European Economics Since The Single European Act

European Economics Since The Single European Act
"If the Euro fails, then not only the currency fails... Europe will fail, and, with it, the idea of European unity." Merkel's words preclude the diminishing
consensus within European Union, no matter the attempts to solidify support within Europe. The 2008 Eurozone crisis has lead to distrust and unease
in Europe. The Treaty of Lisbon (2009) was the re–organisation of the European Union policy–making structure after the pillar formation of the Treaty
of Maastricht (1993). The Treaty of Lisbon, no matter how triumphantly proclaimed to the people, has given increasing control to the European
Parliament and other intergovernmental bodies, and less in the hands of the states or the people. This, coupled with dissatisfaction of the EU and an ...
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An economic downturn followed in the 1990s, and the Maastricht Treaty was seen as the response, to create a single market, monetary union and a
common foreign and security policy . This was meant to create a 'spill–over' into other, weaker areas of the economy, helping all who were a part of it .
The European Monetary Union (EMU) (1999) was a direct result of the Maastricht Treaty, leading the way for the Euro in 1999 . It was widely
believed a common currency and shared markets would create a stronger place in the global economy, one that could potentially rival that of the
United States . The proposed Eurozone demanded several criteria to be fulfilled by its potential member states before it could be created in 1998. This
included: annual fiscal deficits no greater than 3% of GDP, accumulated government debt no greater than 60% of GDP, inflation no more than 1.5%
higher than the average rate of the three least inflationary European members, and long–term interest rates no more than 2% higher than these same
three . However, by 1997, only Luxembourg and Finland met the criteria . By May 1998, 11 countries joined, three met the criteria but declined to
join, and only Greece was ineligible . The EMU was organized to accommodate diversity in financial and economic policy–making, however merging
both financial and economic policies was
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The European Union
It is true that the European Union is taking the steps to have the rebuilding of security against terrorism. The military forces have started to take the
actions in order to cope with the increasing issue of terrorism. However, it is also true that the miss–conception has been formed regarding the image of
Muslims in the Europe as they are being subjected to wrong treatments for the terrorist impressions as research reports that "...The Ministry of
Defense decided to deploy 10,500 soldiers to sensitive areas, with nearly half of them assigned to the protection of the country 's 717 Jewish
schools..." The news has also reported the Muslims as being the angry citizens whom have presented the light of terrorism that present across the border
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The current image of the Muslims portrayed by the media is wrong as they consider Muslims to be responsible for the terrorism as well, as the author
Robert Leiken stated in his article as "Jihadist networks span Europe from Poland to Portugal, thanks to the spread of radical Islam among the
descendants of guest workers once recruited to shore up Europe 's postwar economic miracle...". This statement given by the article clearly shows that
the element of ethos has been neglected totally in terms of the Muslims because they have been subjected directly towards the terrorism aspect
irrespective of the fact that there are much evidences to support this argument or not. This is the reason why the Muslims have been subjected to
suspicion treatments in countries like the United States because of the Al–Qaida experiences, which the United States previously had . According to
the source, "Europe Angry Muslims", there has been a state of anger among the people regarding the image of Muslims. This news has also reported
the Muslims being the angry citizens who have presented the ray of terrorism present across the border of the United States with that of Mexico. This
report has also presented the way that the Muslims are considered to be belonging from the radical Islam as stated by the author.
He has tried to convince the readers and calling these

The European Union : The Horrors Of The European Union
European Union
The European Union (EU) was established in order to prevent the horrors of modern warfare, experienced by most of Europe during the World Wars of
the 20th century, from ever ensuing again, by aiming to create an environment of trust with the countries of Europe cooperating in areas such as
commerce, research and trade (Adams, 2001). The EU has evolved into an economic, trade, political and monetary alliance between twenty–eight
European Member States. While not all Member States are in monetary union (i.e. share the currency of the euro), those that are form the 'Euro–zone'
(Dinan, 2006). The EU can pass a number of types of legislation, with a regulation, act, or law, being the most powerful. Its 'tricameral' (European ...
Votes are allocated according to a country's population size. However, some of the smaller states, such as the UK, receive more votes than is actually
justified by population size.
The European Commission is the Executive (governmental) body of the EU, initiating legislative proposals and also managing the EU's budget
(Europa, 2007). Each commission operates for a five–year period, with meetings taking place in Brussels every Wednesday. The Commission consists
of a President of the Commission and twenty–eight commissioners (some vice presidents). Employees of the Commission are organised according to
department (Directorates–General) and answer to a Commissioner. The Commission exists in order to represent the interests of the whole of the EU
(thus arguably the whole of Europe), as opposed to individual Member States. The Commission represents the EU on a global basis and is the main
participant in negotiations in areas such as trade. The appointment of Commissioners is the responsibility of the Parliament, with all having previously
assumed senior positions in politics in their own country, usually within its national government. Proposals are drafted by the senior civil servant
(Director–General. A proposal may be adopted if more than half of the Commissioners decide to adopt it. Once agreed, all Commissioners must give
their unconditional support – similar to the collective responsibility held by the Scottish executives and the UK. The Commission works closely

Differences Between Europeans And Americans In The...
In his novel The Europeans, Henry James tells the story of an American family that is visited by their European cousins. James uses these
circumstances to depict the differences between Europeans and Americans. The Americans tend to be frightened of the Europeans, since they seem
quite foreign within the puritanical American community. On the other hand, the Europeans are surprised by the Americans' provincial ways. Reaction
to the unfamiliar is a central element of the novel. Each character's reaction to the unfamiliar reveals his or her personality and also determines whom
that character is capable of tolerating and of loving. Felix, one of the European cousins, and Gertrude, the younger daughter of the American family,
both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is during this fantasy that Gertrude first meets Felix. Felix is as open to the unknown as Gertrude, having traveled around in Europe because he
could never stay in one place. He also changes quickly; instead of thinking of tradition he adapts to whatever culture is around him: "Felix, who
learned all things quickly, had already learned that the silences frequently observed among his new acquaintances were not necessarily restrictive or
resentful"(34). Gertrude and Felix are both outgoing and do not have a strong sense of tradition and duty because they would rather change
atmospheres than be bound by the one they presently live in. However, others in the novel do not welcome variation in their lives as do Gertrude and
Felix.
Charlotte and Mr. Brand are both vehemently opposed to change. They like to uphold tradition, and would rather keep their lives calm than take a risk.
Charlotte is always concerned with duty, and thus takes this attitude when her foreign cousins come to visit. James depicts the situation: It was an
extension of duty, of the exercise of the more recondite virtues; but neither Mr. Wentworth, nor Charlotte, not Mr. Brand, who, among these excellent
people, was a great promoter of reflection and aspiration, frankly adverted to it as an extension of enjoyment. This function was ultimately assumed by
Gertrude Wentworth (37).
Mr. Brand shares this opinion of

