeiUv ï‡b †bq, DcMÖn
†_‡K Qwe Zz‡j †`Lv †M‡Q N~wY©SoUv Ny‡i Ab¨w`‡K P‡j †M‡Q, †`‡ki †Kv‡bv wec` †bB| LeiUv
ï‡b mvM‡ii gbUv fv‡jv n‡q hvq- wbwðš— gb wb‡q †m Nygv‡Z †Mj|
KvíwbK gvby‡li KvíwbK w`bwjwc GLv‡bB †kl- †Zvgiv Kx j¶ K‡iQ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
w`‡q †m mvivUv w`b KZ KvR K‡i‡Q? Aí wKQyw`b Av‡MI †KD wK GUv Kíbv Ki‡Z cviZ?
bZzb wkLjvg : B-eyK wiWvi, DBwKwcwWqv, WvDb‡jvW, B-wPwKrmv †K›`ª|
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i N‡i e‡m mviv
c„w_exi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq|
`jMZ KvR
GLv‡b D‡j−L Kiv nq wb GiKg Avi Kx
Kx KvR Kiv m¤¢e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Ki|

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cvV 3 : Kg©‡¶‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
†Zvgiv mevB Rvb wk¶v_©xiv ¯‹zj †kl K‡i K‡j‡R hvq, K‡jR †kl K‡i BDwbfvwm©wU‡Z co‡Z
hvq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv cvewjK wek¦we`¨vjq Av‡Q| D”Pgva¨wgK cov †kl K‡i
wk¶v_©x‡ì cvewjK wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i R‡b¨ Avjv`v K‡i fwZ© cix¶v w`‡Z nq| GK mgq
GB fwZ© cix¶vi KvRwU wQj Lye KwVb, wk¶v_©x‡ì A‡bK `~i †_‡K †`‡ki Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡q ev‡m, †Uª‡b, Rvnv‡R †h‡Z n‡Zv, jvB‡b ùvwo‡q fwZ©i dg© Avb‡Z n‡Zv| †mB
dg© c~iY K‡i Avevi Zv‡ì †mB wek¦we`¨vj‡q †h‡Z n‡Zv, K¨vk UvKv Rgv w`‡Z n‡Zv, dg©
Rgv w`‡q cix¶vi cÖ‡ekcÎ wb‡Z n‡Zv, †mB cÖ‡ekcÎ wb‡q cix¶v w`‡Z n‡Zv| cix¶vi LvZv
†`Lv †kl n‡j djvdj cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv- Le‡ii
KvM‡R †mB djvdj †`‡L hviv my‡hvM †c‡Zv
Zviv wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡Zv|
2009 mv‡j kvn&Rvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³
wek¦we`¨vjq wVK Kij Zviv cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU Z_¨
cÖhyw³ w`‡q †kl Ki‡e- Ges GB fwZ© cÖwµqvq
†Kv_vI †Kv‡bv KvMR eënvi n‡e bv! fwZ©i
†iwR‡÷ªk‡bi R‡b¨ †Kv‡bv cÖv_©x‡K Zvi Ni
†_‡KB †ei n‡Z n‡e bv| KvMRwenxb GB fwZ©
cÖwµqvwU 2009 mv‡ji 21 AvM÷ †`‡ki
cÖavbgš¿x D‡Øvab Ki‡jb- Ges Zvici †_‡K
GB †`‡ki cÖvq mKj ¯‹zj, K‡jR,
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ©i mgq Gfv‡e Z_¨ cÖhyw³
eënvi Kiv nq- mevB wb‡Ri N‡i e‡m
ïaygvÎ †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb eënvi K‡i GB
cÖwµqv †kl K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënvi Kivi Kvi‡Y wekvj
GKwU Kg©hÁ n‡q †M‡jv cvwbi g‡Zv mnR!
KvMR eënvi bv K‡i Awd‡mi KvRKg© Kivi GB
welqwU Avgv‡ì †`‡k gvÎ ïi“ n‡jI aviYvwU wKš—y
bZyb bq| 1975 mv‡j weR‡bm DBK bv‡gi
GKUv g¨vMvwR‡b cÖ_gevi GwU m¤ú‡K© GKwU
cÖeÜ Qvcv n‡qwQj wKš—y ZLb †mwU wQj A‡bKUv KíweÁv‡bi g‡Zv, KviY GwU ev¯Í‡e i~c
w`‡Z n‡j Awd‡mi mevi Kv‡Q GKUv Kw¤úDUvi _vK‡Z n‡e- †hwU ZLb †KD wPš—vI Ki‡Z
cviZ bv|
`jMZ KvR
†Zvgv‡ì ¯‹z‡ji Awdm‡K KvMRwenxb
Awd‡m i~cvš—i Ki‡Z n‡j Kx Kx KvR
Ki‡Z n‡e ¸wQ‡q wjL|
†gvevBj †dv‡b Gm.Gg.Gm. cvwV‡q GLb ¯‹zj
K‡jR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ© cÖwµqv
ïi“ Kiv hvq|
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GLb †mwU ev¯Íem¤§Z n‡q‡Q| GLb
A‡bK Awdm cy‡ivcywi KvMRwenxb
Awd‡m cv‡ë †M‡Q| †hB Awd‡m KvM‡R
wKQy wjL‡Z nq bv- Kw¤úDUv‡i wj‡L
GKRb Av‡iKR‡bi Kv‡Q cvwV‡q †`q|
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv †bUIqvK© w`‡q GKwUi
mv‡_ Av‡iKwU hy³ n‡q Av‡Q Kv‡RB
†Pv‡Li cj‡K me KvRKg© n‡q hvq|
KvM‡R wKQy †jLv nq bv e‡j KvM‡Ri
LiP †eu‡P hvq| KvMR ˆZwi nq MvQ
†_‡K ZvB hLb KvMR †eu‡P hvq ZLb
MvQI †eu‡P hvq, cwi‡ekUv _v‡K A‡bK
my›ì| KvM‡R †jLvq Kvwj †Uvbvi eënvi
nq bv e‡j ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ w`‡q cwi‡ekI
`~lY nq bv|
hZ w`b hv‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii gwbUi¸‡jv n‡”Q eo, ZvB †mLv‡b wKQy GKUv covi KvRwUI
n‡q‡Q A‡bK mnR| †`Lv †M‡Q bZyb cÖR‡b¥i gvby‡liv AvRKvj wKQy GKUv KvM‡R bv wj‡L
Kw¤úDUv‡i wjL‡Z cQ›` K‡i, KvM‡R bv c‡o gwbU‡i covB ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i| GKmgq
K¨v‡givq Qwe Zz‡j †m¸‡jv ivmvqwbK w`‡q wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡Zv| AvRKvj K¨v‡givq Qwe wcÖ›U bv
K‡iB gvbyl mivmwi Kw¤úDUv‡i ev †gvevB‡ji w¯Œ‡b †`‡L †bq|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k KvMR Qvov me‡P‡q PgKcÖ` KvRwU n‡”Q †fv‡Ui †gwkb| †`kwU MYZvwš¿K,
MYZvwš¿K †`‡k mewKQyB wVK Kiv nq wbe©vPb K‡i, wbe©vP‡b †fvU w`‡Z nq| †fvU †`qvi R‡b¨
ìKvi e¨vjU †ccvi- A_©vr KvMR, †hLv‡b cÖv_©x‡ì bvg Ges gvK©v Qvcv _v‡K| †fvUvi‡ì
†mLv‡b wmj †g‡i e¨vjU ev‡· †dj‡Z nq| wbe©vP‡bi †k‡l †m¸‡jv ¸b‡Z nq|
B‡jKUªwbK †fvwUs †gwk‡b GiKg †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB- hviv †fvU †`‡e Zviv mivmwi †gwk‡bi
†evZvg †P‡c †fvU †`q Ges wbe©vP‡bi mgq †kl n‡j gyn~‡Ë©i g‡a¨ djvdj †ei n‡q hvq|
†Zvgiv ï‡b Lye Lywk n‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A‡bK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wbe©vPb GB B‡jKUªwbK †gwkb w`‡q
Kiv ïi“ n‡q †M‡Q|
bZyb wkLjvg : †Uvbvi, B‡jKUªwbK †fvwUs †gwkb|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖhyw³we`‡ì ˆZwi B‡jKUªwbK †fvwUs
†gwkb eënvi K‡i †`‡k AvRKvj †fvU †`qv Avi
†fvU MYbvi KvR ïi“ n‡q‡Q|
`jMZ KvR
†Zvgv‡ì K¬v‡m `ywU `j ˆZwi K‡i B‡jKUªªwbK †fvwUs †gwkb eënvi Ki‡j Kx myweav Ges Kx
Amyweav †mwU wb‡q GKwU weZ‡K©i Av‡qvRb Ki|

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KvMR eënvi bv K‡i Awd‡mi KvRKg© Pvjv‡bv hw` Z_¨ cÖhyw³i GKUv avc nq Zvn‡j Zvi
c‡ii avcwU Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
†Zvgiv †KD †KD wbðqB Abygvb K‡i †d‡jQ- †mwU n‡e Awd‡m bv wM‡qB Awdm Kiv! Avgiv
mewKQyB hw` Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q Kwi, Avi me Kw¤úDUviB hw` †bUIqvK© w`‡q GKUvi mv‡_
Av‡iKUv Ry‡o †`qv _v‡K Zvn‡j Avwg †mB Kw¤úDUviUv Awd‡m e‡m eënvi KiwQ bvwK evmvq
e‡m eënvi KiwQ Zv‡Z Kx Av‡m hvq? Avm‡jB wKQy Av‡m hvq bv- Avi †mUvB n‡”Q m¤ú~Y©
bZyb GK ai‡bi Awd‡mi aviYv| 1983 mv‡j cÖ_g GUv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq Avi 1994 mv‡j
cÖ_g G ai‡bi GKUv Awdm Zvi KvR ïi“ K‡i| hviv KvR Ki‡Q Zviv mkix‡i †KD Awd‡m
†bB wKš—y Awd‡mi KvR Pj‡Q- GiKg Awd‡mi bvg n‡”Q fvPz©qvj Awdm|
me Awdm‡KB †h fvPz©qvj Awdm evbv‡bv hv‡e Zv bq- wKš—y †h¸‡jv evbv‡bv hv‡e- †mLv‡b
A‡bK jvf| cÖ_gZ †Zvgv‡K Awd‡mi R‡b¨ eo wewìs Ki‡Z n‡e bv| iv¯ÍvNv‡Ui UªvwdK
R¨v‡gi mv‡_ hy× K‡i KvD‡K Awd‡m Avm‡Z n‡e bv| evmvq e‡m KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e e‡j
Awd‡mi Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk evmvi KvRKg©I Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Awd‡m †M‡j wbw`©ó mgq ch©š— KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡i- wKš—y evmvq e‡m KvR Ki‡j Awd‡mi mg‡qi evB‡iI A‡bK KvR Kiv m¤¢e!
Kv‡RB fvPy©qvj Awd‡mi KvRKg© mvaviY Awdm †_‡KI †ewk n‡Z cv‡i|
GKwU wekvj Kj †m›Uvi|
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fvPz©qvj Awd‡mi me‡P‡q PgKcÖ` mywe‡ai K_vUv GL‡bv ejv nq wb| mvaviY Awd‡m hviv KvR
K‡i Zv‡ì‡K Awd‡mi KvQvKvwQ _vK‡Z nq| fvPz©qvj Awd‡m †h‡nZz KvD‡K mkix‡i _vK‡Z
nq bv ZvB Zviv †hLv‡b B‡”Q †mLv‡b _vK‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB GK Awd‡mi G‡KKRb nq‡Zv
G‡KK kn‡i _v‡K| mwZ¨ K_v
ej‡Z Kx A‡bK Awd‡mB wKš—y
Gfv‡e KvR K‡i| c„w_exUv †h‡nZz
Zvi A‡¶i Dci Ny‡i ZvB GK
†`‡k hLb w`b ZLb c„w_exi Ab¨
c„‡ô ivZ| w`‡bi †ejv nq‡Zv
GK`j Awdm K‡i Nygv‡Z †Mj,
ZLb c„w_exi Ab¨ c„‡ôi Ab¨ `j
Nyg †_‡K D‡V KvR ïi“ K‡i w`j!
hvi A_© AwdmUv PweŸk N›Uv Pj‡Q|
AvRKvj Kj †m›Uvi e‡j cÖvqB
GKUv K_v †kvbv hvq- Avgv‡ì †`‡kI Kj †m›Uvi emv‡bvi KvR Pj‡Q| bvbv ai‡bi Kj
†m›Uvi _vK‡Z cv‡i- Zviv bvbv ai‡bi KvR K‡i- GKUv mnR D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i, †mwU
†Kv‡bv GKUv †Kv¤úvbxi Kv‡Q hviv bvbv wKQy Rvb‡Z †dvb K‡i Zv‡ì cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv| aiv
hvK †KD GKUv Kw¤úDUvi wK‡b‡Q- †mB Kw¤úDUviUv wb‡q Zvi GKUv mgm¨v n‡q‡Q ZvB †m
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kv¤úvbx‡Z †dvb Kij| †m nq‡Zv fve‡Q Zvi †dv‡bi DËi w`‡”Q Avkcv‡ki
†Kv‡bv GKRb gvbyl- Avm‡j †mB †dvbwU nq‡Zv P‡j G‡m‡Q c„w_exi Ab¨ cÖv‡š— †Kv‡bv GKwU
Kj †m›Uv‡i| †mLv‡b hviv Av‡Q Zviv GB cÖ‡kœi DËiUv Lye fv‡jv K‡i Rv‡b KviY Zvi Kv‡Q
Av‡M nq‡Zv Av‡iv A‡bK gvbyl GB cÖkœwU K‡i‡Q- ZvB Lye mn‡RB Kj †m›Uvi †_‡K DËi
w`‡q †mB gvbylwU‡K Lywk K‡i w`j|
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A‡bK Zi“Y-Zi“Yx AvRKvj
Awd‡m wM‡q `kUv cuvPUv KvR Ki‡Z Pvq bv-
Zvi wb‡Ri N‡i e‡m ¯^vaxbfv‡e hLb B‡”Q
KvR K‡i| Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri †¶ÎwU ZLb Avi wb‡Ri kni wKsev wb‡Ri †`‡ki gv‡S AvU‡K
_v‡K bv, ZLb †mUv n‡q hvq mviv c„w_ex| Zviv ïay †h KvR K‡i Avb›` cvq Zv bq- A‡bK
UvKvI DcvR©b Ki‡Z c‡i| GZ wKQzi R‡b¨ Zvi ìKvi ïay GKUv Kw¤úDUvi Avi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
ms‡hvM| Aewk¨ Zvi mv‡_ Av‡iv GKUv wRwbm ìKvi- †mUv n‡”Q †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q `¶Zv!
Kv‡RB †Zvgiv eyS‡ZB cviQ bZyb c„w_ex‡Z GKmv‡_ wg‡j A‡b‡K KvR Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡ì‡K
Avi GK RvqMvq e‡m KvR Ki‡Z nq bv| GB †h eBUv Zzwg coQ- Zzwg wK Rvb hviv GB eBUv
wj‡L‡Q, mvwR‡q‡Q Zviv †KD KL‡bv GKmv‡_ e‡m wb- mevB wb‡Ri N‡i e‡m KvR K‡i‡Q|
bZzb wkLjvg : fvP©yqvj Awdm, Kj †m›Uvi, KvMRwenxb Awdm|
A‡bK Zi“Y Zi“Yx AvRKvj Awd‡m wM‡q `kUv cuvPUv KvR bv
K‡i - Zvi wb‡Ri N‡i e‡m ¯^vaxbfv‡e hLb B‡”Q KvR K‡i|
`jMZ KvR
†Zvgv‡ì ¯‹z‡j GKwU fvP©yqvj K¬vmi“g ˆZwi
Ki‡Z n‡j Kx Kx Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU wjL|

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†Zvgiv wbðqB Rvb evsjv‡`k GLb wekvj wekvj RvnvR ˆZwi K‡i c„w_exi eo eo †`‡k ißvwb
K‡i| Avgv‡ì GZ my›ì †`kwUi †fZi w`‡q wekvj wekvj b`x wM‡q‡Q- GB †`‡ki gvbyl b`x
wej mgy‡`ª eo n‡q‡Q- Kv‡RB Zviv †h PgrKvi †bŠKv Avi RvnvR evbv‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡Z AevK
nevi Kx Av‡Q?
eo eo RvnvR evbv‡Z n‡j wekvj wekvj
avZe UzK‡iv‡K wbw`©ó AvKv‡i †K‡U
Zvici I‡qwìs Ki‡Z nq| †Zvgiv
wbðqB c‡_Nv‡U †`vKv‡b I‡qwìs Ki‡Z
†`‡LQ| †mLvb †_‡K †h Zxeª Av‡jv †ei nq
†KD hw` †mvRvmywR †mw`‡K ZvKvq Zvn‡j
Zvi †PvL cvKvcvwKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡q
hv‡e| hviv I‡qwìs K‡i Zv‡ì we‡kl
Pkgv c‡i KvR Ki‡Z nq| †mLv‡b cÖPÛ
Zv‡ci m„wó nq, avZe UzK‡iv wQU‡K
wQU‡K c‡o| KvRwU †`‡LB g‡b nq GwU
†ek wec¾bK KvR| GB wec¾bK KvRwU
hw` gvbyl‡K Ki‡Z bv n‡Zv- †Kv‡bv GKUv
†iveU Ki‡Zv- Zvn‡j †Kgb n‡Zv?
†Zvgiv ï‡b Lywk n‡e- Gai‡bi
wec¾bK KvR¸‡jv Avm‡jB Av‡¯Í
Av‡¯Í gvbyl wb‡R bv K‡i
†iveU‡ì `vwqZ¡ w`‡q w`‡”Q|
gvby‡liv KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z K¬vš—
n‡q hvq- GK‡N‡q KvR n‡j KvR
Ki‡Z B‡”QI K‡i bv| †iveUiv
K¬vš— nq bv| GK‡N‡q KvRwU wb‡q
Zviv KL‡bv Awf‡hvMI K‡i bv|
ZvB c„w_exi eo eo KjKviLvbvq
kÖwgK wn‡m‡e Avi gvbyl †bB| KvR K‡i †iveUiv- gvby‡liv eo †Rvi †`‡L KvRUv wVK g‡Zv
n‡”Q wK bv!
GK‡N‡q wec¾bK KvR¸‡jv gvbyl †_‡K †ive‡Uiv A‡bK fv‡jvfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i- Kv‡RB hZ
w`b hv‡”Q ZZB GB KvR¸‡jv gvby‡li e`‡j †gwk‡biv Ki‡Q- Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i|
BÛvw÷ªqvj †iveU w`‡q AvRKvj wec¾bK hvwš¿K KvR
Kiv nq|
WªvBfvi QvovB GB Mvox Pvjv‡bv hvq|
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Avgv‡ì c‡_ Nv‡U cÖwZw`b KZ GKwm‡W›U nq- †gvUvgywU Abygvb Kiv hvq Avi K‡qK `kK
ci GKwm‡W›U eÜ n‡q hv‡e- KviY ZLb Mvwo Avi gvby‡liv Pvjv‡e bv| Mvwo Pvjv‡e Z_¨
cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv hš¿| Mvwoi †ejvq †mUv ïi“ n‡Z GKUz †`wi n‡”Q- AvKvk c‡_ †mUv wKš—y
Gi gv‡S ïi“ n‡q †M‡Q| wekvj wekvj †c−b hLb AvKv‡k D‡o ZLb cvBjU‡ì wKQy Ki‡Z nq
bv- Kw¤úDUviB mewKQy K‡i| hy×wegvb †h¸‡jv Av‡Q †mLv‡b AvRKvj cvBjU _v‡KB bv,
cvBjUwenxb †Wªvbiv †h cÖwZw`b hy× Ki‡Q †evgv †dj‡Q †mUv †Zv Le‡ii KvMR Lyj‡jB †`Lv
hvq|
Avgv‡ì Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³
†Kgb K‡i eënvi nq Zvi ZvwjKv
Ki‡Z †M‡j †mwU †kl n‡e e‡j
g‡b nq bv| `vßwiK wPwVcÎ
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi K_v †Zv Av‡MB ejv
n‡q‡Q- Awd‡mi wgwUs¸‡jvI
AvRKvj Ab¨fv‡e nq| wewfbœ
Awd‡mi wewfbœ gvbyl Avjv`v
Avjv`vfv‡e e‡m e‡m GKmv‡_
Kbdv‡iÝ K‡i †d‡j! Avgv‡ì
†`‡kB wek¦we`¨vj‡q B-K¬vmi“g ˆZwi n‡”Q, GKRb wk¶K Zvi K¬vmi“‡g cov‡eb, mviv †`‡ki
AmsL¨ gvbyl Zvi Kv‡Q co‡e| Awd‡mi
eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Qvov KíbvB Kiv hvq
bv| Av‡M Awd‡m eo eo dvBj GK Ni †_‡K
Ab¨ Awd‡m †h‡Z w`b cvi n‡q †h‡Zv- bZyb
B‡jKUªwbK dvBj †Pv‡Li cj‡K GK Awdm †_‡K Ab¨ Awd‡m P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| Awd‡mi
me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR¸‡jv nq UvKv cqmv ev GKvDw›Us msµvš—, Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y †mB
KvR¸‡jv GLb Avi gvbyl‡K Ki‡Z nq bv- eo eo †jRvi LvZvq gv_v Muy‡R wKQy wjL‡Z nq bv,
Kw¤úDUvi gyn~‡Z© mewKQy K‡i †d‡j|
gvby‡li Kv‡Ri RvqMvq memg‡qB KvD‡K bv KvD‡K wKQy GKUv ej‡Z nq, †evSv‡Z nq,
†mwgbvi w`‡Z nq| Gme Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ GZ PgrKvi eë¯’v †ei n‡q‡Q, GZ my›ì K‡i mewKQy
K‡i †djv hvq †h gv‡S gv‡S g‡b nq Av‡M GB KvR¸‡jv †Kgb K‡i Kiv n‡Zv?
bZzb wkLjvg : †iveU, cvBjUwenxb †Wªvb, B-K¬vmi“g
†Kv‡bv cvBjU QvovB GB †c−bwU AvKv‡k D‡o|
`jMZ KvR
†Zvgv‡ì ¯‹z‡j GKwU fvP©yqvj K¬vmi“g ˆZwi
Ki‡Z n‡j Kx Kx Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU wjL|

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cvV 6 : mgvR Rxe‡b Z_¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
mvgvwRK m¤úK© Dbœq‡b AvBwmwU : Avgviv mevB mgv‡R _vwK| Zzwg, †Zvgvi eÜyiv nq‡Zv
†K‡bv MÖvg ev kn‡i _v‡Kv| †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD nq‡Zv ¯‹z‡ji †nv‡÷‡j _v‡Kv| evev,
gv, `v`v, `v`x, AvZ¥xq¯^Rb, eÜyevÜe Ges evwK mevB‡K wb‡q nq Avgv‡ì mgvR| GLv‡b
†KD PvKwi K‡i, †KD eëmv K‡i, †KD wk¶v_©x, †KDev evmvq _v‡K| mevi g‡a¨ cvi¯cwiK
m¤cK© Avi †Ìqv-†bIqvi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU mgvR GwM‡q P‡j| mgv‡Ri bvbv cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv
bvbvb ai‡bi nvwZqvi eënvi Kwi| GKmgq †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z GK MÖvg †_‡K Avi GK MÖv‡g
†h‡Z n‡Zv Lei w`‡Z, c‡i †`Lv n‡j †Xvj evwR‡qI Lei †`qv hvq| gvbyl hLb wjL‡Z wkLj
ZLb †m wPwV wj‡L g‡bi fve Avi Lei cvVv‡Z ïi“ Kij| M‡o DVj WvK wefvM, GK RvqMv
†_‡K Av‡iK RvqMvq wPwV †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqvi eë¯’v| †UwjMÖvd Avi †Uwj‡dv‡bi Avwe®‹vi GB
e¨vcvi¸‡jv‡K AviI mnR K‡i †dj‡jv|
Avi GLb Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
(AvBwmwU) mvgvwRK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
e¨vcvi¸‡jv‡K wb‡q G‡m‡Q nv‡Zi
gy‡Vvq| AvBwmwUi cÖPwjZ nvwZqvi¸‡jvi
cvkvcvwk GLb B›Uvi‡b‡U mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi A‡bK RbwcÖq I‡qemvBU
ˆZwi n‡q‡Q hv GB mvgvwRK Kg©KvÛ
mnRfv‡e Kivi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡”Q|
AvBwmwU eënvi K‡i Kxfv‡e mvgvwRK
m¤cK©¸‡jv weKwkZ n‡”Q Zvi K‡qKwU
D`vniY Avgiv cÖ_‡g †`‡L †bB :
K. Abyôvbvw`‡Z Avgš¿Y : GKmgq
†Kej KvM‡Ri Avgš¿YcÎ Ges
†Uwj‡dv‡bB †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK Abyôv‡bi
Rb¨ `vIqvZ †Ìqv †hZ| GLb G¸‡jvi
cvkvcvwk B-†gBj ev gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi Ly‡èvZ©vq (GmGgGm) `vIqvZ †Ìqv hvq| B-†gBj ev
Ly‡èvZ©vi myweav nj Zv hvi Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv n‡”Q wVK †m mg‡qB Zv‡K †dvb eënvi Ki‡Z nq
bv, Zvi myweavgZ mg‡q †m †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡i|
L. we‡kl wèmmg~‡n ï‡f”Qv evZ©v : Zzwg †Zvgvi eÜy‡ì Rb¥w`b, C` ev c~Rvi mgq ï‡f”Qv-
evZ©v cvVv‡Z PvI| †hme eÜy †Zvgvi Av‡kcv‡k _v‡K Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Zzwg †Zvgvi nv‡Z evbv‡bv
KvW© w`‡Z cv‡iv| wKš—y hviv wfbœ †`‡k ev wfbœ `~i‡Z¡ _v‡K? Zv‡ì Kv‡QI KvW© cvVv‡bv hvq
WvK‡hv‡M Z‡e GLb mevB cvVvq B-KvW©| B-KvW© `yBfv‡e cvVv‡bv hvq| GKwU n‡jv Zzwg
B-KvW© A‡bK PgKcÖ` n‡Z cv‡i, KvMR Kvwj eënvi nq bv
e‡j A‡bK cwi‡ek evÜe|
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wb‡R Kw¤cDUv‡i B-KvW© ˆZwi K‡i †mwU B-
†gB‡j cvVv‡Z cv‡iv| Avevi B›Uvi‡b‡U A‡bK
B-Kv‡W©i mvBU Av‡Q †hLvb †_‡K Zzwg †Zvgvi
cQ‡›ì B-KvW©wU †Zvgvi wcÖqR‡bi Kv‡Q
cvwV‡q w`‡Z cv‡iv| GRb¨ mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv
UvKv-cqmv LiP nq bv| †Zvgvi eÜy ev wcÖqRb
Zv‡ì B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †Zvgvi KvW© †c‡q
hvq| Avevi ï‡f”Qv Rvbv‡bv‡ZI gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi
Ly‡èvZ©v GLb A‡bK RbwcÖq| Gi gva¨‡g Lye
mn‡R wcÖqR‡bi Kv‡Q ï‡f”Qv, D‡ØM ev DrKÚv
†cŠ‡Q †Ìqv hvq| GLb Avevi wewfbœ GdGg
†iwWI‡Z cQ‡›ì Mvb evwR‡qI wcÖq eÜy‡K
ï‡f”Qv Rvbv‡bvi †iIqvR Pvjy n‡q‡Q| Gm‡ei
gva¨‡g mvgvwRK eÜb¸‡jv `„p nq|
M. ¯§„wZ msi¶Y I wewbgq : A‡bKw`b Av‡M †_‡K
Rxe‡bi iwOb I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbvejxi Qwe Zz‡j ivLv
Ges Zv mevi m‡½ wewbgq (†kqvi) Kivi GKwU
ms¯‹…wZ i‡q‡Q| hv‡ì mvg_©¨ Av‡Q Zviv Zv‡ì
AbyôvbwU wfwWI K¨v‡givq aviY K‡i iv‡L| eZ©gv‡b
Ggb †gvevBj †dvb mnRjf¨ n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b K¨v‡giv
GgbwK wfwWI K¨v‡givI i‡q‡Q| Zvi d‡j Rxe‡bi
†h †Kv‡bv gyn~Z© AvMvgx w`‡bi Rb¨ msi¶Y K‡i ivLv
m¤¢e n‡”Q| GQvov Gai‡bi wWwRUvj Qwe B‡”Q
Ki‡jB wcÖqR‡bi Kv‡Q cvwV‡q †Ìqv hvq|
B›Uvi‡b‡U GLb wewfbœ mvBU i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Zzwg Qwe Avc‡jvW K‡i Zv Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡Z
cvi‡e| GiKg mvBU¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¸M‡ji wcKvmv (picasa.google.com) Ges Bqvûi wd¬Kvi
GLb me‡P‡q †ewk RbwcÖq| †Kej Qwe bq, B‡”Q Ki‡j Zzwg †Zvgvi †Zvjv wfwWI mvivwe‡k¦i
mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡iv wfwWI †kqvwis mvB‡Ui gva¨‡g| GiKg mvBU¸‡jvi g‡a¨ BDwUDe
(www.youtube.com) me‡P‡q RbwcÖq|
bZzb wkLjvg : Ly‡` evZ©v, B-KvW©, wfwWI †kqvwis mvBU|
Qwe msi¶b Avi weZi‡Yi R‡b¨ PgrKvi
I‡qemvBU i‡q‡Q|
BD wUD‡e GKwU wfwWI|
`jMZ KvR
†Zvgv‡ì K¬v‡mi †Kv‡bv GKwU Abyôv‡bi R‡b¨ GmGgGm eënvi K‡i AwZw_‡ì Avgš¿Y
RvbvI|