The European Union
With regards to the European Union (EU), its democratic deficit attracts one of the highest levels of attention and discussion. Its importance is clearly
seen in the Treaty of Lisbon's preamble which states that it aims to "enhance the 'democratic legitimacy of the Union"' . The EU is the first and most
advanced form of supranationalism – a regional or international institution with its own governing institutions and structures in modern history. Due to
the EU's unique characteristics, it is not easy to decide what the standards to evaluate democracy should be . However, for the purpose of this essay, the
EU's democratic performance shall be evaluated based on the principle of subsidiarity, accountability, representativeness and... Show more content on
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The 'Protocol on the Application of the Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality' allows national parliaments (both chambers in bicameral
systems) to play a more direct role on the EU legislative process through the 'Early Warning Mechanism' . Within eight weeks of receiving a proposed
legislation, any national parliament has the right to submit a 'reasoned opinion' explaining why it does not comply with the principle of subsidiarity. If
at least one–third of all votes allocated to the national parliaments share similar sentiments, the draft must be reviewed (yellow card procedure).
Theoretically, the system displays potential. However, reality has shown that the yellow card procedure has only been raised twice so far and there
is no obligation for the draft to actually be changed. National parliaments have insufficient time to respond to the EU proposals in the first place ,
affecting the quality of review national parliaments can provide. Furthermore, the issue of creeping competences is one to be considered due to the
European Court of Justice's limited and 'minimalist' judicial monitoring as seen in the Working Time Directive Case . Its narrow view of subsidiarity
has led to a more limited practice of the principle of subsidiarity in the EU and possibly contributing to its democratic deficit.
Another issue is that of the European Parliament's accountability to

The Indians And European Cultures
In the Indians and European cultures, they both faced a certain backlash when it came to being able to live with each other. For example, the Indians
would offer an education in the way of living in New England, but Massachusetts and Connecticut would make sure that the people that lived over there
would stay over there because they did not want the settlers to move over there. In contrast, they both could have a cultural crossing successfully. For
example, Europeans men lived with Indian women and the French and English were good friends with the Indians. In this essay, Europeans and Indians
culture are divided, but together in terms of the nature of the borderlands, the appeal to the Indian cultures that may have had for some Europeans, how
most Europeans viewed Indians, the way Indians treated captives and those who lived amongst them voluntarily, the role of trade and economic
exchange, the role of education, and finally the difference between the English and the French settlers in their attitudes towards the indigenous peoples.
Through all this, the essay will explain what kind of people live in the Indian culture as well as compare all the descriptive information that has been
received.
The Indians and Europeans are divided, but together in terms of the nature of the borderlands. In Dawnland Encounters, the author Colin G. Calloway
uses William T Davis's journal to show how the Indians and the Europeans crossed cultural boundaries. Davis wrote "On Dawnland

The European Union
reason, the common citizens of Briton believe that exiting the EU is the only way they can solve their economic problems. Thus, the leading party of
the United Kingdom has approved a referendum on UK's membership of the European Union. Opinion polls show that British citizens have a different
perspective on the issue. A recent study conducted by center for European reform showed that "The younger generation of Britons favorsEuropean
Union because it offers a good economic prospect. At the same time, the older generation perceives the EU as an anti–democratic institution. Experts
form European commission suggests that the possibility of Britain exiting the EU has a profound effect on economics, business, and immigration of
policies of Europeans." (Simon, Philip, 9, 67). Even though most people see the economic problem as the main cause of for UK for rejecting the
European Union, others also consider the refugee crisis as a pressing issue. A recent study conducted by the royal institute of international affairs
show that "attitudes toward immigration are the strongest predictor of whether somebody will vote to leave the EU. Those who feel that immigration
is having negative effects on Britain are 50 per cent likely to vote out of EU. In contrast, those who hold more positive attitudes towards immigration
are 11 percent more likely to vote in."(Matthew, Milazzo, 8) In the last couple of years Briton has seen a massive increase in the number of
immigrants. Most of these

European Travel and the Spread of Western Ideology Essay
European Travel and the Spread of Western Ideology
Humans began their existence as travelers, slowly making their way across the earth hunting and gathering. This travel was quite slow and gradual, and
could be termed a period of "human expansion", as traveling groups rarely encountered other humans. It really wasn't until the sixteenth century that a
new kind of travel developed, a kind that was more global, occurred rapidly, and was filled with many encounters with other civilizations. This sort of
travel signified not simply the spreading of humans across the earth, but more the spreading of ideas among people. And during this particular period,
the travelers were predominantly European, and so it was Europeans who, believing in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Europeans had a huge effect on the local peoples in the various regions that they visited. For one thing, they brought with them many germs. As
Diamond noted, "the importance of lethal microbes in history is well illustrated by Europeans' conquest and depopulation of the New World" (210).
The microbes killed Aztecs, Inca, and the populations of many Indian towns in the Mississippi. Additionally, "Eurasian germs played a key role in
decimating native peoples in many other parts of the world, including Pacific Islanders, Aboriginal Australians, and the Khoisan peoples of Southern
Africa... the Indian population of Hispaniola... Fiji" (Diamond, 213). Because of this, "European immigrants came to supplant... much of the native
population of the Americas and some other parts of the world." (Diamond, 214). So, it came to be true that, if in nothing else, the Europeans certainly
came to outnumber many of the native peoples in many of the areas that they occupied. This gave them added power over them, if only because of
their larger numbers.
However, it was not simply the germs that the Europeans brought with them that altered life for the native people. The technology that the Europeans
had, while at first not superior, quickly became superior. "The Europeans rapidly improved upon [military technology naval artillery and sailing ships]
before the