14
cvV 7 : mgvR Rxe‡b Z_¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvBU : Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Avgv‡ì mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM‡K `ª“Z,
AvKl©Yxq, Ges Kvh©Kix K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| ïay G bq,Gi evB‡iI bvbvbfv‡e Avgv‡ì mvgvwRK
e¨vcvi¸‡jv B›Uvi‡b‡U D‡V G‡m‡Q| Av‡Mi cv‡V ejv n‡q‡Q †Zvgvi eÜz‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz
Rvbv‡Z n‡j Ly‡èvZ©v ev B-†gBj cvVv‡bvi KvRwU wKš—y †Zvgv‡K Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš—y hw` Ggb
nq †h, Zzwg hv wKQz KiQ ZvB †Zvgvi eÜyiv
†R‡b hv‡”Q, Avjv`v K‡i †Zvgvi wKQzB Ki‡Z
n‡”Q bv Zvn‡j †Kgb nq? wbðqB LyeB fv‡jv
nq| GB wPš—v †_‡K GLb B›Uvi‡b‡U M‡o
D‡V‡Q †ekwKQz mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m¤c~Y©
mvBU| wb‡Ri fv‡jv-jvMv g›`jvMv, Abyôvbvw`,
PvKwi‡Z cÖ‡gvkb, mš—vbvwì we‡q BZ¨vw` bvbv
wel‡qi Z_¨, Qwe wKsev wfwWI wewbgq Kiv hvq
G¸‡jvi †h †Kvb GKwU †_‡K| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq
kZvwaK GiKg I‡qemvBU i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ †dmeyK (www.facebook.com), ¸Mj
c−vm (plus.google.com), UzBUvi
(www.twitter.com), †Rvàv
(www.zooppa.com), gvB‡¯cm (www.myspace.com) G¸‡jv LyeB RbwcÖq| c„w_exi cÖvq
mKj fvlvfvlx †jvK GB mvBU¸‡jv eënvi K‡i|
G‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ nq †dmeyK| 2012 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m c„w_exi cÖvq 90 †KvwU
†jvK †dmey‡Ki eënviKvix wQj! evsjv‡`‡kI †dmey‡Ki eënviKvixi msL¨v cÖwZw`bB evo‡Q|
2009 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m evsjv‡`‡k †dmeyK eënviKvixi msL¨v wQj gvÎ 96 nvRvi| 2012
mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m GwU 25 jvL Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| †dmeyK ev Abyi~c mvBU¸‡jv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K
eënviKvix Zvi cwiwPwZg~jK GKwU we‡klvwqZ I‡qe‡cBR Pvjy Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU‡K ejv nq
eënviKvixi †cÖvdvBj| eënviKvix Zvi wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Z_¨, Zvi fv‡jvjvMv g›` jvMvi
welq¸‡jv BZ¨vw` Zvi †cÖvdvB‡j cÖKvk K‡ib| Gici GKRb Zvi †cÖvdvBj †_‡K †dmey‡K Zvi
ÔeÜyÕ‡ì Lyu‡R †ei K‡i| GLv‡b eÜz ej‡Z Avgiv cÖPwjZfv‡e †hUv †evSvB †mUv †evSv‡bv
n‡”Q bv, †dmeyK Abyhvqx GKRb gvby‡li m‡½ Ab¨ hZ gvby‡li †hvMv‡hvM _vK‡e Zviv mevB
n‡”Q Zvi ÔeÜyÕ| hw` †Zvgvi eÜywUiI †dmey‡K †cÖvdvBj _v‡K Zvn‡j Zzwg Zv‡K Lyu‡R wb‡q
eÜy nIqvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva cvVv‡Z cv‡iv| hw` †m m¤§wZ †`q Zvn‡j †Zvgiv eÜy n‡q hv‡e|
GKBfv‡e Ab¨ †KD hw` †Zvgv‡K eÜy nIqvi Aby‡iva K‡i Avi Zv Zzwg MÖnY K‡iv Zvn‡j
ZzwgI Zvi eÜy n‡e| Zzwg Avi †Zvgvi eÜyiv wg‡j n‡e †Zvgvi Ô†bUIqvK©Õ ev †Zvgvi
ÔmvgvwRK †bUIqvK©Õ|
c„w_exi 93 †KvwU †jvK †dmeyK eënvi K‡i|
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GLb †Zvgvi †bUIqvK© Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í
eo n‡Z _vK‡e| †Zvgvi cÖvBgvwi
¯‹z‡ji †h eÜywUi mv‡_ †Zvgvi `xN©w`b
†`Lv nq bv, †h wKbv GLb nq‡Zv
A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z _v‡K, Zv‡KI Zzwg GLv‡b
Luy‡R †c‡Z cv‡iv| Zzwg hLbB †Zvgvi
†cÖvdvB‡j †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡e
m‡½ m‡½ Zv †Zvgvi eÜy‡ì †c‡Ri
GKwU we‡kl RvqMvq †f‡m DV‡e| Zzwg
†Zvgvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e
hv †dmey‡K Ô÷¨vUvmÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
UzBUv‡i GUv‡K ejv nq UzBU! Zywg hw` †Kv‡bv Qwe cÖKvk K‡iv, hw` †Kv‡bv wfwWI mevB‡K
†`Lv‡Z PvI Zvn‡j Zv †Zvgvi †cÖvdvB‡j cÖKvk Ki‡jB Zv †Zvgvi †bUIqv‡K©i mevB †`L‡Z
cv‡e| ïay ZvB bq, †Zvgvi eÜy‡ì mevB‡K †dmeyK g‡b Kwi‡q †`‡e †Zvgvi Rb¥w`b K‡e!
mevB ZLb †Zvgv‡K ï‡f”Qv
Rvbv‡Z cvi‡e| †Kej
†Zvgvi e¨w³MZ myL-`ytL
bq| GLb GB mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvBU¸‡jvi
gva¨‡g c‡Yï weÁvcb,
Kv‡Ri Lei Ggb wK
mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb msMwVZ
Kivi KvRI n‡”Q| 2010-
2011 mv‡j Avie we‡k¦,
we‡kl K‡i wZDwbwmqv,
wgmi, wjweqvq †h mvgvwRK wec−e n‡q‡Q Zvi †cQ‡b GB mKj mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvB‡Ui
we‡kl f‚wgKv wQj e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
bZzb wkLjvg : †cÖvdvBj, mvgvwRK †bUIqvK©, ÷¨vUvm|
UzBUvi w`‡q msev` wewbgq GLb LyeB cÖPwjZ GKwU c×wZ|
mvgvwRK †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡k MY-Av‡›`vjb
M‡o †Zvjv n‡qwQj|
`jMZ KvR
†dmey‡Ki g‡Zv GKwU mvgvwRK †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i bZyb Kx Kiv hvq †mwU wjL|

16
bgybv cÖkœ :
1. †Kvb Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j bZzb †Kv_vI åg‡Yi †¶‡Î c_NvU wPb‡Z myweav nq?
K. Kw¤úDUvi L. B›Uvi‡bU
M. †gvevBj †dvb N. wRwcGm
2. wbDwUª‡bv m¤ú‡K© mwVKfv‡e Rvb‡Z Avgiv †KvbwU eënvi Kie?
K. Kw¤úDUvi L. B›Uvi‡bU
M. j¨vÛ‡dvb N. †gvevBj †dvb
3. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i -
i. eB cov hvq
ii. e¨vs‡Ki †jb‡`b Kiv hvq
iii. †Mg †Ljv hvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. i , ii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii , iii
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 5 I 6 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
†iev Gevi D”P gva¨wgK mvwU©wd‡KU cix¶vq DËxY© n‡q‡Q| †m wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡e|
msev`c‡Î weÁwß †`‡L GK iv‡Z e‡mB †m XvKv I Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i Av‡e`b
K‡i|
4. †iev fwZ©i Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡i -
i. †gvevBj †dvb eënvi K‡i
ii. B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i
iii. Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
5. G ai‡bi Av‡e`b cÖwµqvq cÖvß myweavw` njÑ
i. mgq I A_© mvkÖq
ii. kvixwiK kÖg jvNe
iii. cwi‡ek msi¶Y
6. †iev †h cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i fwZ©i Av‡e`b K‡iwQj Zvi bvg Kx?
K. †gvevBj cÖhyyw³ L. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
M. B›Uvi‡bU N. Kw¤úDUvi
7. 6 b¤î cÖ‡kœi †h DËiwU Zzwg cQ›` K‡iQ †m DËiwU cQ›` Kivi KviY hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Ki|
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wØZxq Aa¨vq
Kw¤úDUvi mswk−ó hš¿cvwZ
1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿vs‡ki Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e
2. Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿vs‡ki cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e
3. Kw¤úDUv‡ii wPÎ Gu‡K Gi wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

18
cvV 8 : BbcyU wWfvBm
lô †kÖwY‡Z †Zvgiv AvBwmwUÕi wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ m¤ú‡K© †R‡bQ| G cv‡V AvBwmwU hš¿cvwZ
m¤ú‡K© †Zvgiv Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
mg‡qi mv‡_ G hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv µ‡gB Av‡iv AvaywbK n‡q DV‡Q| welqUv GLb Ggb `vuwo‡q‡Q
†h, AvR‡Ki me‡P‡q AvaywbK hš¿wUB AvMvgxKvj cyi‡bv n‡q hv‡”Q| ZvQvov bZzb bZzb
Avwe®‹vi †Zv Av‡QB| †Uwjwfk‡bi wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvj hš¿wUi K_vB a‡iv Ñ AvMvgx‡Z Ggb
†Uwjwfkb cvIqv hv‡e †hUv gy‡Li K_v‡ZB Pj‡e| ï‡b AevK n‡j? K_v e‡jB GLb BbcyU
†Ìqv m¤¢e| wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvj hš¿wU nq‡Zv G‡Z APj n‡q co‡e| cÖhyw³ Lye `ª“Z e`‡j hv‡”Q|
†Zvgiv hviv GLb mßg †kÖwY‡Z co‡Qv Zviv GKUz Dc‡ii †kÖwY‡Z †h‡Z †h‡ZB GB
hš¿cvwZ¸‡jvi A‡bK¸‡jvB hv`yN‡ii mvgMÖx‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| ZeyI eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv
m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì Rvb‡Z n‡e| KviY hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv cv‡ë †M‡jI BbcyU, †÷v‡iR, cÖ‡mwms Ges
AvDUcy‡Ui aviYvUv wKš—y cv‡ë hv‡”Q bv|
Kx †evW© (Keyboard): Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU †Ìqvi cÖavb (eûj eëüZ) hš¿ nj Kx †evW©| Z_¨
I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i AwaKvsk h‡š¿ mvaviYZ Kx †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g BbcyU †Ìqv nq| G mKj
hš¿‡K w`‡q †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv‡Z PvB‡j hš¿¸‡jv‡K wKQz wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z nq| Avgiv Kx †ev‡W©i
†evZvg †P‡c G wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv h‡š¿i g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek KivB| ZLb hš¿¸‡jv Avgv‡ì PvIqv Abyhvqx
KvRwU K‡i †`q|
AvR‡Ki w`‡bi AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi Kx †ev‡W©i aviYv G‡m‡Q UvBcivBUvi bv‡gi GK ai‡bi
hš¿ †_‡K| Kx †ev‡W© mvaviYZ eY©, msL¨v ev we‡kl wKQz wPý mvwie×fv‡e web¨¯Í _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx †evW© UvBc ivBUv‡ii Kx †ev‡W©i g‡Zv n‡jI we‡kl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wKQz AwZwi³
Kx _v‡K| Kx †evW© mvaviYZ Bs‡iwR fvlvq n‡jI Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi Kx †evW©I cvIqv hvq| m¤úªwZ
evsjv‡`k miKvi Avg`vwbK…Z mKj †gvevBj †dv‡bi Kx †ev‡W© evsjv †jAvDU hy³ Kivi GK
wb‡`©kbv Rvwi K‡i‡Q|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx †evW©
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gvDm
gvB‡µv‡dvb
gvDm (Mouse): †Zvgiv Gi g‡a¨ wbðqB gvDm
bv‡gi GKwU hš¿ eënvi K‡i †d‡j‡Qv| GwU GKwU
RbwcÖq BbcyU wWfvBm| G‡K A‡b‡K c‡qw›Us
wWfvBmI e‡j _v‡K| hviv cÖ_g GwU ˆZwi K‡i‡Q
Zv‡ì aviYv wQj GwU †`L‡Z Bu`y‡ii g‡Zv, ZvB Gi
bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q gvDm|
gvD‡m mvaviYZ `ywU evUb I GKwU ¯Œj Pµ (ûBj)
_v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU cÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z G evUb¸‡jv
wewfbœfv‡e eëüZ nq| eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK
ai‡bi gvDm cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| mvaviY eënviKvixMY ÷¨vÛvW© gvDm eënvi K‡i|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gwbU‡ii c`©vq gvD‡mi Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv nq Zx‡ii djvi g‡Zv GKwU c‡q›Uv‡ii
gva¨‡g| gvDmwU bovPov Kiv n‡j c‡q›UviwU Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i| gvD‡mi evUb wK¬K K‡i
Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wPÎwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g gvD‡mi eûj eënvi
j¶ Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ wbw`©ó †cÖvMÖv‡gi wP‡ýi (AvBK‡bi) Dci gvD‡mi evgw`‡Ki evUb
GKevi wK¬K Ki‡j †cÖvMÖvgwU wbe©vwPZ (wm‡j±) nq Ges cici `ª“Z `yevi wK¬K Ki‡j †cÖvMÖvgwU
Pvjy nq| j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUv‡ii UvPc¨vW w`‡q gvD‡mi KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
gvB‡µv‡dvb (Microphone) :
GwUI GKwU BbcyU hš¿|
Avgv‡ì K_v, Mvb ev †h
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi kã Gi gva¨‡g
Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv
hvq| we‡kl K‡i B›Uvi‡bU
wfwËK †hvMv‡hv‡M K_v ejvi
†¶‡Î Gi RbwcÖqZv j¶ Kiv
hvq| †Uwj‡dv‡b eënvi Kiv
nq e‡j G hš¿wUi Avwe®‹vi †ek Av‡MB n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GLb GUv‡K wbqwgZfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i
BbcyU wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| K_v ejv QvovI f‡qm wiKMwbk‡bi †¶‡Î gvB‡µv‡dvb
eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
bZzb wkLjvg : ¯Œj Pµ (ûBj), AvBKb, f‡qm wiKMwbkb, gvB‡µv‡dvb|
`jMZ KvR
1. GLv‡b D‡j−L Kiv nqwb Ggb KZ¸‡jv wWfvBm †h¸‡jvi Kx‡evW© Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi bvg
wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki|
2. cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji Dc¯’vcbv †_‡K GKwU Awfbœ ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

20
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv
I‡qe K¨vg ev I‡qe K¨v‡giv
cvV 9 : BbcyU wWfvBm
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv (Digital Camera):
Avgv‡ì LyeB cwiwPZ GKwU hš¿ n‡”Q
K¨v‡giv| Gmg‡q Lye RbwcÖq n‡jv
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv| wWwRUvj K¨v‡givi
cÖPjb A‡bK Av‡M †_‡K ïi“ n‡jI
Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU hš¿ wnmv‡e Gi
eënvi ïi“ n‡q‡Q A‡bK c‡i| cÖ_g
w`‡K M‡elYvi Kv‡R we‡kl K‡i gnvKvk
M‡elYvq wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv Kw¤úDUv‡ii
BbcyU hš¿ wnmv‡e eënvi ïi“ nq|
eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mKj cÖKvi wWwRUvj
K¨v‡givB Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU hš¿ wnmv‡e eënvi Kiv hvq| wWwRUvj K¨v‡givwU‡K BDGmwe
†cv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ K‡i wWwRUvj Qwe Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq|
I‡qe K¨vg (Web Cam): I‡qe K¨vg ev I‡qe
K¨v‡giv wWwRUvj K¨v‡giviB GKwU we‡kl i~c|
GwU GKwU nvW©Iq¨vi wnmv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_
hy³ _v‡K| j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUv‡i I‡qe K¨v‡giv
weë-Bb _v‡K| I‡qe K¨v‡givi gva¨‡g w¯’i wPÎ
ev wfwWI wPÎ Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU wnmv‡e cÖ‡ek
Kiv‡bv hvq| I‡qe K¨v‡giv eënvi K‡i
†bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvixiv
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ mivmwi Qwe ev wfwWI Av`vb cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvgvwRK I‡qe mvBU¸‡jv‡Z cvi¯úwiK AvjvcPvwiZvq I‡qe K¨vg eëüZ
nq| wfwWI Kbdv‡iÝ ev wfwWI †dv‡b I‡qe K¨vg Gi eënvi me©vwaK| Iqvì© IqvBW
I‡q‡e G K¨v‡givi e¨vcK eënv‡ii Kvi‡YB Gi bvg n‡q‡Q I‡qe K¨vg|
I‡qe K¨vg eZ©gv‡b wbivcËv mswk−ó wewfbœ Kv‡RI eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| ivóªxq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯’vcbv
†_‡K ïi“ K‡i wewfbœ miKvwi- †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb, evmv-evwo‡Z wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvR‡b G
K¨v‡giv eënvi Kiv nq| G K¨v‡givi mv‡_ mivmwi Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hvM _v‡K| d‡j G
K¨v‡giv mve©¶wYK wfwWI wPÎ Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖiY K‡i Ges Zv Kw¤úDUv‡i msi¶Y K‡i ivLv
nq| cieZ©x‡Z †m wfwWIwPÎ †`‡L Acivax kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡kI Aciva
`g‡b G c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡”Q|
¯‹¨vbvi (Scanner) : GKmgq d‡UvKwc †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wewfbœ WKz‡g‡›Ui cÖwZwjwc
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¯‹¨vbvi
(Kwc) KiZvg| wKš—y G cÖwZwjwc hZevi ìKvi ZZeviB
†gwkb eënvi Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Z_¨wU msiw¶Z _vKZ bv| G
mgm¨vwUi mgvavb †h hš¿wU K‡i w`‡q‡Q Zvi bvg ¯‹¨vbvi|
†h †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Qwe, gyw`ªZ ev nv‡Z †jLv †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U
A_ev †Kv‡bv e¯‘i wWwRUvj cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi Kivi h‡š¿i
bvg ¯‹¨vbvi| G wWwRUvj cÖwZwjwc wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii Z_¨
dvBj AvKv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡i msi¶Y Kiv hvq|
IGgAvi (OMR): IGgAvi Gi c~Y©i~c n‡”Q AcwUK¨vj
gvK© wiWvi (Optical Mark Reader) GwUI GKwU BbcyU wWfvBm|
Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb wePvi K‡i GwU wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i| IGgAv‡ii Kv‡Ri aib
A‡bKUv ¯‹¨vbv‡ii g‡Zv| we‡klfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv wKQz `vM ev wPý IGgAvi co‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gv‡b GwU A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QB Lye cwiwPZ| we‡kl K‡i eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi DËicÎ hvPvB‡q
GwUi e¨vcK eënvi i‡q‡Q| mwVK DË‡ii e„ËwUi Ae¯’vb Kw¤úDUvi‡K Av‡M †_‡KB Rvwb‡q
ivLv nq| wk¶v_x©iv mwVK e„Ë fivU Ki‡j b¤î †c‡q hvq| Ab¨_vq b¤î cvIqv hvq bv|
mwVKwUmn G‡Ki AwaK e„Ë fivU Ki‡jI b¤î cvIqv hvq bv| Gi gva¨‡g Kg mg‡q A‡bK
DËicÎ g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| GQvov g~j¨vq‡b fzj ev c¶cvwZZ¡ nIqvi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebvB †bB|
ZvB GwU AZ¨š— RbwcÖq|
bZzb wkLjvg : ¯Œj Pµ (ûBj), AvBKb, f‡qm wiKMwbkb, gvB‡µv‡dvb|
¯‹¨vbvi
`jMZ KvR
1. GLv‡b D‡j−L Kiv nqwb Ggb KZ¸‡jv wWfvBm †h¸‡jvi K¨v‡giv Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi bvg
wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki|