The European Union
Introduction
Human dignity, democracy, freedom, equality, rule of law and respect for human rights, these are the core values that comprise the organization: the
European Union. From economics to politics, the organization has grown to include most of the European countries. Their policies emphasize the rule
of law; meaning every action executed within the organization is founded on treaties, along with the agreement of the participating countries. Its focus
continues to promote human rights, as well as making their institution more transparent and democratic. The European Union is constantly growing and
refining itself into a world–renowned organization.
History
The success of the current European Union can be accredit to the diverse group of visionaries that founded the group. These visionaries include Konrad
Adenauer, Joseph Bech, Jonah Beyen, Winston Churchill, Alcide De Gasperi, Walter Hallstein, Sicco Mansholt, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman,
Paul–Henri Spaak, and Altiero Spinelli ("The History"). Despite their various backgrounds, these founding fathers had one goal: to make Europe
prosperous. The union began as a European Coal and Steel Company (ECSC), which was established by the Treaty of Paris following World War II.
This organization consisted of the six founding countries, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. The organization would
then rename itself to the European Economic Community (EEC) as a result of the Treaty of Paris as well as

European Integration And The European Union
Over the years as the European identity developed, it inevitably came across the issue of justice and home affairs (JHA) and to what extant it had
dictation over its member states' borders. As the European Community and later the European Union established and expanded its policies over issues
such as asylum, immigration and police, judicial cooperation, many began to criticize the European Union saying it was relinquishing the sovereignty of
its member states. As the mandate over justice and home affairs moved from the national level to the European level, the EU had to figure how much
jurisdiction they could have over member states' borders without imposing on the national governments or living up to its reputation as 'Fortress
Europe.'
I. The Initial Cooperation As the European Community continued to grow, immigration became a more prominent problem. There were increased
movements between Western European countries as well as increases in labor and family unification migration. After World War 2, Western Europe
became a major place for immigration and so now not only was there mass movements between the western countries, but also mass movements from
outside countries. All of this led to a spike in asylum applications and greater concern over cross–border organized crime as it strained the border
controls of the Western European countries dealing with so much migration.
As immigration continued to rise and the border patrols weakened, there was a need for greater

The European Union
There are few glaring events that will go down in history as the defining geopolitical events of this century. Great Brittan's recent results from a
referendum heldon on June 23, 2016 to decide if it should leave the European Union (EU) is one such glaring event. Brexit, the acronym for this
referendum, is synonymous with the contemporary populist sentiment supporting nationalism, economic autonomy, curbing immigration, and
defying elitist politicians who do not understand the reality of the working classes. As a result of feelings of lost power and economic insecurity
by the working class people, the citizens of Britain voted 52% to 48% to leave the EU in hopes of industrial reform. It was a surprise even to those
who voted yes to the referendum. Britten has a new Prime Minister, Theresa May, who still needs to work out how the exit will be negotiated within
a two year time period. While many Brits believe leaving the union will give back hope to Britain as a country that the EU had taken away, there
remain several issues from this vote that have created great uncertainty in Britain and in the world at large. First, the memorandum is being challenged
in court, because it should have been an act of parliament. This will delay the Prime Minister's initiation of the Article 50 process that parts Britten
from the EU. Second, Britten is divided over the result; those who voted against leaving (the urban elite and younger workers) feel betrayed by the
older workers who they

European Commission
Date:October 1, 2010
Staff member of the Directorate–General
Koninginnegracht 23F, 2535RS The Hague
The Honorable Jan Peter Balkenende
Minister President
Herengracht 12–D, 2717DC Middelburg
Dear Minister President,As a staff member of the Directorate–General of the European Commission I have been appointed to describe to you the
composition and the powers of the Commission in the European Union. In the following paragraph I will describe the body of the Commission divided
in three pillars: First you have the College of the Commissioners, then the Directorate–General (DGs) and lastly the cabinets. In the Third paragraph I
will briefly describe the powers of the Commission and in the last paragraph I will conclude ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Legislative power as to making sure that the rules in Treaties are being complied with and determining how EU nationals may stay in other States
after they have worked there. The Commission is also responsible the budget planning for each year and the making of the agenda. The Commission
has executive powers responsible for collecting the revenue for the EU, coordinating the spending of the EU and administering the EU aid to third
countries. The Commission has supervisory powers to monitor the compliance of the Member States to the rules of the Union. Does the Commission
have "a vocation to further the interest of the Community as a whole?" I believe it does, by looking at its responsibilities in the Union itself proves
this. And if you look at the statement made by the Court of Justice where it says that "Commissioners are required to ensure that the general interest of
the European Union precedes at all times over national and personal interest". In which I understand that a Commissions' work should be emphasized
on the whole Community (EU) instead of just one State Member. Hoping to have informed you accordingly I remain Yours truly Rachel Richardson
| | | |

The European Union
The European Union was created by the idea and hope for unity and integrity. However, as it enlarges to 28 countries, many problems arise. The
Union 's inability to find its place in the divided and dynamical modern world leads to it having more of a supportive role to greater powers as
Russia and the US. The countries within it are severely divided and unable to reach a common strategy concerning major issues and if they not resolve
this lack of coherence, the EU risks to be pushed in the sidelines and to lose its international reputation as a consolidated unity.
One of the main reasons for the division of the European countries, is dictated by the different opinions concerning the political relations with the US
and Russia. For example, during the war in Iraq, the EU lacked any sign of unity concerning the support of the US military action. On the one side stood
Britain that supported the Bush administration, and on the other France and Germany were crafting an anti–war strategy. (Peterson, 2004) This major
clash between certain EU countries with the US led to the Transatlantic rift. Even though a conclusion was reached, the member states still remained
divided concerning the question of reconstruction of Iraq. As the French Foreign Minister, Hubbert Verdine, stated: "its hard to take responsibility of a
war we thought was wrong, now that the United States find itself in a traditional colonial trap" (Peterson, 2004).
Yet even though the lack of coherence made the EU

European And Non-European Culture In The 1500s And 1600s
Europeans had many goals throughout the 1500s and 1600s. To achieve their goals, they deferred to the non–European culture. However, the question
remains how did the Europeans accommodate themselves to Non–European culture? The European traders and missionaries would accommodate
themselves by integrating into the Non–European culture, by adapting their physical appearance, by referring to the traditional practices, and through
the response of the nations wants to European goods.
In order for Europe's influence to be successful across the world, they had a guide written by Father Jean de BrГ©beuf, called "Instructions for The
Fathers of Our Society Who Shall Be Sent to The Hurons." In this small guide, Father Jean, writes instruction for other European members to follow in
order to be successful in their influence in the new world. The thought of being the superior race, followed them to the new world, so embracing a
culture that they thought was low–class, was a big change to the European men. "As to the other numerous things which may be unpleasant, they must
be endured for the love of God, without saying anything or appearing to notice them." They did not do anything that contradicts the Natives belief, as
they were trying to convert them to the "idealized" culture. They were doing so in a way that the Natives did not realize they were being converted. So,
the Europeans change their normal customs in order to gain their trust. In which they accommodate to non–European

European And Non-European Expansion In The 1500s And 1600s
Europeans had many ambitions throughout the 1500s and 1600s. To achieve their goals, they deferred to the non–European culture. The main question
remains: how did the Europeans accommodate themselves to Non–European culture? The European traders and missionaries would accommodate
themselves by integrating into the Non–European culture, by adapting their physical appearance, by referring to the traditional practices, and through
the response of the native people wants to European goods.
For Europe's influence to be successful across the world, they had a guide written by Father Jean de BrГ©beuf, called "Instructions for The Fathers of
Our Society Who Shall Be Sent to The Hurons." In this small guide, Father Jean, writes instruction for other European members to follow in order to be
successful in their influence in the new world. The thought of being the superior race, followed them to the new world, so embracing a culture that
they thought was low–class, was a big change to the European men. "As to the other numerous things which may be unpleasant, they must be endured
for the love of God, without saying anything or appearing to notice them." They did not do anything that contradicts the Natives belief, as they were
trying to convert them to the "idealized" culture. They were doing so in a way that the Natives did not realize they were being converted. So, the
Europeans change their normal customs, to gain their trust. In which they accommodate to non–European ways. The

The European Union As A European Community
The European Union formed in 1956, firstly as a European Community until further expansion. "The Union was not the first attempt at European
cooperation, but it has been the boldest in conception, the most developed and the most successful," (Watts). With the first countries to join such as
Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and Holland, then many other countries joining for years after. It was formed in search of mutual benefit between the
European countries after the impact that World War II took onEurope, and it created a huge benefit for Europe and its citizens, allowing travel to
citizens freely within Europe, but in recent years we have seen a surplus of people wanting to come to Europe. While, the European Union has been a
strong advantage for Europe, the open borders have become out of control and the future does not look as promising.
With European countries allowing an open border, meaning anyone within Europe could travel and live wherever they pleased was great for the
people of Europe, but this now has made complications. "Since 2011, an estimated 200,000 Syrians have died from the conflict within their borders,
and close to half of the country's residents have been uprooted. Roughly 3.5 m illion people are categorized as "internally displaced," while 3 million
have fled the country," (Hussein). While not all 3 million have been fleeing to Europe, they actually started to escape to their neighboring countries
such as Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan but with

Throughout the development of the European Union, many political thinkers tried to give their interpretation of EU, to theorize its essence to give a
clear picture and show the path that EU is most likely to take in future. Those have organized themselves in several schools of thought, out of which
there are two dominant ones– intergovernmentalism and neo–functionalism. The former was first mentioned by Stanley Hoffmann– professor of
Harvard University and then picked up by others.
The latter approach was introduced by Ernst Bernard Haas– a German–American scientist. Both approaches capture at least some of the essence of the
EU today, however it is also fair to say that they are out of date, and have less adequate explanations of the process of integration, than they had 50
years ago. In order to answer the question, it is important to mention the timeframe. The whole period of European integration has to be taken into
account in order to show that the two dominant approaches had been topical at different phases, and in a sense, had shaped the future behavior. The
essay will look at the two dominant schools of thought, try to explain the workings of them, consider criticisms and show that, by no doubt,
intergovernmentalism and neo–functionalism capture the essence of the EU today to some extent, but real history of EU and some theoretical defects
shows that none of those theories capture the actual essence of the European Union. The conclusion shows that at the moment,

Although European integration has primarily come about through the European Union and its policies, the idea of a united Europe can be traced back
to Ancient Greece. The first we hear of Europe as a geographic concept was in the 7th/8th century BC through the infamous Myth of Europa
(Greekmythology.com, 2015). The myth is about a Phoenician princess, Europa (after which the continent was named), who has a dream where she
was called to by an unknown land telling her, she belongs to it (Greekmythology.com, 2015). Although this does not describe the geographic boundaries
of the continent, it never the less goes to show that the concept of Europe being as one is nothing new.
However, it was only until the Roman empire in 200 BC that brought ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CULTURAL INTEGRATION
By the end of the 4th century BC, the geographical concept of Europe gains a cultural dimension defined by Christianity. The Roman Empire had
collapsed and Christianity emerged as a unifying force during the Middle Ages. This gave way to the rise of Europe as a cultural idea; one with a
shared religion, Latin as the shared language of education and one with a stronger territorial identity in face of what were seen as external threats –
namely Muslims of the Middle East. This perceived enemy was very important in constituting that unifying force. The previous Roman and Greek
feeling of civilizational superiority becomes a moral superiority of which the belief that Christians were not only better than non–Christians, but also
had a duty to preach their beliefs to others, was common. As a result, the European population unites behind the crusades from 1099 as they fought the
Muslims in Jerusalem in battles which lasted almost 200 years. This tension over Jerusalem is still seen to this day which once again shows that this
European integration has always been bound to happen.
RACIAL INTEGRATION
Until the end of the 19th century, Europe maintains itself as a cultural idea. Any attempt to become a political entity is not taken seriously due to the
rise in nationalism and the emergence of the nation state. This situation, however, changed with the developments of the 20th century. The criticism of
the Church and

Impact Of European Integration On The European Nations
Has European Integration been beneficial to the economies it encapsulate? September 30
2014
This paper aims to shed light upon the economics effects that European Integration has had on the European nations both in and out of the Eurozone.
There has been vast research and literature on this topic, however only one to date that uses the synthetic counterfactuals method.Rooshi Patel
1 – Introduction
Before the 1950s, Europe was a continent entrenched in war and revolts. From the 1800s to the 1950s there were over ninety conflicts and uprising,
culminating with arguably the most devastating: World War II. The Second World War hit Europe with an enormous cost in terms human and
economic capital, it had left previously rich and prosperous nations in ruin. It not only exposed the horrors of modern–warfare but also the terrors of
extreme nationalism, these two revelations lead to the unanimous notion that such tragedy could never be allowed to occur in Europe again, or the rest
of the world for that matter. Monnet and Schuman, two French statesman regards as the architects of the European Union, concluded the most effective
way of promoting peace and stability throughout Europe was via economic integration. (Wyplosz, 2012) The first step in this new direction was the
European Coal and Steal Community [ECSC], it was the first integrated body of its kind. It proposed that for all nations who signed [Belgium, France,
West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands], their