22
bvbv ai‡bi i¨vg
cvV 10 : †g‡gvwi I †÷v‡iR wWfvBm
lô †kÖwY‡Z †g‡gvwi I †÷v‡iR wWfvBm m¤ú‡K© Avgiv A‡bK wKQz †R‡bwQ| GLb G¸‡jv
m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv GKUz we¯—vwiZ Rvbe| GLbKvi w`‡b Kw¤úDUvi ev †gvevBj †dvb QvovI cÖvq
mKj cÖKvi cÖhyw³ c‡Y¨B †g‡gvwi I †÷v‡iR wWfvBm e¨envi n‡”Q| AvaywbK cÖhyw³wbf©i
mKj cY¨B gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| G gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi‡K Pvjbv Kivi Rb¨ wKQz
wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z nq| G wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv Rgv K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ †g‡gvwi ev †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Kw¤úDUvi, ¯§vU©‡dvb, †Mg Kb‡mvj ev G ai‡bi hveZxq hš¿cvwZi KvR Kivi †¶‡Î †g‡gvwi
(Memory) AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| †g‡gvwi `yB cÖKvi| cÖavb ev cÖv_wgK †g‡gvwi Ges mnvqK
†g‡gvwi| †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU ev wmwcBD hLb Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR K‡i ZLb
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv ev mdUIq¨vi cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖavb †g‡gvwii MwZ
AZ¨š— †ewk nIqvq GwU wmwcBDi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q `ª“Z KvR Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
mvaviYZ cÖavb ev cÖv_wgK †g‡gvwi `yÕai‡bi-GKwU n‡”Q i¨vg RAM ev Random Access
Memory Ges Ab¨wU ig
ROM ev Read only
Memory|
cÖavb ev mnvqK †g‡gvwii
¶gZv `yBfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq|
GKwU n‡”Q G MwZ hv nvU©R ev
Hz Ges Ab¨wU n‡jv aviY ¶gZv hv evBU/(Byte) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| GK evBU mgvb 8
weU, 1024 evBU †h‡nZz 1000 Gi Lye KvQvKvwQ †mR‡b¨ G‡K GK wK‡jvevBU ejv nq|
i¨vg (RAM) : AvBwmwU cY¨ Z_v
Kw¤úDUvi ev ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi
gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ i¨vg mshy³
_v‡K| cÖ‡mmi cÖv_wgKfv‡e i¨v‡g
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Rgv K‡i| cÖ‡mmi
i¨vg †_‡K Z_¨ wb‡q
Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i| cÖ‡mmi
i¨v‡gi †h †Kv‡bv RvqMv †_‡K
mivmwi Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i e‡j G‡K
Random Access Memory ev ms‡¶‡c RAM ejv nq| GLbKvi w`‡b cÖ‡mm‡ii ¶gZv
†hgb †e‡o‡Q †Zgwb mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv A‡bK Kvh©Ki Ges RwUj ZvB G¸‡jv‡K †g‡gvwii
A‡bK eo Ask e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †mR‡b¨ GLbKvi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ 2
8 weU = 1 evBU
1024 evBU = 1 wK‡jvevBU
(1024×1024) evBU = 1 †gMvevBU
(1024×1024×1024) evBU = 1 wMMvevBU
(1024×1024×1024×1024) evBU = 1 †UivevBU
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ig
wMMvevBU ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk †g‡gvwi ìKvi nq| cÖ‡mm‡ii MwZi mv‡_ cvj−v w`‡q i¨v‡gi
MwZI GLb A‡bK|
GLv‡b GKwU welq †Zvgv‡ì Rvbv _vKv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb- i¨vg-G Z_¨ _vKv bv _vKv we`y¨r
cÖev‡ni Dci wbf©ikxj| we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ K‡i w`‡j Gi mg¯— †g‡gvwi gy‡Q hvq| A_©vr
Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Ki‡jB i¨vg cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msi¶Y Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avevi Kw¤úDUvi eÜ
Ki‡j i¨vg Z_¨k~Y¨ n‡q hvq|
ig (ROM) : ROM ev Read Only Memory gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| AvBwmwU
hš¿cvwZ ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi mPj ivLvi Rb¨ wKQz wb‡`©kbv cÖ‡qvRb nq| G
wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv Qvov Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kiv hvq bv| ZvB ig G wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv ¯’vqxfv‡e msiw¶Z
_v‡K| we`y¨r _vKv bv _vKvi Dci GB †g‡gvwi wbf©i K‡i bv| eënviKvixI we‡kl eë¯’v
Qvov GwU gy‡Q †dj‡Z cv‡i bv| G †g‡gvwi ïay cvV Kiv hvq e‡j G‡K ROM ev Read
only Memory e‡j| †h‡nZz we‡kl eë¯’v Qvov G †g‡gvwi †gvQv ev bZzb Z_¨ ms‡hvRb
Kiv hvq bv ZvB G‡K ¯’vqx †g‡gvwi e‡j|
bZzb wkLjvg : gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, evBU, weU|
`jMZ KvR
i¨vg I ig bv‡g `y‡Uv `j MVb K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î †KvbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© G
wel‡q weZK© Ki|

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ig
cvV 11 : †g‡gvwi I †÷v‡iR wWfvBm
nvW©wW¯‹ (Hard Disk) : †Zvgiv hviv
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡iQ Zviv wbðqB
nvW©wW‡¯‹i K_vI †R‡b †M‡Qv|
Kw¤úDUv‡i †Lvjv dvBj nvW©wW‡¯‹ Rgv
K‡i ivLv nq| GwU Avm‡j Z_¨
msi¶‡Yi cÖavb hš¿| IBM †Kv¤úvbx
1956 mv‡j †gBb‡d«g I wgwb
Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_g
nvW©wW‡¯‹i eënvi K‡i| AvBwmwU
hš¿¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ n‡jv G‡ì
Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi ¶gZv| AvR‡Ki Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡Z mvaviYZ 500 wMMvevBU †_‡K 4
†UivevBU Z_¨ aviY¶gZvi nvW©wW¯‹ jvMv‡bv _v‡K| GgbwU mvaviY †gvevBj †dv‡bi Z_¨
aviY ¶gZvI wMMvevB‡U wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wKš—y †Zvgiv ïb‡j AevK n‡e 1980 mv‡j
1 wMMvevBU Z_¨ aviY ¶gZvm¤úbœ nvW©wW‡¯‹i AvKvi wQj GKwU eomi †iwd«Rv‡iUi ev
wd«‡Ri mgvb| Avi Gi `vgI wQj A‡bK ! cÖwZ †gMvevB‡Ui Rb¨ c‡bi nvRvi Wjvi ev evi
jvL UvKv LiP Ki‡Z n‡Zv| g‡b KiQ MvjMí| wKš—y GUvB ev¯—e! GLbKvi nvW©wW¯‹¸‡jv
cÖvq nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq G‡U hvq|
mvaviYZ nvW©wW‡¯‹ KZ¸‡jv PvKwZ _v‡K hv‡ì c−Uvi ejv nq| c−Uvi¸‡jv A¨vjywgwbqvg Gjq
ev KvP ev wmivwg‡Ki PvKwZi Dci cvZjv Py¤^Kxq c`v‡_©i Av¯—iY w`‡q ˆZwi nq| GB
Py¤^Kxq c`v‡_©i DciB Z_¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K| nvW©wW¯‹ Pvjy n‡j GB c−Uvi¸‡jv Nyi‡Z _v‡K|
N~Y©vqgvb PvKwZ¸‡jvi ms¯ú‡k© nvW©wW‡¯‹i †jLv/cov (Write/Read) †nWwU G‡j †m c−Uv‡i
Z_¨ msi¶Y A_ev Z_¨ c‡o Avgv‡ì cÖ`k©b K‡i|
Z_¨ aviY¶gZvi Kvi‡Y nvW©wW¯‹ AZ¨š— RbwcÖq| GwU `yÕai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| GKwU
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ ¯’vqxfv‡e mshy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Ab¨wU Avjv`vfv‡e _v‡K| G‡K
G·Uvib¨vj nvW©wW¯‹ e‡j GwU USB †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev j¨vcU‡ci mv‡_
ms‡hvM w`‡q KvR Kiv hvq| d‡j wecyj cwigvY Z_¨ GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨Î wb‡Z GLb Avi
m¤ú~Y© Kw¤úDUviwU bv wb‡q ïay G·Uvi‡bj nvW©wW¯‹wU wb‡q †M‡jB nq|
wmwW/wWwfwW (CD/DVD) : wmwW ev wWwfwW †Zvgv‡ì AZ¨š— cwiwPZ| mevB G¸‡jv †`‡LQ|
Gi mvnv‡h¨ Kxfv‡e isaby †`Lv hvq Zv †Zvgiv lô †kÖwY‡Z c‡oQ| wmwW ev wWwfwWi wb‡Pi
w`‡K GKwU cvZjv A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi cvZ _v‡K hv `y-cv‡k cwjKve©‡bU c−vw÷K Øviv myiw¶Z
_v‡K| wmwW ev wWwfwW‡Z Z_¨ ivLv ev cvV Ki‡Z †jRvi iwk¥ eënvi Kiv nq| wmwW ev
wWwfwW WªvB‡fi †nW Avm‡j †jRvi weg ˆZwi Kivi hš¿ Qvov Avi wKQzB bq| G †jRvi weg
A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi cv‡Z Z_¨ msi¶Y K‡i| c‡i Avevi hLb Z_¨ eënvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq
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wWwfwW I wmwW, †`L‡Z GKB iK‡gi
†cb WªvBf
ZLb †m Z_¨ †jRvi weg co‡Z cv‡i|
wmwW ev wWwfwW eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK RbwcÖq|
G¸‡jvi RbwcÖqZvi KviY : (1) Z_¨
aviY ¶gZv A‡bK (2) mn‡R enb Kiv
hvq (3) ¯’vwqZ¡ †ewk (4) Zzjbvg~jK g~j¨
A‡bK Kg (5) eënvi AZ¨š— mnR| Z_¨
aviY¶gZvi w`K w`‡q wmwWi Zzjbvq
wWwfwW A‡bK ¶gZvkvjx| eZ©gv‡b e−y-†i bv‡g GK ai‡bi wWwfwW wW¯‹ cvIqv hvq Z_¨
aviY¶gZv mvaviY wWwfwWi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk|
d¬¨vk WªvBf I †g‡gvwi KvW© (Flash Drive & Memory Card) : hviv Kw¤úDUvi eënvi
K‡i Zv‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡ii A‡bK Z_¨ GK Kw¤úDUvi
†_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wb‡Z nq| †mUv me‡P‡q mn‡R
Kiv hvq †bUIqvwK©s eënvi K‡i| †hLv‡b †bUIqvK©
†bB †mLv‡b Z_¨ wb‡Z n‡j †Kv‡bv GK ai‡bi
†÷v‡iR wWfvBm eënvi Ki‡Z nq| †h †÷v‡iR
wWfvBmwU me‡P‡q mn‡R enb Kiv hvq †mUvi bvg
†cbWªvBf wKsev d¬¨vk WªvBf| bvg ï‡bB eyS‡Z cviQ
GUv †cb ev Kj‡gi g‡Zv †QvU Ges c‡K‡U K‡i †bqv
hvq|
2000 mv‡ji w`‡K hLb G¸‡jv evRv‡i Av‡m ZLb 32 †gMvevBU Z_¨ aviY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv|
GLb 32 wMMvevB‡Ui †cbWªvBf mn‡RB cvIqv hvq| g~jÏ Av‡Mi Zzjbvq GLb nv‡Zi
bvMv‡j| GwU wmwW-wWwfwWi Zzjbvq †U‡KI †ewkw`b| ZvB eënvKvix‡ì Kv‡Q Gi RbwcÖqZv
†e‡oB P‡j‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi my›ì wWRvB‡bi †cbWªvBf evRv‡i cvIqv hvq|
d¬¨vk WªvBf ev †cbWªvBf QvovI eZ©gv‡b Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi gvB‡µvwPc mshy³
KvW© eënvi Kiv nq| G¸‡jvi bvg †g‡gvwi
KvW©| †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©I A‡bK Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv
hvq| Z‡e GwU mivmwi ms‡hvM †Ìqv hvq bv|
Gi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ m−−U cÖ‡qvRb nq A_ev KvW©
wiWvi eënvi Ki‡Z nq| †g‡gvwi KvW© bvbv
AvK…wZ I wewfbœ ¶gZvi n‡Z cv‡i| †Zvgv‡ì
AZ¨š— wcÖq Ggwcw_ª ev Ggwc‡dvi †c−qvi Ges †Mgm& †Ljvi hš¿¸‡jv QvovI mKj ai‡bi
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, †gvevBj †dvb ev ¯§vU©‡dv‡b G¸‡jvi e¨vcK eënvi j¶ Kiv hvq|
bZzb wkLjvg : wMMvevBU, †UivevBU, A¨vjywgwbqvg Gjq, wmivwgK, cwjKve©‡bU,
†jRvi iwk¥|
`jMZ KvR
Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wmwW, wWwfwW,
†cbWªvBf A_ev †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©i g‡a¨
†KvbwU‡K †ewk Dc‡hvMx g‡b Ki?
hyw³mn eY©bv Ki|

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cvV 12 I 13 : gv`vi‡evW©
gv`vi‡evW© †Zvgv‡ì AZ¨š— cwiwPZ kã| B‡Zvg‡a¨ gv`vi‡ev‡W©i QweI †`‡L †d‡jQ| Zey
gv`vi‡evW© m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| †h †Kv‡bv B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ †Zvgiv hw` Ly‡j †`L
Zvn‡j GKUv †evW© mevi bR‡i co‡e| G †evW©wU Avm‡j GKwU wcÖ‡›UW mvwK©U †evW©| G
†ev‡W© cÖvq mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿vsk ms‡hvM †Ìqv _v‡K| G †evW© hš¿vsk¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avš—
t‡hvMv‡hvM QvovI we`y¨r cÖevn eRvq iv‡L| G ai‡bi †evW© Avwe®‹vi nIqvi c~‡e© Zvi w`‡q
hš¿vsk¸‡jv‡K ms‡hvM †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv| †m GK †`Levi g‡Zv welq wQj !
Kw¤úDUv‡ii GB gv`vi †evW©- †gBb‡evW©, wm‡÷g †evW© Avevi w÷f Re‡mi A¨v‡cj
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î jwRK †evW© bv‡gI cwiwPZ| †h bv‡gB WvKv †nvK bv †Kb, GUv n‡”Q
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡mm‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ BbcyU, †g‡gvwi, AvDUcyU ev †÷v‡iR wWfvBmmn mKj
hš¿cvwZi ms‡hvM i¶vi †evW©|
GKmgq gv`vi‡ev‡W© cÖ‡mmi ev wmwcBD m‡KU QvovI wfwWI KvW©, mvDÛ KvW©, i¨vg BZ¨vw`
jvMv‡bvi ¯−U ev m‡KU Aek¨B †`Lv †h‡Zv| Z‡e B`vbxs Kv‡ji gv`vi‡ev‡W© i¨vg Qvov
Ab¨vb¨ KvW© (Built in) ¯’vqxfv‡e ms‡hvwRZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G‡Z K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbg©vY
e¨q A‡bK K‡g †M‡Q| ZvQvov cÖ‡mm‡ii ¶gZv e„w×i Kvi‡Y A‡bK hš¿vs‡ki KvR cÖ‡mmi
wb‡RB K‡i _v‡K| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ask n‡”Q mnvqK wPc‡mU (Chipset) hv
†cb WªvBf
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wmwcBD-Gi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZi Kvh©µg mgš^q K‡i _v‡K| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i KvR Kivi
¶gZv I êwkó¨ G wPc‡m‡Ui DciB wbf©i K‡i| A_©vr gv`vi‡evW©wU †Kvb ai‡bi cÖ‡mmi
eënvi Dc‡hvMx Zv G wPc‡m‡Ui wfwË‡Z wba©viY Kiv nq|
GKwU AvaywbK gv`vi‡ev‡W© Ab¨vb¨ hš¿vs‡ki mv‡_ mvaviYZ hv hv _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡jv :
1. gvB‡µvcª‡mmi ev wmwcBD m‡KU
2. i¨vg ¯−U
3. wPc‡mU
4. ig
5. K¬K †Rbv‡iUi
6. G·cvbkb ¯−U Ges
7. cvIqvi ms‡hvM ¯−U|
GQvovI eZ©gv‡b gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ BDGmwe (USB) †cvU©, †bUIqvwK©s KvW© I †cvU©
BZ¨vwÌ ms‡hvwRZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
bZzb wkLjvg : wcÖ‡›UW mvwK©U †evW©, Built in, Chipset, i¨vg ¯−U, KK
†Rbv‡iUi, G·cvbkb ¯−U, †bUIqvwK©s KvW©|
`jMZ KvR
GKwU cyi‡bv bó Kw¤úDUvi Ly‡j gv`vi †evW©wU j¶ Ki Ges Gi êwkó¨mg~n eY©bv
Ki|
*Kgc‡¶ GKwU †kÖwY Kvh©µg G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eivÏ Ki‡Z n‡e|