The European Union
There is empirical evidence that the European Union did have legislative preparation for an emergency such as the current migrant crisis, however the
question is; what is wrong with the European Union provisions? This chapter will chronological analyse the history of the provision for 'migrants'
protection in Europe and where it has gone wrong in relation to the current 'migrant' crisis. It will also discuss the establishment of the European Union
border protection Agency (FRONTEX) and its inability to cope with the current migrants' influx.
Throughout the history of mankind migration has been a fact of life. However the aftermath of the Second World War created the greatest
displacement of people in Europe and brought in its wake a new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Maastricht Treaty objectives was among all to develop common actions on rules and the exercise of controls on crossing the Community's external
borders, also to develop common action on asylum policy and controlling illegal immigration by intergovernmental methods to provide citizens with a
high level of safety within an area of freedom, security and justice. In 1997, the Treaty of Amsterdam was signed, which made an amendment to the
Maastricht Treaty and came into force in May 1999. The treaty of Amsterdam however increased the powers for the Union, and built on the 'third pillar'
by improving on the intergovernmental cooperation on asylum, immigration and crossing external borders and in addition the Schengen Agreement
was integrated into the Treaties.
In October 1999 at the TampereEuropean Council summit, a common EU asylum and migration policy was one of the main themes covered by the
European Council. "The European Council reaffirms the importance the Union and Member States attach absolute respect of the right to seek asylum"
. The Council agreed to work towards establishing a Common European Asylum System, based on the full and inclusive application of the Geneva
Convention, thus ensuring that nobody is sent back to

The European Union
The History:
Brexit is the abbreviation nickname given to the 2016 referendum in which the United Kingdom voted to leave their membership in the European
Union. In order for the vote to be official they must use a little known provision in their membership clause with the European Union called the Article
50 or the Lisbon Treaty. TheEuropean Union was a political and economic cooperation where participating countries used their collective financial and
social practices to strengthen social and economic stability. "The European Union began in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community, an effort
by six nations to heal the fissures of World War II through duty
–free trade. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community, or
Common Market" (Erlanger 2015). On February 20th 2016 David Cameron Britain's Prime Minister proposed the Referendum for England that
would allow a vote to remain or leave the European Union. While David Cameron is in favor of staying in the European his actions prompted many
including London's Mayor Boris Johnson and Justice Secretary Boris Johnson to pledge their support for the Leave campaign. Many Britons who
voted to leave were worried about increasing strain of European Markets including those found in Greece who were under incredible financial strain
from internal economic policies that threatened the entire region. However "This didn 't affect the UK directly, as it uses the pound rather than the
Euro. But some Britons

James Cameron And European Imperialism
The overall concept of imperialism was based upon utilizing military force to lead to an increase of power and superiority. This idea was originated
when attempting to portray one's nation to be superior compared to the others and therefore, such actions were taken in order gain that economic
power. In the given poems as well as the movie, "Avatar" by James Cameron, it's clearly evident that European imperialism is portrayed negatively
with regard to the fact that external nations were invading the native lands and influencing the indigenous people's religion. They had also imposed
certain traditions and customs upon the subjects which included a change in religion. In addition, European imperialism was dishonorable because the
general idea of invading one's land for any given reason doesn't justify the impact created upon the natives. In "Let Freedom Come", Davidson
exclaims, " I hear you countryman done spoil to West Indies ... I think he want come spoil we country too"( Davidson lines 2–4). Also, African leaders
were quite aware of the "classic" move played upon their nation in terms of building a foundation of skills to control the trade routes which resulted in
conquering certain parts of land. Furthermore, Davidson emphasizes the fact that European imperialism lead to a shortage of natural resources, trade
conflicts, as well as a diversity in cultural superiority. For example, as seen the movie, "Avatar" by James Cameron,"Look. You're supposed to be
winning the hearts

The European Union
A lot of authors have analysed the governance, the structure and the very nature of European Union, and pronounced that it suffers from a democratic
deficit. It has been argued that, the European Union is not firmly made to democratic pressures and that it gives a privileged position to the national
executives, allowing them to escape proper parliamentary scrutiny. "The European Union has been further described as not transparent, and distant from
its citizens. Looking in details the institutions within the European Union (EU), analyzes their powers and the relationship between them, treaty on
European Union, the main EU institutions are the European Parliament, the Council, the European Council, the Commission, the Court of Justice, the
European Central Bank, and the Court of Auditors. This will explains that these institutions are given different powers, and are required to work
together in order to provide the checks and balances within the Union legal order, or the institutional balance, reference to the composition and powers
of the EU Institutions, concentrating on some only, and their respective functions, composition and structure".
"Definitions of 'democratic deficit', may relates to the engagement of citizens with politic and law–making processes. This operates through their right
to select and reject, in the electoral process, the persons whom they consider will best represent their interests in formulating law and policy".
In relation to European Commission,

European Landmass
Germanic society meets Slavic society in this locale that straddles east and west, with noteworthy towns, tall tale palaces, brew, woods, untainted
farmland, and mountain reaches, including the powerful Alps. Europe's rich agrarian and modern differing qualities has made the landmass a focal
point of exchange and trade for a considerable length of time. It is halfway situated between the two other "Old World" main lands, Africa and Asia.
This custom of trade provoked the early and fast urbanization of the landmass, unmistakable in numerous dynamic urban communities that make up the
greater part of Europe. Ranger service, the administration of trees and other vegetation in backwoods, is a vital industry in Europe. Woodland
commercial enterprises create more than $600 billion consistently. Ranger service and timber commercial enterprises utilize 3.7 million individuals,
and record for 9 percent of Europe's assembling (GDP).
Europe's most critical timberland commercial ventures are carpentry, paper items, and development and furniture items. The landmass is an
unmistakable exporter of quality included woods items, which are done merchandise produced using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wild gets are taken fundamentally in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Essential gets incorporate Atlantic herring, sprat, blue whiting, and
Atlantic mackerel. Driving angling nations are Spain, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and France. Together, these countries represent about portion of
the majority of Europe's fish gets. As a consequence of its abnormal state of human and financial advancement, Europe is a complex and for the most
part urban landmass. Urban regions have created one of a kind financial and social noteworthiness that reflect both their neighborhood geologies and the
more extensive European group. Three urban ranges that show this are Frankfurt, Germany; The Hague, Netherlands; and Tallinn,

European Competition Policy And The European Union
In order to avoid such cases of economic loss and the businesses or consumers be protecting in their transactions, the European Commission has set
certain rules and values that exist fluently functions in between European states and ensure unrestrained competition. The second part evaluates why
we need a European competition policy and what European competition policy is about. European competition policy occupies a prominent in the work
of the European Union since its inception of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. This Treaty established a system ensuring undistorted competition within the
common market. The aim was to create a set of robust and efficient competition rules for the proper functioning of European market and benefit
consumers of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover for best quality of the products. The competition encourages companies to improve the quality of goods and selling services to attract more
customers and increase their market share. The quality may relate to various aspects of a product or service, such as longer life or better operation of
the product, the best service after–sales or technical support, provide better services to consumers. Equally important is the plenty of option. In a
competitive market companies try to differentiate their products by the other, leading to providing consumers more options to choose the product in
their opinion offers the right relationship between price and quality. Furthermore the innovation. To be able to provide more options and produce better
products, businesses need to innovate on the type and design product, production methods, provided the services . Finally, likewise the stronger
competitors in international markets helps European businesses to be stronger and outside the EU and therefore be can survive in conditions of global
competition.
In cases where violations of rules competition for each country, the situation usually deal with the national competition authorities. However,
enlargement of the internal market and globalization, the impact of any illegal practices, such as cartels, are usually felt many other countries within
and outside the Union. The Commission normally has adequate means to handle

The European Union
The European Union was formed after WW2 in the late 1940s. The main purpose behind the establishment of the European Union was to end the period
of wars between neighbouring countries and unite all of Europe as one strong economy. The nations officially started joining the European Council in
1949. The initial six nations that acted as founding members for the European Union were Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and
Netherland (European Commision, 2014). Overtime, more nations joined in and united 28 countries till 2015. The additional countries that joined in
included Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United
Kingdom (European Commision, 2015). The European Union was created to strengthen the economy of the continent and to provide a better quality
life to the general population of Europe. Also, uniting countries provided combat and military advantages through power in numbers. The single
European Act was signed in 1987 with the aim of eventually creating a "single market" for trade. This policy allowed for easier trade, more citizen
interaction on issues such as the environment and security, and easier travel through the different countries. This time was generally recognized as the
period when the modern EU arose due to the

European Integration And A Symbol Of Construction Of...
The European Commission and scholars emphasize that the ERASMUS programme is a successful example of European integration and a symbol of
construction of European identity. Through the 'European Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students' (ERASMUS), the largest student
exchange programme in Europe, nearly two million students have studied abroad and had the opportunity to learn firsthand about other European
peoples and cultures. Erasmus program is the most popular European program in Europe and worldwide, being considered the "flagship" educational
program of European Union.
Erasmus program was inaugurated through a decision taken by European Council on 15th of June 1987, being built on 10 years' previous experience
with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scale of ERASMUS programme is certainly impressive: Having started in 1987 with the small number of 3244 students from 11 countries; today
ERASMUS enables around 230,000 students per year to spend three to twelve months abroad in order "to pursue enriching learning experiences in
other countries". By now, close to three million students from more than 4000 higher education institutions all over Europe have participated in
ERASMUS, making the programme "the best–known and largest exchange programme in the world" as the EU itself emphasizes.
The programme plays an important role in promoting the idea that Europeans, are all alike and foster trust and feel closer to Europeans. Moreover, the
Programme has also an impact on the society, which interacts with ERASMUS students (both the host country during the ERASMUS exchange and the
home country when mobile students accomplish the programme). Moreover, exchange students can have an impact on the society they belong to.
European identity should be promoted in non–mobile students, therefore exchange of information about Erasmus programme is essential.
At national levels, Erasmus program increased the awareness of national governments towards the importance of internationalization, influencing
national policy adoption in supporting its development, and also supporting similar programs at national level like Erasmus Belgica in Belgium that
encourages

Native American And European Interactions Between Native...
The interactions between Native Americans and Europeans were beneficial as well as detrimental for both parties. From the introduction of new crops
and items to the alteration in gender roles, the clashing of two completely different cultures had a lasting impact.
When Europeans first settled in America, there were many obstacles along the way. There was a struggle for survival and fortunately, the natives were
present to help by teaching the Europeans how to grow crops, fish, and hunt. Farming allowed for the introduction of foreign crops such as corn,
potatoes, and beans into their diets which improved their health and extended their life. The gathering of nuts and berries also became a part of their
diet. Hunting and fishing eventually became a way of life for some Europeans and led to competition for forest resources with natives. Climate
differences caused the European clothing to experience minimal change with clothing commonly used by the Indians being incorporated into the
European style due to its practicality. Men began wearing moccasins, leggings, and hunting shirts for comfort as well as a form of stating cultural
mobility but overall the style didn't stick. Transport was also an issue in the beginning but was soon addressed by Indian snowshoes, canoes, and
toboggans, which aided Europeans when it came to transporting manufactured products and people as well as infiltrating further into the country. The
architecture was only slightly modified with Europeans

European Citizenship
1.Summary
There have been a lot of contributions by scholars to the widely discussed topic of European citizenship. In his article Espen D.H. Olsen argues in
contrast to many others, "that the Maastricht Treaty was not year zero in the EU citizenship discourse" (Olsen 2008, p. 40). His study deals with the
time before the general discussion over the European citizenship started in the 1970s (cf. ibid, p. 41ff.) The article's main finding states that European
citizenship has been in existence from the European integration's starting point, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Olsen defines his
concept of citizenship "as a status of individuals in relation to a political unit" (ibid, p. 41) which he divides in the four dimensions ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
53). That is clearly contradicting to his own finding before and generally seems to be too big of a stretching of his concept. He merely speculates
about the status of membership in that case. It can also be argued that the coal and steel workers were of course included in the wording of the contract,
because it was their industries that were being integrated. But an equivalence of the coal and steel workers to European Citizens on such thin
arguments is rather far fetched.
Secondly, during applying the membership dimension on the Rome Treaties, Olsen again confuses workers and producers as members or citizens,
although he himself, as before, states that "the prevailing image is one of a focus on individuals as workers and producers" (ibid, p. 47). So by
wrongly applying the membership dimension, Olsen again disproves his own argument.
Thirdly, Olsen analyses preambles of the aforementioned treaties and documents on several occasions. Unfortunately he only derives speculations and
conjectures out them. E.g. the preamble of the free movement Regulation 1612/68 states that the "freedom of movement constitutes a fundamental
right of workers and their families" as well as it gives a guarantee for "the possibility of improving [the worker's] living and working conditions and
promoting his social advancement" (ibid, p. 50). The author immediately jumps to the conclusion that this is somehow a kind of membership that even
relates