28
cvV 14 : cÖ‡mmi
†Zvgv‡ì‡K hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq kix‡ii me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© A½ †KvbwU- cÖvq mevB ej‡e gw¯—®‹ |
KviY Avgv‡ì gw¯—‡®‹i wb‡`©‡kB Ab¨vb¨ A½-cÖZ¨½ KvR K‡i _v‡K| †Zgwb Kw¤úDUvi,
†gvevBj †dvb ev G ai‡bi AvBwmwU wWfvBm¸‡jvi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask n‡jv cÖ‡mmi|
G‡K wmwcBD (CPU) ev †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY AskI ejv nq| GLbKvi w`‡b Mvwo, K¨v‡giv,
†gvevBj †dvb, †Mg Kb‡mvj, †Uwjwfkbmn me ai‡bi nvB‡UK hš¿cvwZB cÖ‡mmi wbqwš¿Z|
AvR‡Ki `ywbqvi me‡P‡q AvaywbK cÖhyw³ n‡jv G cÖ‡mmi| Avwe®‹vi nIqvi ci †_‡K Gi
Dbœqb n‡q‡Q AZ¨vš— `ª“ZMwZ‡Z| ejv hvq AKíbxq MwZ‡Z| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv cÖ‡mm‡ii
Dbœq‡b cÖ‡mm‡iiB mvnvh¨ †bIqv nq| ZvB ejv hvq cÖ‡mmi wb‡RB wb‡R‡K cÖwZwbqZ DbœZ
K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Q|
AmsL¨ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) w`‡q cÖ‡mmi ˆZwi nq| AvBwm¸‡jv ˆZwi nq UªvbwR÷vi
w`‡q| G¸‡jv me GKwU ¶z`ª wPc (Chip) Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| cÖ‡mm‡i AvBwmi msL¨v c~‡e©i
Zzjbvq A‡bK evo‡jI wPc-Gi AvKvi µgvš^‡q †QvU n‡q Avm‡Q| AvKvi †QvU n‡jI Gi
KvR Kivi ¶gZv †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvgwMÖK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR wmwcBD-Gi
gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K| mdUIq¨v‡ii wb‡`©k †evSv Ges †m Abyhvqx Z_¨ cÖwµqv Kiv Gi KvR|
A_©vr BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi KvRwU wmwcBD ev cÖ‡mmi
wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| GK K_vq Kw¤úDUvi mswk−ó mKj hš¿cvwZ I mdUIq¨v‡ii wb‡`©kbvi
g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i KvR mgvav K‡i cÖ‡mmi| wZbwU As‡ki mgš^‡q cÖ‡mmi MwVZ nq|
1. MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwbU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) : G As‡k MvwYwZK I †hŠw³K
wm×vš—g~jK KvR msMwVZ nq|
2. wbqš¿K Ask (Control Unit) : G As‡ki gva¨‡g mKj KvR wbqwš¿Z nq| A_©vr †Kvb
wb‡`©‡ki ci †Kvb wb‡`©k cvwjZ n‡e Zv wba©vwiZ nq G As‡k| Ges
3. †iwR÷vi ¯§„wZ (Register Memory) : GwU †QvU AvKv‡ii AZ¨š— `ª“ZMwZi A¯’vqx
†g‡gvwi ev ¯§„wZ| G ¯§„wZ †_‡K Z_¨ wb‡q `ª“Z cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ nq|
Avgiv Rvwb evsjv‡`k 1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤î ¯^vaxb ivóª wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i|
1971 mv‡jB B‡›Uj cÖ_g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi D™¢veb K‡i| hvi bvg †Ìqv n‡qwQj 4004|
GwUi D™¢veK wQ‡jb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †UW nd, ÷¨vb †gRi, †dWwi‡Kv d¨vwMb Ges
Rvcv‡bi gvmv‡Zvwk wkgv|
†Zvgiv Av‡MB †R‡bQ R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB cÖ‡mm‡ii ¶gZv µgvš^‡q evo‡Q| GKUv D`vniY
w`‡jB welqwU †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡e| 4004 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡i UªvbwR÷‡ii msL¨v wQj
2300wU Avi eZ©gv‡bi †Kvi AvB †m‡fb cÖ‡mm‡ii UªvbwR÷‡ii msL¨v 227,00,00,000wU
! fwel¨‡Zi K_v Kíbv Ki !

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c„w_exi bvbv RvwZ-†Mvôxi gvbyl †h wewfbœ fvlvq K_v
e‡j- Av‡`k-wb‡`©k †`q Zvi meB Kw¤úDUvi wVK wVK
cvjb K‡i| wKš—y Kxfv‡e mevi fvlv wKsev wb‡`©k
Kw¤úDUvi ey‡S †d‡j?- GB cÖkœwUi DËi Rvbvi Rb¨
wbðqB †Zvgv‡ì gb AvKzcvKz Ki‡Q| Gi mnR DËi
n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi Z_v cÖ‡mmi Avm‡j KviI fvlvB
†ev‡S bv| †m Zvi wb‡Ri fvlvB ïay †ev‡S|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq †KejgvÎ `y‡Uv A¶i Ô0Õ Ges Ô1Õ|
Ô0Õ gv‡b n‡”Q 0 †_‡K 2 †fvë we`y¨r Avi Ô1Õ gv‡b
n‡PQ 3 †_‡K 5 †fvë we`y¨r| G fvlvi bvg †gwkb
fvlv (Machine Language)| ai Zzwg evsjv I
Bs‡iwR fvlvq K_v ej‡Z cvi wKš—y evsjv I Bs‡iwR bv
Rvbv divmx f`ª‡jv‡Ki mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z PvI- G‡¶‡Î
GKRb †`vfvlxi mvnvh¨ wb‡q K_v ej‡Z n‡e| †Zgwb
cÖ‡mmi‡K Avgv‡ì fvlv †evSv‡Z Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg ev
mdUIq¨v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Avgv‡ì Z_v c„w_exi Zver fvlvi cÖwZwU A¶i I cÖZx‡Ki Rb¨ †gwkb fvlvi wbw`©ó †KvW
i‡q‡Q| Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg Avgv‡ì fvlv‡K cÖ‡mmi ev †gwk‡bi †evaMg¨ †Kv‡W i~cvš—i K‡i|
bvbv ai‡bi †KvW i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯î~c ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) †Kv‡Wi K_v D‡j−L Kiv hvq| ASCII †KvW 8 we‡Ui †KvW|
G †KvW Abyhvqx
A = 100001
B = 1000010
? = 0111111
, = 0101100
BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b me©v‡c¶v RbwcÖq †KvW n‡jv Unicode- GwU 16 we‡Ui †KvW| †Zvgiv
hLb †cÖvMÖvgvi n‡e ZLb A‡bK fvlvi mv‡_ †gwk‡bi fvlvI †Zvgv‡ì Rvbv n‡q hv‡e!
bZzb wkLjvg : IC, Chip, Arithmetic and Logic Unit, Control Unit,
Register Memory, ASCII †KvW, Unicode.
`jMZ KvR
GKwU cyi‡bv bó Kw¤úDUvi Ly‡j gv`vi †evW©wU j¶ Ki Ges Gi êwkó¨mg~n eY©bv Ki|
*Kgc‡¶ GKwU †kÖwY Kvh©µg G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eivÏ Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖ‡mmi

30
cvV 15 : BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm
mvDÛ KvW© (Sound Card) : AvR‡Ki w`‡bi AvBwmwU hš¿¸‡jv‡Z †h hš¿wU Aek¨B _v‡K Zv
n‡jv mvDÛ KvW©| GwU GKB mv‡_ BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| GwU
mvaviYZ mdUIq¨vi w`‡q wbqwš¿Z nq|
†ewkifvM mvDÛ KvW© wWwRUvj DcvË‡K GbvjM k‡ã i~cvš—i K‡i| AvDUcyU wmMb¨vj¸‡jv‡K
GKwU A¨vgwc−dvqv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ K‡i †nW‡dvb ev w¯úKv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ kã †kvbv hvq| cÖvq me
mvDÛ Kv‡W©B BbcyU †Ìqvi
Kv‡b±vi Ges AvDUcyU
†Ìqvi Kv‡b±vi _v‡K|
evB‡i †_‡K gvB‡µv‡dvb ev
Ab¨‡Kv‡bv BbcyU †Ìqvi
h‡š¿ BbcyU w`‡j mvDÛ KvW©
Zv cÖ‡mm‡i cvVvq Ges
cÖ‡mmi †mB BbcyU‡K
cÖwµqv K‡i Avevi mvDÛ
Kv‡W© cvVvq, †mLvb †_‡K
AvDUcyU As‡ki gva¨‡g †nW‡dvb ev w¯úKv‡i Avgiv kã ïb‡Z cvB|
B`vbxs Kv‡j †ewkifvM mvDÛ KvW©B gv`vi‡ev‡W© mshy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Avjv`v K‡i mvDÛ
KvW© jvMv‡Z nq bv| mvDÛ Kv‡W©i gva¨‡gB gvwëwgwWqv c~Y©Zv cvq| Mvb †kvbv, Pjw”PÎ
Dc‡fvM Kivmn mKj †Mgm& Avgiv kãmn Dc‡fvM Kwi mvDÛ Kv‡W©i Kvi‡YB| Z‡e
cÖ‡dkbvj Kv‡R eëüZ mvDÛ KvW© mvaviYZ Avjv`v K‡i gv`vi‡ev‡W© jvMv‡Z nq, USB
A_ev †cv‡U© jvMv‡Z nq|
MÖvwd· KvW© (Graphics Card) : †Zvgiv hLb Kw¤úDUvi ev †gvevBj †dvb eënvi Ki ZLb
c`©vq Qwe †`‡LB bvbv wb‡`©kbv w`‡q _vK| GLb cÖkœ n‡jv G Qwe c`©vq †`Lv hvq Kxfv‡e?
Avm‡j KvRwU K‡i _v‡K MÖvwd· KvW©| GwU‡K A‡bK mgq wfwWI KvW©, wWm‡c− KvW© ev
MÖvwd· GWvÞvi bv‡g WvKv nq|
gv`vi‡ev‡W© GB KvW© jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Avjv`v ¯−U ev m‡KU _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b †ewkifvM
gv`vi‡ev‡W©B G KvW© mshy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Avi AZ¨vaywbK cÖ‡mmi¸‡jv‡ZB G wfwWI ev
wWm‡c− wPc mshy³ _v‡K ev Ab¨ K_vq cÖ‡mmi¸‡jv †Kv‡bv KvW© QvovB Avgv‡ì Qwe cÖ`k©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
mvDÛ KvW© (†gvRvU© 16)

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me MÖvwd· KvW©B Avgv‡ì wØgvwÎK (2wW) Qwe †`L‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b wÎgvwÎK (3wW)
Qwe †`Lv‡Z m¶g MÖvwd· KvW©I cvIqv hvq| Aek¨ wÎgvwÎK Qwe †`L‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì
wÎgvwÎK Qwe †`Lv‡Z m¶g
gwbUi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| MÖvwd·
Kv‡W©i G DbœwZi d‡j AvR‡Ki
w`‡b Avgiv G‡Kev‡i Rxeš— I
ev¯—e Qwe †`L‡Z cviwQ !
mvDÛ Kv‡W©i g‡Zv MÖvwd·
Kv‡W©I BbcyU I AvDUcyU
Kv‡b±vi _v‡K| GQvovI
MÖvwd· Kv‡W© †Mgm& †Ljvi Rb¨
Avjv`v †cvU© _v‡K| d‡j
mn‡RB †Mgm& †Ljvi Rb¨
Rqw÷Km& ev Ab¨vb¨ hš¿ ms‡hvM †Ìqv m¤¢e nq|
bZzb wkLjvg : GbvjM, A¨vgwc−dvqvi, GWvÞvi, wØgvwÎK, wÎgvwÎK|
MÖvwd· KvW©
`jMZ KvR
mvDÛ KvW© I MÖvwd· KvW© Qvov Avi Kx ai‡bi AvDUcyU KvW© n‡j †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ myweav
nq? `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki|

32
cvV 16 I 17 : BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm
gwbUi (Monitor) : gwbUi g~jZ GKwU AvDUcyU wWfvBm| GLb Ggb gwbUiI cvIqv hvq
hv GKBmv‡_ BbcyU wWfvBm wnmv‡eI KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Zvgiv wbðqB ey‡S †MQ GLv‡b
UvPw¯Œb gwbU‡ii K_v ejv n‡”Q| AvRKvj UvPw¯Œbmn †gvevBj †dvb, U¨ve‡jU Kw¤úDUvi,
j¨vcUc wKsev mvaviY gwbUi meLv‡bB cvIqv hvq| †Zvgv‡ì A‡b‡KB nq‡Zv Gig‡a¨ Gme
eënviI K‡i †d‡jQ|
wmAviwU gwbUi, GjwmwW gwbUi I GjBwW gwbUi
Avgv‡ì evmvi †Uwjwfk‡bi mv‡_ gwbU‡ii †Zgb cv_©K¨ †bB| bvbv AvK…wZi gwbUi cvIqv
hvq| gwbU‡ii K‡Y©i ˆ`N©¨‡K gwbU‡ii mvBR wn‡m‡e aiv nq| Av‡M wmAviwU ev K¨v‡_vW †i
wUDe gwbUiB mevB eënvi KiZ| GLb cvZjv GjwmwW (wjKzBW wµ÷vj wWm‡c−) ev GjBwW
(jvBU BwgwUs Wv‡qvW) c`©vi gwbUi eëüZ nq| G¸‡jv nvjKv cvZjv| †`L‡Z AvKl©Yxq
Ges we`y¨r LiP wmAviwU gwbU‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg|
wcª›Uvi (Printer) : gwbU‡ii ci †h AvDUcyU hš¿wU Avgv‡ì †ewk cª‡qvRb nq Zv n‡”Q
wcÖ›Uvi| Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡mwms Kivi
ci Gi AvDUcyU KvM‡R Qvcv‡bvi
Rb¨ Avgv‡ì wcÖ›Uvi eënvi Ki‡Z
nq| wWwRUvj K¨v‡givq †Zvjv QweI
Avgiv wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U K‡i _vwK|
mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi cvIqv
hvq|
K. WU g¨vwUª· wcÖ›Uvi : GwU cÖ_g
w`‡Ki wcÖ›Uvi| Qvcvi e¨q A‡bK
Kg †mRb¨ G wcÖ›UviwU GLbI
AZ¨š— RbwcÖq| Z‡e GwU w`‡q
wbLuyZ Qvcvi KvR Kiv hvq bv| ZvQvov GwUi Qvcvi MwZ A‡bK axi|
WU g¨vwUª· wcÖ›Uvi
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WU g¨vwUª· wcÖ›Uvi
†jRvi wcÖ›Uvi
L. B¼‡RU wcÖ›Uvi : ¯^í`vwg wcÖ›Uvi
wn‡m‡e GwU eûj eëüZ| mvaviYZ
e¨w³MZ Kv‡R B¼‡RU wcÖ›Uvi †ewk
eënvi Kiv nq| GwU‡Z Zij Kvwj
eëüZ nq| GwU w`‡q wbLuyZ Qvcvi
KvR Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i Qwe wcÖ›U
Kivi Kv‡R B¼‡RU wcÖ›Uv‡ii
eënvi AwaK| Z‡e Gi Qvcvi e¨q
Zzjbvg~jK †ewk|
M. †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi : bvg †`‡L wbðqB
ey‡S †d‡jQ Gi mv‡_ †jRv‡ii
m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi wcÖ›Uv‡i †jRvi iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ KvM‡R †jLv Qvcv nq| †jRvi
wcÖ›Uv‡ii Qvcvi MwZ I gvb AZ¨š— DbœZ I
wbLyuZ| mvaviY Qvcv Ges Qwe wcÖ›U Dfqai‡bi
Kv‡RB GwU AZ¨š— RbwcÖq| GKmgq e¨qeûj
_vK‡jI cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi Kvi‡Y GwU GLb
A‡bK e¨q-mvkÖqx|
GQvovI c−UviI GKwU Qvcvi hš¿|
AvwK©‡UKPvivj bKkv, gvbwPÎ ev MÖv‡di wbLuyZ
I A‡bK eo KvM‡R wcÖ›U Kivi †¶‡Î GwU
eëüZ nq|
bZzb wkLjvg : wmAviwU ev †K_W †i wUDe, wjKzBW wµ÷vj wWm‡c−, jvBU BwgwUs
Wv‡qvW, AvwK©‡UKPvivj bKkv|
`jMZ KvR
†Zvgv‡ì we`¨vj‡q eënv‡ii Rb¨ †Kvb
ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi Dchy³, `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i
hyw³mn Dc¯’vcb Ki|