The Impact Of European Economies On The European Economy
To address the question as to how financially interlinked is Europe is to ask the extent to which what happens in one European country has a financial
effect on another European country. Through this essay GDP will be used as the primary measure of the strength of an economy. Some may argue that
this is not the sole measure: there are many other factors, which come into the strength of an economy such as unemployment, government spending
and consumption. Furthermore the statistics surrounding GDP may themselves be inaccurate and hold distortions since it doesn't take into account
distribution of income and hidden economies such as the black market. However, it is easiest to look primarily at GDP and seek to examine the extent
to which European economies' GDP move in harness. This essay will also look at the reasons behind similarities and differences in individual European
GDP movements and the efforts of European authorities to encourage Europe to be more financially interlinked.
It's broadly assumed that the European economies tends to move in the same direction, be that due to being geographically or politically linked.
Commentators tend to comment on Europe, US and Asia as major trading blocs with the assumption that Europe is interlinked. International companies
will group together the European results and see them as one when assessing a year's performance. While these approaches may be being deployed for
convenience, those adopting this technique generally move on

The European Union
History: The European Union is a group of democratic countries, which was founded in 1957, with 6 countries signing the Treaty of Rome. (Roberts
et.al, 2008). It was to increase economic prosperity and contribute to an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe and committed to working
together e.g. shared currency, financial management, legislative, judicial and executive bodies, regulatory and planning bodies. The main objectives of
the EU was to create a unified business environment, the harmonization of company laws and taxation and the freedom of the movement of capital
which is closely related to bringing company law of member states into closer agreement. Moreover, The EU set directives for the countries to follow
in an attempt to harmonize accounting practices. The two main directives are the fourth directive and the seventh directive, which we will discuss
below. IASC was founded in 1973 to form a uniform standard of accounting and financial report to help reduce cost from handling different accounting
practices and coordinating them. IASC was restructured to IASB in 2001 to increase the quality of accounting standards and to promote the use and
rigorous application of those standards. (IASB, 2015). The objective of IASB is to adjust to the changing environment of international business. (IFRS,
2015).It can help set the accounting standards which are understandable and which are of high quality and is easier to implement. It helps the users to
make economic

2.In this article Hass intends to explains the European integration and relate them to a broader subject of universal integration. 3. The author uses
information derived from studying the European integration story and various other unions in different regions. 4. In this article, the idea is to study the
European integration and to understand what are the precursors that lead to such a unionization and if it can be formulated in other regions in order to
create a more organized system of governance. It also provides an analysis of why the lessons learnt from the European Union is not possible to be
implemented in other regions as the issues differ by region. 5. This article is very important to my research as it studies the background ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. The article is helpful for my research as it discusses the EU in a different light and tries to study its decisions based theory and non–theory terms. 6.
The limitation set by this article is that it concentrate mostly on the political aspect of the EU and in relation to policy making and does not explain
theory in relation to other sectors like economy and defense. 7. In conclusion, it explains how EU is abandoning the old school theories of
institutionalism in favor of a more generic model and believes this can be done in the EU as its institutionalized system provides fertile ground for
development. 8. This article is not a foundation of my research but a rather important ideology in understanding EU institutions and actors.
2.This article by Jachtenfuchs presents a new approach towards understanding the integration of Western European states. 3. The article aims to draw
an understanding between the approaches taken in the integration of the European Union (EU). 4. The author starts by explaining integration in two
differing approaches whereby the classical integration theory is the dependent variable and the governance approach is the independent variable. It
explains the Europeanization of integration theories along with the rise of regulatory politics and network governance along with its merits and
critiques. 5. This article is able to provide a

The European Commission : The State Of The European Council
The seat of the commission is in Brussels and also has an office in Luxemburg. In addition, the commission has representation in all member states and
a delegation in most countries around the world. The commission consists of one commissioner from each country that is 28 commissioners in total.
The commission's president is elected by the government of member states after consultation with the European Parliament (Step4All Consortium,
2014). In addition, each member state's government should elect commissioners. However, it is up to the parliament either to approve or refuse each
commissioner's appointment. One term of the commissioner that includes the president is 5 years. Each commissioner has a cabinet under him/her and
organized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"simple majority", "qualified majority" and "unanimity". Decisions are often made using the qualified majority voting system. According to the
qualified majority voting system, the decision needs to be supported by at least 255 votes out of 345 votes, need to be approved by the majority of the
member states i.e. 14 and represent at least 62% of the EU population(U.S. Mission to the European Union, 2012).
According to Joos (2015), the Lisbon Treaty also known as the reform treaty which was made on 1st December 2009 has resulted in complex political
decision–making process in EU. First, it strengthens the role of the parliament in political decision making and increased the number of decision
makers. Second, decision making in the Council is now made through the qualified majority principle rather than the unanimity principle.
The European Parliament uses two voting systems: "simple majority" which means the majority of MEPs voting and "absolute majority" which means
the majority of its component members (U.S. Mission to the European Union, 2012).
EU co–decision procedure was first introduced in 1992 by the Maastricht treaty and it was modified by the 1997 Amsterdam treaty (Turnovec, 2009).
According to the co–decision procedure of the EU, a new legislation proposed by the commission is submitted for the council's and the parliament's
decision. In the first reading, the proposed legislation is approved by the council through qualified

European Integration And The European Union Enlargement
This literature review provides evidence of the research conducted in order to increase the knowledge regarding the topic in question: the EU
enlargement. The paper analyses, first of all, the why and how of the European Union enlargement. Starting from outlining the main reasons of the
European integration and its benefits, as well as the perspectives of the controversial issues that the European integration presents. In particular, the
difficulties of agreeing which country should join the monetary union and the numerous problems that the enlargement brings to the other European
states, taking into account the major changes that the monetary union bring. The literature review closes with the question: how big the European
integration should be, as well as the numerous critical appraisals and the solutions that different authors propose. In order to demonstrate and give an
overview of the research made regarding of the EU enlargement.
In carrying out the review books, journals and websites were consulted. The sources were pronominally post 2006.
The European Union is a regional integration, born to aggregate the countries survived from the Second World War and to promote productivity and
economic growth. Moreover, to contribute to defeat the social and financial inequalities between the European countries. It is important to make a
distinction about the reasons that leaded the European Union to enlarge. David Long (2000) recognises that the EU has expanded numerous times