34
cvV 18 : AvDUcyU wWfvBm
w¯úKvi : †Zvgiv mevB wbðqB Mvb
ïb‡Z A‡bK cQ›` Ki| Mvb
†kvbvi hš¿¸‡jvi mv‡_ hv Aek¨B
mshy³ _v‡K ZvB n‡jv w¯úKvi|
w¯úKvi Avgv‡ì me ai‡bi kã
†kvbv‡Z cv‡i| GwU GKwU AvDUcyU
wWfvBm| gvwëwgwWqv Kw¤úDUv‡ii
AZ¨vek¨Kxq hš¿ n‡jv w¯úKvi|
w¯úKvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii wfZ‡i ¯’vwcZ
Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i Avevi evB‡i
jvMv‡bv hvq| fv‡jv gv‡bi kã †c‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì fv‡jv w¯úKvi ms‡hvM w`‡Z nq| mvDÛ
KvW© ev wiwmfvi †_‡K m„ó ê`y¨wZK Zi½‡K kÖeY‡hvM¨ kãZi‡½ i~cvš—wiZ Kiv w¯úKv‡ii
KvR|
†nW‡dvb : †nW‡dvb n‡jv Kv‡bi KvQvKvwQ wb‡q
kã †kvbvi hš¿| G‡K A‡b‡K Gqvi‡dvb ev
†nW‡mU bv‡gI †W‡K _v‡K| GwUI AvDUcyU
wWfvBm| mvaviYZ †gvevBj †dvb, wmwW/wWwfwW
†c−qvi, Ggwcw_ª/Ggwc‡dvi †c−qvi, j¨vcUc ev
cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ eënvi Kiv nq|
GKvKx eënvi Kiv nq e‡j G‡Z A‡bï wei³
nIqvi m¤¢vebv †bB| Z‡e †nW‡dv‡bi eûj
eënvi we‡kl K‡i D”Pk‡ã evRv‡bv †_‡K weiZ
_vKv DwPZ| Ab¨_vq Avgv‡ì kÖeYh‡š¿i
gvivZ¥K ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gv‡b Zviwenxb †nW‡dvb A‡b‡KB eënvi K‡i| G¸‡jv e−yUz_ ev IqvBdvB cÖhyw³ eënvi
K‡i Avgv‡ì kã †kvbvq|
gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i : gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i n‡jv GKwU B‡jK‡Uªv AcwUK¨vj hš¿| Gi mvnv‡h¨
Kw¤úDUvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wfwWI Drm †_‡K †bIqv †WUv B‡g‡R i~cvš—i Kiv hvq| G B‡gR
†jÝ c×wZi gva¨‡g eû¸‡Y weewa©Z K‡i `~ieZ©x †`qv‡j ev w¯Œ‡b †d‡j D¾¡j B‡gR ˆZwi
K‡i gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i| AvaywbK cÖ‡R±i¸‡jv wÎgvwÎK B‡gRI ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g|
gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i mvaviYZ †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq| G¸‡jv ¯jvBW cÖ‡R±i
Ges Ifvi‡nW cÖ‡R±‡ii AvaywbK i~c| GwU wWwRUvj B‡gR‡K †h †Kv‡bv mgZ‡j †hgb-
w¯úKvi
†nW‡dvb
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†`qvj ev gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i
mvaviYZ †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi Kv‡R
eënvi Kiv nq| G¸‡jv ¯jvBW
cÖ‡R±i Ges Ifvi‡nW cÖ‡R±‡ii
AvaywbK i~c| GwU wWwRUvj
B‡gR‡K †h †Kv‡bv mgZ‡j
†hgb- †`qvj ev †W‡¯‹i Dci
eo K‡i †dj‡Z m¶g| wekvj
mfvK‡¶ eënv‡ii Rb¨ Gi J¾¡j¨ GK nvRvi †_‡K Pvi nvRvi jy‡g‡Ýi n‡Z nq| GwU
j¨v‡¤úi ¶gZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
GjwmwW cÖ‡R±i¸‡jvi j¨v¤ú mvaviYZ Pvi nvRvi NÈv eënv‡ii ci cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
Av‡iK ai‡bi cª‡R±i i‡q‡Q hv GjBwW cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i| G¸‡jvi j¨v¤ú wek nvRvi NÈv
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G¸‡jvi g~j¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK †ewk| Kw¤úDUvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
Drm †hgb : †Uwjwfkb, wmwW/wWwfwW †c−qvi BZ¨vw` †_‡K B‡gR wb‡q Zv GjwmwW‡Z mieivn
K‡i| Gici B‡gRwU GKwU †j‡Ýi gva¨‡g mgZj c„‡ôi Ici †djv nq| GRb¨ eo †Kv‡bv
Avmev‡ei cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| GjwmwW ev GjBwW cÖ‡R±i AvKv‡i †QvU e‡j Lye mn‡RB
enb‡hvM¨| eZ©gv‡b c‡KU cÖ‡R±i cvIqv hvq hv Kw¤úDUvi, U¨ve‡jU wcwm ev †gvevBj †dvb
†_‡K eënv‡ii myweav †`q|
bZzb wkLjvg : kãZi½, e−yUz_, IqvBdvB, jy‡gÝ, GjwmwW, GjBwW|
gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i
`jMZ KvR
†h wWfvBm¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv Gi evB‡i †Zvgv‡ì AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K BbcyU
I AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki|

36
bgybv cÖkœ
1. Zzwg GKwU Qwei wWwRUvj cÖwZwjwc Ki‡Z PvI| G †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kvb wWfvBmwU
eënvi Ki‡e ?
K. c−Uvi L. Kx †evW©
M. wcÖ›Uvi N. ¯‹¨vbvi
2. cÖ‡mmi‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯—®‹ ejv hvq KviY-
i. GwU gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K
ii. cÖ‡mmi Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv †`q
iii. Gi gva¨‡g Z‡_ï cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. ii
M. iii N. i, ii I iii
3. †Zvgvi wWwRUvj K¨v‡givq †Zvjv Qwe †mf ev msi¶Y Ki‡Z †Kvb wWfvBmwU eënvi
Ki‡e?
K. ig L. i¨vg
M. cÖ‡mmi N. nvW©wW¯‹
4. GKmv‡_ mivmwi Qwe †`Lv I K_v ejvi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb wWfvBm eënvi Kiv nq?
K. †gvevBj †dvb I I‡qe K¨v‡giv L. I‡qe K¨v‡giv I gvB‡µv‡dvb
M. Kw¤úDUvi I gvB‡µv‡dvb N. Kw¤úDUvi I I‡qe K¨vg
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 5 I 6 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
gwZb mv‡n‡ei eo bvZbx KYv j¨vcU‡c e‡m evsjv‡`k I `w¶Y AvwµKvi wµ‡KU †Ljv
†`L‡Q| G †`‡L gwZb mv‡ne Zvi bvZbx‡K ej‡jb, ÔZzB j¨vcU‡c m¨v‡UjvBU ms‡hvM
wb‡qwQm?Õ KYv †LjvwU †iKW© K‡i ivLj|
5. KYv †Ljv †`L‡Z cv‡i-
i. B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i
ii. j¨vcU‡c wUwf KvW© ms‡hvM K‡i
iii. †Uwjwfkb-j¨vcUc ms‡hvM K‡i
†KvbwU mwVK?
6. †LjvwU †iKW© Kivi me‡P‡q myweavRbK wWfvBm †KvbwU?
K. nvW©WªvBf L. †cbWªvBf
M. wmwW N. wWwfwW
7. 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËiwU cQ›` Kivi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
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Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
wbivc` I ˆbwZK eënvi
1. gvÎvwZwi³ eënv‡ii ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
2. mvgvwRK‡¶‡Î Gi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
3. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi m¤úwK©Z AvBb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
4. wbivc` I ˆbwZK eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
5. gvÎvwZwi³ eënv‡ii cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© KvUz©b AuvK‡Z cvi‡e|

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AcwiwPZ gvbyl‡K bvg cwiPq Qwe
cvmIqvW© †`‡e bv|
cvV 19 : m‡PZb eënvi
†Zvgv‡K hw` GKUv †QvU KvwV w`‡q GKUv Mv‡Qi Wvj KvU‡Z ejv nq- Zzwg mvivw`b †Póv
K‡i LywP‡q LywP‡q eo‡Rvi Mv‡Qi evKj GKUzLvwb Zzj‡Z cvi‡e- Zvi †ewk wKQy Ki‡Z cvi‡e
bv| wKš—y †Zvgv‡K hw` GKUv aviv‡jv `v †`qv nq- K‡qK †Kvc w`‡qB Zzwg Mv‡Qi WvjUv
†K‡U †dj‡Z cvi‡e| GLv‡b GKUv wRwbm j¶ Ki, †QvU KvwVUv hw` Zzwg AmZK©fv‡e
eënvi Ki †Zvgvi nv‡Z cv‡q eo‡Rvi GKUz †LvPv jvM‡Z cv‡i- wKš—y aviv‡jv `v
AmZK©fv‡e eënvi Ki‡j fyj RvqMvq †Kvc †j‡M fqven i³viw³ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
†QvU KvwV †_‡K aviv‡jv `v‡qi ¶gZv A‡bK
†ewk ZvB m‡PZbfv‡e †mUv eënvi K‡i A‡bK
eo KvR Kiv hv‡e- wKš—y Am‡PZbfv‡e †mUv
eënvi Ki‡j A‡bK eo wec` n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
GUv memgq g‡b ivL‡e- Rxe‡bi mewKQyi
†ejv‡ZI GUv mwZ¨| me‡P‡q †ewk mwZ¨ GUv
Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †ejvq- GB cÖhyw³wUi ¶gZv KZ
†mUv wbðqB Zzwg GLb Abygvb Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡iQ,
ZvB Zzwg wbðqB eyS‡Z cviQ GUv‡K fyj K‡i
eënvi Ki‡j A‡bK eo me©bvk n‡q †h‡Z
cv‡i|
Kv‡RB cÖ_‡gB Avgv‡ì GKUv wRwbm Lye fv‡jv
K‡i wk‡L wb‡Z n‡e, Avgiv Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU,
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënvi Kie- wKš—y †mwU eënvi Kie
Lye m‡ PZbfv‡e †hb KL‡bv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v bv n‡Z
cv‡i| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QB Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j eënvi
n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi| GB
B›Uvi‡b‡U c„w_exi me Kw¤úDUvi hy³ Av‡Q ZvB
†KD hLb N‡ii †fZ‡i e‡m Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡bU
eënvi K‡i ZLb nVvr K‡i cy‡iv c„w_exUv †hb
†Zvgvi †QvU N‡ii †fZi nvwRi nq| GB c„w_ex‡Z
†hiKg A‡bK my›ì RvqMv i‡q‡Q- †hLv‡b
†Zvgv‡ì †h‡Z B‡”Q K‡i, wVK †miKg A‡bK
fqsKi wec¾bK RvqMv Av‡Q- †hLvb †_‡K †Zvgv‡ì GKk nvZ `~‡i _vK‡Z n‡e|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †ejv‡ZI †Zvgv‡ì mv‡_ GKB e¨vcvi N‡U, †Zvgv‡ì †Pv‡Li mvg‡b A‡bK
PgrKvi I‡qemvBU i‡q‡Q †hUv Zzwg Dc‡fvM Ki‡e Avevi Zvi cvkvcvwk A‡bK wec¾bK
I‡qemvBU i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †Zvgvi †`Lv DwPZ bv|
mevi †Pv‡Li Avov‡j †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU
eënvi Ki‡e bv|
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ïay †h I‡qemvBU Zv bq, B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i Zzwg hLb Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki ZLb
nVvr K‡i ïay cwiwPZ gvbyl bq, m¤ú~Y© AcwiwPZ gvby‡li mv‡_I †hvMv‡hvM n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
bv ey‡S †Kv‡bv AcwiwPZ gvby‡li mv‡_ mij wek¦v‡m †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zzwg hw` Avwe®‹vi Ki
gvbylwU Avm‡j GKUv Amr D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q B›Uvi‡b‡U
nvbv w`‡q‡Q? gvbylwU‡K Zzwg hw` †Zvgvi bvg wVKvbv
†dvb b¤î Qwe w`‡q e‡m _vK Avi †mB gvbylwU hw`
†m¸‡jv †Kv‡bv Lvivc D‡Ï‡k¨ eënvi K‡i ZLb
Zzwg Kx Ki‡e?
Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kivi cÖ_g
wbqgwUB n‡”Q KL‡bv AcwiwPZ gvbyl‡K wb‡Ri
cwiPq bvg wVKvbv Avi cvmIqvW© w`‡Z nq bv|
B›Uvi‡b‡U AcwiwPZ gvbyl‡ì †hvMv‡hvM Kivi
A‡bK iKg wec` n‡Z cv‡i, †h‡nZz †KD †`L‡Q bv
ZvB Zv‡ì K_vevZ©v A‡bK mgq AmshZ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, kvjxbZv Qvwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
mwZ¨Kvi Rxe‡b Avwg hw` AmshZ ev Akvjxb e¨vcvi bv †`wL Zvn‡j mvBevi RM‡Z †Kb
†mwU †`Le?
mewKQy‡ZB eq‡mi GKUv e¨vcvi Av‡Q- Zzwg wbðqB j¶ K‡iQ †Zvgvi eqmx †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì
R‡b¨ †jLv eB¸‡jv co‡Z †Zvgvi fv‡jv jv‡M, eo‡ì R‡b¨ †jLv eB¸‡jv ZZ fv‡jv bvI
jvM‡Z cv‡i| ïay ZvB bq, A‡bK mgq †mUv co‡Z wM‡q Zvi welqe¯‘i Kvi‡Y Zzwg
ixwZgZ av°v †L‡Z cvi| mvBevi RM‡Z †mUv n‡Z cv‡i, nVvr K‡i †Zvgvi mvg‡b hw` Ggb
wKQy P‡j Av‡m †hUv †gv‡UI †Zvgvi eq‡mi Dc‡hvMx bv, Zzwg ixwZg‡Zv av°v †L‡Z cvi-
†Zvgvi gbUvB wewl‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB mZK© _vKv fv‡jv|
†Zvgiv hviv Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Ki Zviv wb‡Pi wZbwU wbqg †g‡b Pj, †`L‡e
KL‡bv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡e bv|
(1) B›Uvi‡bU KL‡bv GKv Ab¨‡ì †Pv‡Li Avov‡j eënvi Ki‡e bv, Ggb RvqMvq e‡m
eënvi Ki‡e †hLv‡b mevB †Zvgvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii w¯Œb †`L‡Z cvq|
(2) fy‡jI †Kv‡bv AcwiwPZ gvbyl‡K wb‡Ri bvg cwiPq Qwe ev cvmIqvW© †`‡e bv|
(3) B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Ki‡e Avb‡›ì R‡b¨, Kv‡iv ¶wZ Kivi R‡b¨ bq- †Zvgv‡K nq‡Zv
†`L‡Q bv ZeyI KL‡bv AmshZ n‡e bv, i“p n‡e bv, Akvjxb n‡e bv|
bZyb wkLjvg : mvBevi RMr, wec¾bK I‡qemvBU, cvmIqvW©|
`jMZ KvR
(1) Kw¤úDUvi ev B›Uvi‡bU QvovI †Zvgvi Rxe‡b eënvi Kiv Avi Kx Kx cÖhyw³
m‡PZbfv‡e eënvi Kiv DwPZ Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv Ki|
(2) B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kivi wZbwU wbqg wj‡L GKwU my›ì †cv÷vi ˆZwi Ki|
B›Uvi‡b‡U A‡bï mv‡_ i~p, AmshZ,
Akvjxb n‡e bv|

40
cvV 20-22 : Avmw³
2009 mv‡j Pxb †`‡k `yÕRb‡K †MÖßvi Kiv nq, m¤ú‡K© Zviv ¯^vgx ¯¿x| Zv‡ì‡K †MÖßvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q KviY Zviv Zv‡ì †Q‡j †g‡q‡ì wewµ K‡i w`‡q‡Q| mewgwj‡q wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q Zviv
Zv‡ì wZbRb †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K wewµ K‡i‡Q AvbygvwbK 9000 Wjv‡i| †Zvgiv hviv Le‡ii
KvMR co gv‡S gv‡S Avgv‡ì †`‡kI nq‡Zv GiKg Lei †Zvgv‡ì †Pv‡L c‡o‡Q, †hLv‡b
†Kv‡bv GKRb Amnvq gv, wb‡Ri mš—vb‡ì gvbyl Kivi mvg_¨© †bB e‡j wKQy A‡_©i wewbg‡q
Ab¨ KvD‡K Zvi wb‡Ri mš—vb‡K w`‡q w`‡”Q| Avgiv hLb GiKg Lei cwo ZLb Avgv‡ì
gb Lvivc nq| Avgiv ZLb ¯^cœ& †`wL fwel¨‡Z Avgv‡ì †`kwU Ggb GKwU †`k n‡e †hLv‡b
Avi KL‡bv †Kv‡bv Amnvq gvÕ‡K GiKg wKQy Ki‡Z n‡e bv|
Pxb †`‡ki ¯^vgx ¯¿xi NUbv
wKš—y †gv‡UI †miKg †Kv‡bv
NUbv bq- Zviv Zv‡ì
ev”Pv‡ì wewµ K‡i‡Q
Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Ljvi
Rb¨| Zv‡ì `yÕR‡biB
Gg.Gg.I. (Massively
multiplayer online
game) bv‡g GK ai‡bi
Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Ljvi
R‡b¨ Avmw³ R‡b¥‡Q, †mB
Avmw³ GZ Zxeª †h †mwU
†Ljvi LiP †RvMvo Kivi
R‡b¨ Zviv Zv‡ì wb‡Ri mš—vb‡ì wewµ K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
GwU LyeB GKwU A¯^vfvweK NUbv Ges hLb GB NUbvwU mviv c„w_ex‡Z RvbvRvwb nq ZLb
GUv wb‡q †Zvjcvo n‡qwQj| c„w_exi gvbyl ZLb AvZswKZ n‡q Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQj †h
Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Ggb Avmw³ R‡b¥ †h‡Z cv‡i hLb Gi R‡b¨ mvaviY KvÛÁvb ch©š— DavI
n‡q hvq| Avgv‡ì meviB GUv g‡b ivLv ìKvi- †Kv‡bv wKQy fv‡jvjvMv LyeB ¯^vfvweK
NUbv, Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b A‡bK wKQyB Avgv‡ì fv‡jv jv‡M, Avgiv †mUv Kwi ZvB Avgv‡ì
Rxeb GZ my›ì| wKš—y Avmw³ m¤ú~Y© Ab¨ e¨vcvi| Zvi gv‡S fv‡jv wKQy †bB! †KD hLb
†Kv‡bv wKQy‡Z Avm³ n‡q hvq ZLb Zvi Kv‡Q hyw³ KvR K‡i bv, †m m¤ú~Y© A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e
†mB KvRwU Ki‡Z _v‡K| gv`K n‡”Q Zvi me‡P‡q eo D`vniY- hLb †KD gv`‡K Avm³
n‡q hvq ZLb †m Zvi fqsKi AvKl©Y †_‡K †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvi wb‡Ri Ges Avkcv‡k
hviv Av‡Q Zv‡ì mevi Rxeb †m aŸsm K‡i †`q|
wbDR wgwWqv‡Z Pxb †`‡ki GK `¤úwZi mš—vb wewµ K‡i †`qvi Lei|
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Kw¤úDUvi †M‡gi Avmw³I wVK †m ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †Zvgiv hviv Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †L‡jQ
wKsev hviv nq‡Zv fwel¨‡Z Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Lj‡e Zv‡ì GB K_vUv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e-
†Zvgiv †hb welqUv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvi wKš—y †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †hb Avm³ bv n‡q co|
†Kv‡bv GKUv wel‡q Avm³
n‡qQ Kx bv †mUv Kxfv‡e †evSv
m¤¢e? KvRwU †gv‡UI KwVb
bq- hLbB †`L‡e †KD GKRb
†Kv‡bv GKwU Kv‡R gvÎv
Qvwo‡q †dj‡Q ZLbB eyS‡e †m
†mB Kv‡R Avm³ n‡q †M‡Q|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Uwjwfk‡b
A‡bK iKg KvUz©b †`Lvq-
†Zvgiv mevB †mBme KvUz©b
†`‡LQ, †`‡L nq‡Zv nvwm‡Z
KzwU KzwU n‡qQ| hLb
†Uwjwfk‡bi mvg‡b †_‡K D‡V G‡mQ †mB KvUz©‡bi K_v fy‡j Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡R gb w`‡qQ|
wKš—y hw` GiKg nq †h Zzwg †Uwjwfkb †Q‡o DV‡Z cviQ bv wKsev hLbB †Uwjwfk‡bi mvg‡b
Avm ZLbB †Uwjwfk‡b KvUy©b †`L Ges †Zvgvi R‡b¨ A‡bïv †Uwjwfk‡b Ab¨ wKQy †`L‡Z
cv‡i bv ZLbB Zzwg eyS‡e †h †Zvgvi Avmw³ Rb¥v‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q- †Zvgvi ZLbB mZK© nIqv
ìKvi| A‡bK evmv‡Z evev-gv‡qiv GB welqwU fv‡jv K‡i ey‡Sb bv, Zviv †QvU ev”Pv‡ì
kvš— ivLvi R‡b¨ KvU©yb P¨v‡bj Ly‡j †Uwjwfk‡bi mvg‡b ewm‡q †i‡L †`b| ax‡i ax‡i Ggb
Ae¯’v n‡q hvq †h †QvU ev”PvwU KvU©yb Qvov Avi wKQy eyS‡ZB cv‡i bv, Zv‡K †Uwjwfk‡bi
mvg‡b †_‡K miv‡bv hvq bv Ges GB ev”PvwUi gvbwmK weKv‡k A‡bK eo mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
ïay †h KvUz©b P¨v‡bj ev Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avmw³ n‡Z cv‡i Zv bq, †Kv‡bv GK ai‡bi
Lvev‡iI Avmw³ n‡Z cv‡i| wKQyw`b Av‡M Le‡ii KvM‡R †`Lv wM‡q‡Q weª‡U‡bi GKwU †g‡q
wcrRv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv wKQy †L‡Z cv‡i bv| MZ GKwÎk eQi †_‡K †m mKv‡ji bv¯—vq,
`ycy‡ii jvÂ, iv‡Zi wWbvi ev `y‡Uv Lvev‡ii gvSLv‡b ø¨vK wn‡m‡eI †m ïay wcrRv Lvq| †m
†h‡nZz Avi wKQy Lvq bv, †L‡Z cv‡i bv, GUvI Lye eo ai‡bi Avmw³|
Kv‡RB †Zvgv‡ì meviB Lye mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e †hb †Kv‡bv wKQy‡Z †Zvgv‡ì Avmw³ R‡b¥ bv
hvq| †h‡nZz GKevi Avmw³ n‡q †M‡j †mLvb †_‡K †ei nIqv Am¤¢e KwVb ZvB me‡P‡q
fv‡jv n‡”Q †Kv‡bv wKQy‡ZB †Kv‡bvfv‡e Avm³ bv nIqv|
`jMZ KvR
Kw¤úDUvi †M‡gi Avmw³i fqvenZv wb‡q GKwU bvUK wj‡L mevB wg‡j Awfbq Ki|
†QvU wkïiv mn‡RB KvU©y‡b Avm³ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|

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GK mgq Avmw³ kãUv eënvi Kiv n‡Zv Ryqv †Ljv ev gv`K eënvi GiKg wel‡qi R‡b¨|
†Zvgiv ï‡b wbðqB AevK n‡e †h GLb evovevwo Kw¤úDUvi eënviI Avmw³ wn‡m‡e aiv ïi“
n‡q‡Q| hviv Lye †ewk B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì R‡b¨ IAD ev Internet Addiction
Disorder bv‡g GKUv bZyb bvg ch©š— Avwe®‹vi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AvRKvj A‡b‡KB Kg‡ewk Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i| Kv‡RB cÖ_‡gB eyS‡Z n‡e †Kvb
eënviUv n‡”Q cÖ‡qvRb Avi †KvbUv n‡”Q Avmw³| GKRb hLb Zvi gv evev fvB †evb eÜz
evÜe‡K mgq bv w`‡q †mB mgqUvI Kw¤úDUv‡ii wcQ‡b †`q ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e Zvi
Kw¤úDUv‡i Avmw³ R‡b¥‡Q| hLb Kw¤úDUv‡i Avmw³ n‡e ZLb †`Lv hv‡e Zvi KvRK‡g© ¶wZ
n‡”Q, †jLvcovq mgm¨v n‡”Q| hLb Avmw³ Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡e ZLb †`Lv hv‡e gvbylwU wVKgZ
bv Nywg‡q †mB mgqUv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wcQ‡b e‡m Av‡Q- ZLb Zvi ¯^v‡¯’ï ¶wZ n‡Z ïi“ K‡i|
†h‡nZz Kw¤úDUvi wb‡q mvaviY gvby‡li Lye fv‡jv aviYv ZvB A‡bK mgq evev-gv‡qiv
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avmw³i e¨vcviUv eyS‡Z cv‡ib bv| †Kv‡bv wKQyi evovevwo fv‡jv bq-
Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡iiI bq- GwU mevB‡K eyS‡Z n‡e|
Kw¤úDUvi Avmw³i Kzdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i? wKQy wKQy welq Lye ¯úó| Kg eqmx †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì
†e‡o DVvi R‡b¨ gv‡V Nv‡U †QvUvQywU Ki‡Z nq, †Lj‡Z nq| †h mgqUv †Ljvi gv‡V †QvUvQywU
K‡i †Ljvi K_v, †mB mgqUv‡Z Zviv hw` N‡ii †Kvbvq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b gv_v ¸‡R e‡m
_v‡K Zvn‡j †mUv Zvi R‡b¨ †gv‡UB fv‡jv GKwU e¨vcvi bq| hviv mwZ¨Kvifv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i
Avm³ n‡q hvq- †`Lv hvq Zviv Kw¤úDUv‡ii evB‡i wPš—vI Ki‡Z cv‡i bv- Zviv ïay †h †mUv
wb‡q mgq KvUvq Zv bq- †mUvi †cQ‡b wb‡Ri wKsev evev-gv‡qi UvKvI LiP Kiv‡Z ïi“
K‡i|
†h †Kv‡bv Avmw³i R‡b¨ GKUv K_v mwZ¨, GKevi †Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z Avm³ n‡q hvIqvi ci
†mUv †_‡K †ei n‡q Avmv Lye KwVb, ZvB Avmw³ bv Rb¥v‡bvUvB †mvRv| Kv‡RB †Zvgv‡ì
Avgiv Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kie- Kw¤úDUvi †hb Avgv‡ì eënvi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|
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eqmx †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì meviB Rvb‡Z n‡e Kw¤úDUvi Lye PgrKvi GKUv hš¿, Zvi eënvi †hb
nq cÖ‡qvR‡b- KL‡bvB †hb Zv‡Z Avmw³ R‡b¥ bv hvq|
KL‡bv hw` mwZ¨ mwZ¨ Avmw³ R‡b¥B hvq ZLb †mLvb †_‡K Zv‡K †ei K‡i Avbvi R‡b¨
meviB GKUv `vwqZ¡ _v‡K| †mR‡b¨ †h gvbylwUi Kw¤úDUv‡i Avmw³ R‡b¥‡Q Zv‡K
Kw¤úDUv‡ii evB‡ii RMr †_‡KI Avb›` cvIqv wkwL‡q w`‡Z n‡e- me‡P‡q my›ì welq n‡”Q
†Ljvayjv| hvi Avmw³ R‡b¥‡Q Zv‡K mgq wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e- w`‡b KZ¶Y †m Kw¤úDUvi
eënvi Ki‡e (†hgb GK N›Uvi †ewk bq|) ïay ZvB bq, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv GKwU KvR K‡i Zv‡K
Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii †mB mgqUzKz AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e- Kw¤úDUvi Lye
PgrKvi GKUv hš¿ ev Uzj- Avgiv †mUv‡K eënvi Kie, wKš—y †mUv †hb KL‡bv Avgv‡ì
eënvi bv K‡i|
AvRKvj Z_¨ cÖhyw³i RM‡Z bZyb GK ai‡bi Avmw³ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q †mUvi bvg n‡”Q mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK©| GiKg A‡bK ai‡bi mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK© i‡q‡Q, †hgb:
†dmeyK, UzBUvi, wjsKW&-Bb, mygvwR BZ¨vw`| †dmeyK eënvi K‡i mviv c„w_exi 90 †KvwU
gvbyl| GB gyn~‡Z© Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 25 †_‡K 30 jvL gvbyl †dmeyK eënvi K‡i
Ges Gi msL¨v evo‡Q|
GZ wekvj msL¨K gvbyl †h mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i Zvi ¸i“Z¡Uv wbðqB
Lye mn‡R †evSv hvq| gvby‡li †fZ‡i †Kv‡bv GKUv Z_¨ Qwo‡q †èvi R‡b¨ GB
†bUIqvK©¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv Zzjbv †bB| c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡k MYZš¿ †bB e‡j miKvi †Rvi K‡i
†`kUv‡K kvmb K‡i Ges A‡bK mgq GB mvgvwRK †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i mvaviY RbMY
msMwVZ nq Ges ixwZgZ Av‡›`vjb ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Zvgiv ï‡b AevK n‡e AvRKvj
c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡ki ˆ¯îkvmK ev mvgwiK kvmK‡K Av‡›`vjb K‡i mwi‡q †`qvi wcQ‡b GB
mvgvwRK †bUIqvK©¸‡jv A‡bK eo f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Avgiv hLb A‡bK gvby‡li Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv
Lei cvVv‡Z PvB ZLb gyn~‡Ë©i g‡a¨ AmsL¨ gvby‡li Kv‡QB †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i Z_¨¸‡jv
cvwV‡q †`qv hvq|
GB mvgvwRK †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i AvRKvj gvbylRb G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ m¤úK© ev †hvMv‡hvM
iv‡L| Kgeqmxiv Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡K Lye mn‡R MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j mvgvwRK †bUIqvK©¸‡jv
Kgeqmx‡ì gv‡S LyeB RbwcÖq| mvaviYZ GKUv wbw`©ó eqm bv nIqv ch©š— GB †bUIqv‡K©
†hvM †`qv hvq bv wKš—y Zvic‡iI A‡bK KgeqmxivI wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© fyj Z_¨ w`‡q mvgvwRK
†bUIqv‡K© †hvM w`‡q †`q Ges †mUv _vgv‡bvi Lye mnR Dcvq †bB| †Zvgiv nq‡Zv hyw³ w`‡Z
cvi †Kv‡bv GKUv welq hw` fv‡jv nq Zvn‡j †QvUiv †mUv‡Z †hvM w`‡j ¶wZ Kx? Avgiv †Zv
Kgeqmx‡ì Le‡ii KvMR co‡Z wb‡la Kwi bv, †Uwjwfkb †`L‡Z evav w`B bv Zvn‡j
mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© †hvM w`‡Z AvcwË Kie †Kb?
`jMZ KvR
Kw¤úDUv‡i Avm³ GKwU †Q‡j ev †g‡q mvivw`b Kxfv‡e w`b KvUvq †mwU wb‡q GKwU
KvíwbK Mí wjL|