European Commission Of The European Union
European Commission
This is the part of the EU which is designed to uphold the interests of the EU as a whole, not an EU member state individually. Each member must not
be biased to their national state. It as many responsibilities that include;
–To draft laws and proposals for the parliament and council to consider
–To implement European laws
–Works alongside the court of justice to make sure that the EU laws are followed
–Represents the EU international area
Court of Justice
This court has the task of ensuring that all 27 members of the EU has its law applied equally throughout. Most of the cases referred to the tem by the
national courts of the member states.
EU Decision Making
When making a decision, the EU members have to go ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Representatives from the commission must also attend the meetings to join in with the discussion because they were the ones who wanted to introduce
the law. Once an agreement has been reached, the agreed text is then sent to the council as well as the parliament for a final reading so that the law
can finally be adopted.
Consultation – Under the decision making procedure the commission gives its proposal to the parliament and council, just like the co–decision
procedure, but in this case it is the council that must take responsibility for consulting with parliament as well as other EU bodies. In all cases,
parliament can:
–Approve the proposal made by the commission
–Reject the proposal
–They can also ask for amendments to be made
Assent – This is the method of making decisions in which the council must obtain the European parliaments agreement before decisions are made. This
procedure is exactly the same as the consultation procedure, apart from the fact that the parliament cannot amend the proposal: It must either be
accepted or rejected.
EU's decisions affecting UK Public Services
These are some of the EU's decisions which affect the UK's public services:
Single currency – In 1999 the European Union introduced a single currency. This is called the euro. The euro became the legal currency of 11 EU

states; however, the UK and Denmark opted out. Of the 27 EU members, 16 of them have the euro as

The European Union
What are the principal institutions of the European Union? To what extent do these institutions engage with the sources of EU law? The european
union is a economic as well as a political partnership between 28 different countries located in Europe (Euabc). The Creation of the European union
was caused due to the disruption of the Second World War. The Treaty of Rome was the initial treaty introducing the EEC, Its main aim was to create
economic cooperation between many of the states so that the countries could trade interdependently and create the least possibility of conflict between
the different countries. The result was the creation of the European Economic community aka EEC which was created in 1958 which had created
economic cooperation between Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Since then this has grown into interdependent
economic cooperation between many countries and potentially looking to increase its cooperation with other countries located in Europe. One of the
EU's goals include the promotion of human rights. The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 enforces the core values of Human dignity, democracy, freedom etc.
These aspects are minded together as the basic law for Human rights. Today the main aims of the EU include as such: The promotion of Peace and
well being of the unions citizens, The are of freedom, security and justice, Sustainable development, a social market economy and a free single market.
(Euabc) Since the creation of the

The European Immigrants And The European Refugee Crisis
The European refugee crisis encompasses the flight of millions of refugees escaping violence in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asian countries.
The surging tide of refugees has created a predicament among countries where the movement of people is unrestricted. Seeking asylum, they risk their
lives on arduous journeys through Turkey and across the Mediterranean to Greece, from where they enter other countries, the most popular destinations
being Germany, Sweden, France, and Italy. As countries receiving these immigrants scramble to provide basic necessities, European governments still
struggle to propose a suitable solution for resettlement.
The plight of the European immigrants caught my attention even before the global spotlight descended

The European Union
It is difficult to ascertain whether or not the European Union is democratically legitimate on the basis that the concept of democracy appears to be
evolving over time. The fact that the European Union is a unique entity, a 'supernatural union of sovereign states' also makes it difficult to establish
whether it is in fact truly democratic as there is no other entity to compare it to. The common conception is that there are two primary types of
democracy. Direct democracy, where by the citizens of the state have the law making power and representative democracy, in which the power of the
people is delegated to elected representatives. Article 2 of the TEU provides that the European Union is "founded on the values of respect for human ...
However, as the EU has developed and grown over time, the institutions of the union have been reformed in order to be more democratic, for instance,
the European Parliament was originally a consultative assembly and has now been transferred into a genuine elected parliament with co–legislative
powers . Hobolt notes however that despite an increase in the powers of the parliament as a result of treaty amendments, there remain questions over its
democractic legitimacy with many pointing to its weakness in comparison to the other law making institutions, the council and the commission . The
TEU introduced the co–decision procedure which provided the European Parliament with power to amend and veto new laws . This procedure is
now called the ordinary legislative procedure under the TOL . Follesdal and Hix in 2006 argued that the the democractic deficit is caused by a
transfer of powers without any corresponding democratic control . Hobolt notes how this results in the parties having a lack of control over the
governing bodies of the union and the European Parliament being unable to properly represent the will of the citizens of Europe . It is argued by
Hobolt that the European parliament does not offer the same democratic control as national parliaments for two reasons, it is considered to be weak
compared to the council and the commission and also because the European

The European Union
The European Union was initially set up as a means to terminate the conflict that occurred within Europe throughout the 20th century, culminating with
the end of The Second World War (WWII) and The Cold War that followed. The EU ultimately aimed to bring the member countries together in order to
form an 'ever closer union' between the countries of Europe, thus preventing a future battle. The Union started as the European Economic Community
(EEC), which was established in 1957, and over the years endured numerous adjustments to form the politico–economic union that we know of today.
Following WWII in 1945, Europe was not only in ruin but was also extremely divided, with a distinct rivalry between France and Germany. In 1947
USA developed The Marshall Plan; a program of aid that donated $13bn towards the recovery of Southern and Western Europe, which led to the
receiving nations experiencing rapid economic growth of between 15%–25% . The 50's were dominated by a Cold War; a divide between the
Democratic West, led by USA, and the Communist East, USSR. This was a long period of uncertainty in which each side expected the other to
invade. It fundamentally developed into a conflict fuelled by propaganda, deceit and spies. Both sides had the new advantage of nuclear weapons,
which neither wanted to deploy. The tension seemed unresolvable; it became evident that a solution needed to be arranged and that unity could only be
established by a federal Europe. The French Foreign

European Economics Since The Single European Act

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