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Gi Aewk¨ K‡qKUv KviY Av‡Q, cÖ_g KviY n‡”Q GB mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© GKRb
Av‡iKRb‡K mvgbvmvgwb †`L‡Z cvq bv ZvB †QvUiv Zv‡ì mv‡_ mvgvwRKfv‡e wgk‡Q †hUv
A‡bK mgq †evSv hvq bv| GKUv gvbyl hLb wkï †_‡K eo nq ZLb memg‡qB †m Zvi wbR
eqmx‡ì mv‡_ mgq KvUvq Ges †mUvB n‡”Q mwVK, ZvB hw` KL‡bv †`Lv hvq Kgeqmx †Q‡j
†g‡qiv cÖvß eq¯‹ eo gvbyl‡ì mv‡_ IVvemv Ki‡Q ZLb †mUv Kgeqmx †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì R‡b¨
fv‡jv bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
ïay †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q bq, eo‡ì R‡b¨ †hUv GLb mgm¨v n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q †mUv n‡”Q GB
mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© Avmw³| A‡bK mgq †`Lv wM‡q‡Q gvbylRb GB mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© e‡m
GKRb Av‡iKR‡bi mv‡_ Z_¨ wewbgq Ki‡Q| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i cy‡iv welqUv GZ
mnR K‡i †`qv n‡h‡Q †h, †Kv‡bv gvbyl mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© †Kv‡bv KvR bv K‡i N›Uvi ci N›Uv
mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K©i cwiwPZ, Aa© cwiwPZ wKsev AcwiwPZ gvby‡li mv‡_ KvwU‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
welqUv A‡bK RvqMv‡Z eo mgm¨v n‡q †M‡Q e‡j Awd‡m ev Kg©‡¶‡Î eÜ K‡i †`qv
n‡q‡Q| †Rvi K‡i †Kv‡bv wKQy eënvi Ki‡Z bv †`qv GK ai‡Yi mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘
†mUv fv‡jv mgvavb bv| fv‡jv mgvavb n‡”Q hLb †Kv‡bv gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri wePvi we‡ePbv eyw×
w`‡q †Kv‡bv wKQy cwiwgZfv‡e K‡i Avm³ n‡q jvMvg Qvov fv‡e K‡i bv|
mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K©i eÜz Avi mwZ¨Kv‡ii eÜzi gv‡S A‡bK cv_©K¨|
mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© †_‡g gvbylR‡bi AmvgvwRK n‡q hveviI GK ai‡Yi AvksKv _v‡K|
hviv G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ mvgvwRK †bUIqvK© K‡i Zviv A‡bK mgq wb‡Riv G‡K Ab¨‡K ÒeÜzÓ
e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i Ges mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© GKRb Av‡iK‡Rbi Kv‡Q Z_¨ cvVv‡bv‡KB
eÜzZ¡ e‡j g‡b K‡i- wKš—y mwZ¨Kv‡ii eÜzZ¡ Av‡iv A‡bK Mfxi A‡bK †ewk Aš—wiK, A‡bK
†ewk ev¯—e| Kv‡RB Z_¨ cÖhyw³i eÜzZ¡‡K mwZ¨Kvi eÜzZ¡ g‡b K‡i †KD hw` Zv‡ZB mš—yó
n‡q hvq Zvn‡j †m Zvi Rxe‡bi A‡bK eo wKQy †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e|
bZyb wkLjvg : Gg.Gg.I., Avmw³, Addiction, Disorder, IAD, ˆ¯îkvmK,
†dmeyK, UzBUvi, wjsKW&-Bb, mygvwR|
`jMZ KvR
K¬v‡ki `ywU `‡j fvM n‡q †Zvgv‡ì K¬v‡ki †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© †hvM
†`qvi c‡¶ Ges wec‡¶ GKwU weZ‡K©i Av‡qvRb Ki|
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cvV 23 : KwcivBU
KwcivBU I †gav¯^Z¡¡ msi¶‡Yi aviYv : gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡b `yB ai‡bi m¤c‡ì cÖ‡qvRb
nq| Gi GKwU Avgiv Lye mn‡R eyS‡Z cvwi, †hwU ¯úk© Kiv hvq, †hgb: evwo, Mvwo, UvKv-
Kwo, Rvgv wKsev Lvevi| G¸‡jv gvby‡li RvMwZK, Z‡e ïay Gm‡eB gvbyl Z…ß _v‡K bv|
Zv‡K Zvi gvbweK ¸Y‡KI jvjb Ki‡Z nq| †m Mvb ï‡b, KweZv Ave„wË K‡i, wm‡bgv †`‡L,
Qwe Avu‡K, Qwe Zz‡j wKsev Kw¤cDUv‡i †Mg †L‡j ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR K‡i| GmKj
eyw×e„wËK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡gI m¤c` m„wó nq hv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi eyw×wfwËK m¤c`| gvbyl
¯^fveZB Zvi me ai‡bi m¤c`‡K AuvK‡o ivL‡Z Pvq, i¶v Ki‡Z Pvq| e¯‘ RM‡Zi
m¤cwË¸‡jv Ggb †h, †KD PvB‡jB †mwU wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv, ev Av‡iKUv GKB iKgfv‡e
evbv‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡bv †jvK B‡”Q Ki‡j wK Avjvw`‡bi ˆ`Z¨‡K w`‡q †Zvgvi evwoUv Zz‡j
wb‡q †h‡Z cvi‡e? cvi‡e bv| KviY †mwU GKw`‡K m¤¢e bq Avevi Ab¨w`‡K AvBbI †mUv
Ki‡Z †`‡e bv| A_P a‡iv Zzwg my›ì GKwU Mvb wj‡L †mwU‡Z myi Ki‡j| Zvici †Zvgvi
eÜy‡ì †kvbv‡j| ZLb †Zvgvi eÜy‡ì GKRb B‡”Q Ki‡j †mwU Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q wb‡Ri Mvb
e‡j Pvwj‡q w`‡Z cv‡i, Zzwg bvI Rvb‡Z cv‡iv| Avevi wb‡Ri bv‡g `vwe bv Ki‡jI GgbwK
†Zvgvi AbygwZ Qvov †mwU †m wewfbœ ¯’v‡b MvB‡Z cv‡i| Zzwg GKUv my›ì KweZv wjL‡j,
†mwUI †KD GKRb †Zvgvi AbygwZ Qvov †Kv_vI Qvwc‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| GiKg hw` nq Zvn‡j
†mwU mgv‡Ri Rb¨ my›ì nq bv| KviY Gi d‡j hviv m„Rbkxj KvR K‡i Zviv Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri
h_vh_ ¯^xK…wZ cvq bv| GgbwK Gi Rb¨ hw` Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv Avw_©K jvf nIqvi K_v †mUvI
nq bv| Avgiv GKwU M‡íi eB‡qi D`vniY †_‡K GB e¨vcviwU Av‡iv GKUz fv‡jv K‡i
eyS‡Z cvie| GKRb †jLK Zvi kªg, mgq Ges wPš—v w`‡q eBwU wj‡Lb| Gici GKRb
cÖKvkK eBwU cÖKvk K‡ib| wZwb evRvi †_‡K KvMR wK‡b, eBwU Qvwc‡q, evuavB K‡i, wewfbœ
we‡µZvi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †cŠ‡Q †`b| ¯^fveZB G Kv‡R Zvi †h LiP nq †mwU a‡i
wb‡q wZwb eB‡qi weµqg~j¨ wba©viY K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU Ask †jLK cvb hv‡K ejv nq
iq¨vjwU| GLb hw` †KD †jL‡Ki ARv‡š— Zvi eB †ei K‡i †d‡j Zvn‡j †jLK Zvi GB
cÖvc¨ †_‡K ewÂZ nb| Kv‡RB Ggb GKUv eë¯’v _vKv ìKvi †hwU m„Rbkxj K‡g©i hviv
mªóv Zv‡ì GB AwaKvi A¶zYœœ ev eRvq iv‡L| c„w_exi †`‡k †`‡k ZvB m„Rbkxj m„wóK‡g©i
Kwc ev cybi“rcv`b, A‰ea eënvi BZ¨vw` e‡Üi Rb¨ AvB‡bi weavb ivLv nq| †h‡nZz GB
AvBb Kwc ev cybi“rcv`‡bi AwaKvi msi¶Y wb‡q ˆZwi ZvB GwU‡K KwcivBU (Copyright)
AvBb ev ms‡¶‡c KwcivBU e‡j|
gy`ªY hš¿ Avwe®‹vi nIqvi ci eB Kwc Kiv ev bKj KivUv mnR n‡q wM‡q‡Q| ZLb
†jLK‡ì AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g hy³iv‡R¨ 1662 mv‡j KwcivBU AvBb
(Licensing of the Press Act 1662) cÖ_g cvj©v‡g‡›U cvm K‡i| GB AvB‡bi AvIZvq
hviv Zv‡ì eB‡qi Abby‡gvw`Z Kwc Kiv eÜ Ki‡Z Pvq Zviv Zv‡ì eB †iwR‡÷ªkb K‡i
GKUv jvB‡mÝ wbZ| eB w`‡q m~Pbv n‡jI c‡i †`Lv hvq m„Rbkxj K‡g©i Ab¨vb¨ cÖKv‡kiI
msi¶Y cÖ‡qvRb| ZLb wewfbœ Avwe®‹vi, eëmvi gvK©v BZ¨vwÌ eyw×wfwËK m¤c` ev
†gav¯^Z¡ msi¶‡Yi AvIZvq P‡j Av‡m| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖPj‡bi ci †`Lv †Mj eB, Qwe ev
Abyi~c K‡g©i cybi“rcv`b LyeB mnR| Avi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Avwe®‹v‡ii ci †`Lv †Mj GgbwK
GLb Zv mviv `ywbqv‡ZB Qwo‡q †Ìqv hvq| Kv‡RB Kw¤cDUv‡ii gva¨‡g cybi“rcv`b Ges

46
weZiYI GLb GB AvB‡bi AvIZvq P‡j G‡m‡Q| GKB m‡½ Kw¤cDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖvgI †h‡nZz
GKwU m„Rbkxj Kg©Kv‡ÊI GB AvB‡bi AvIZvq Gi mªóv Zvi AwaKvi msi¶Y Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| eZ©gv‡b †hme †`‡k GB AvBb Av‡Q †mme †`‡k m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri KwcivBU mªóvi
g„Zzï ciI ejer _v‡K| GwU †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`‡k GgbwK 100 eQi ch©š— n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e
mvaviYZ GwU †jLK, wkíx, bvU¨Kv‡ii g„Zzï ci 50 †_‡K 70 eQi ch©š— ejer _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki KwcivBU AvB‡b (KwcivBU AvBb 2000) Gi †gqv` 60 eQi| hLb †Kvb
m„Rbkxj K‡g©i KwcivBU f½ K‡i †mwU cybi“rcv`b Kiv nq ZLb †mwU‡K ejv nq †PvivB
(Pirated) Kwc| †h‡nZz Kw¤cDUv‡ii welq¸‡jv mn‡R Kwc Kiv hvq ZvB GB¸‡jvi †PvivB
Kwc cvIqv hvq me‡P‡q †ewk| Kw¤cDUvi eënvi Kivi mgq Avgv‡ì GB welqwU memgq
†Lqvj ivL‡Z nq| Avgiv hLb KvD‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K Kwc K‡i †è ZLb †hb
bv †R‡b KwcivBU AvBb f½ bv Kwi| ïay Kw¤cDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ev †Mgm bq, Avgv‡ì
Kw¤cDUv‡i A‡bK mgq A‡bK Qwe _v‡K, A‡b‡Ki Mí-KweZvI _v‡K| Avgiv hLb KvD‡K
†mUv Kwc K‡i †è ZLb Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î Avgv‡ì wKš—y
†m¸‡jv Kwc K‡i Ab¨‡K †Ìqvi AwaKvi †bB| Z‡e m„Rbkxj Kg© eënvi Kivi †¶‡Î wKQz
wKQz ¯^vaxbZvI _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i, GKv‡WwgK ev cov‡jLvi Kv‡R m„Rbkxj KvR Kwc Kiv
hvq| A_©vr cov‡jLvi Kv‡R Avgiv †Kv‡bv eB‡qi †h d‡UvKwc Kwi Zv KwcivBU AvBb f½
K‡i bv| GiKg eënvi‡K ejv nq Ô†dqvi BDRÕ|
KwcivB‡Ui GB msi¶Yev`x g‡bvfv‡ei wei“‡× GKwU wfbœag©x aviYvI eZ©gv‡b †ek Pvjy
n‡q‡Q| Gi g~j K_v n‡jv †Kv‡bv †jLK, wkíx, †cÖvMÖvgvi ev bvU¨Kvi B‡”Q Ki‡j Zvi m„ó
m„Rbkxj Kg©‡K kZ©mv‡c‡¶ mevi Kwc Kivi Rb¨ Db¥y³ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| GB `k©b‡K ejv
nq gy³ `k©b ev I‡cb †mvm© wdjmwd| hviv GB `k©‡bi Abymvix Zviv Zv‡ì m„Rbkxj Kg©‡K
K‡qKwU jvB‡m‡Ýi gva¨‡g mevB‡K eënvi Ki‡Z †`b| Gi g‡a¨ KwcivB‡Ui G‡Kev‡i
D‡ëvwU n‡jv Kwc‡jdU (Copyleft)| hvi A_© m„Rbkxj K‡g©i mªóv mevB‡K GB KvR Kwc
Kivi mvb›` AbygwZ w`‡q w`‡”Qb| KwcivBU Avi Kwc‡jd‡Ui gvSLv‡b i‡q‡Q m„Rbx mvaviY
ev wµ‡qwUf KgÝ (Creative Commons)| m„Rbx mvaviY jvB‡m‡Ýi wewfbœ K¨vUvMwi‡Z
Kg©mªóvi wKQz wKQz AwaKvi msiw¶Z n‡q _v‡K| †hgb, †h †KD B‡”Q Ki‡j †jL‡Ki eB
Zvi wjwLZ ev †Kv‡bv AvBbx AbygwZ QvovB cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e †jL‡Ki bv‡g cÖKvk
Ki‡Z n‡e ev †mwU w`‡q †Kv‡bv gybvdv jvf Kiv hv‡e bv| gy³ `k©‡bi AvIZvq †h Kw¤cDUvi
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î gy³ mdUIq¨vi ev I‡cb †mvm© mdUIq¨vi
(Open Source Software) ejv nq| GB mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv mn‡R GKRb Ab¨Rb‡K Kwc
K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i, eënviI Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †h‡nZz mevB Kwc Ges cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i
ZvB mvivwe‡k¦i †jv‡Kiv wg‡j GB mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K LyeB kw³kvjx wnmv‡e M‡o †Zv‡j| GB
`k©‡bi Avi GKwU eo cÖKvk nj gy³ ÁvbfvÛvi DBwKwcwWqv (www.wikipedia.org)|
mevB wg‡j B›Uvi‡b‡U GB gy³ Ávb‡Kvl M‡o Zz‡j‡Q K‡qKwU gy³ jvB‡m‡Ýi AvIZvq|
bZyb wkLjvg : KwcivBU, Kwc‡jdU, wµ‡qwUf KgÝ, I‡cb †mvm© mdUIq¨vi,
Pirated, Ô†dqvi BDRÕ, gy³ `k©b|
`jMZ KvR
gy³ `k©‡bi c‡¶ Ges wec‡¶ `ywU `j ˆZwi K‡i GKwU weZ‡K©i Av‡qvRb Ki|
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Class 7 computer and information(ict) text book

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