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DUJ 2017 : Mukteswara temple - Shyam
- 1. Mukteswara Temple By Shyam Raman
- 2. Primary Sources Photographs: Flickr albums of: • Manfred Sommer (Primary Source) • Vinayak Hegde • Ranadipam Basu Personal Collection of: • R Gopu
- 3. • Historical & Religious Context • Temple – Overview • Temple Architecture and Art • Enclosure Wall • Torana • Jagamohana • Prasada • Basic Terms of Odishan temple architecture • 6 வ தியாச க க ப க ☺
- 4. Historical & Religious Context
- 5. The Bhaumakaras & Somavamsis Bhaumakaras • Origin - Bhumij Tribe of N Orissa / Chhota Nagpur? • Ksemankaradeva – c.736 • Sivakaradeva I – c.756 or 786 • Subhakaradeva I – c. 790 • • • Subhakaradeva IV - c. 881-884 (Paramamaheswara) • Sivakaradeva III • Tribhuvana Mahadevi II - c.894 (queen of Subhakaradeva IV) • Santikaradeva III • Subhakaradeva V • Gauri (queen of S.deva V) • Dandi Mahadevi - c.916 / 923 (daughter of S.deva V) • Vakula Mahadevi (queen of S.deva V) • Dharma Mahadevi (queen of Santikaradeva III) Later Somavasmis • Balarjuna, Mahasivagupta • Janmejaya I, Mahabhavagupta – c. 882-922 • Yayati I, Mahasivagupta – c. 922-955 • Bhimaratha, Mahabhavagupta II – c. 955-980 • Dharmaratha, Mahasivagupta II – c.980 -1005 • Nahusa, Mahabhavagupta III – c. 1005-21 • Yayati II, Candihara Mahasivagupta III – c. 1025-40 • Uddyotakesari, Mahabhavaguota IV – c. 1040-56 • Janmejaya II, Mahasivagupta IV – cv. 1065-85 • Puranjeya, Mahabhavagupta V – c. 1085-1100 • Karnadeva, Mahasivagupta V – c. 1100-10 Buddhist Ran out of male heirs? Early Somavamsis – 8th C • Origin – Mahakosala – NW Orissa, Eastern MP • Capital in Sripura (Sirpur, Chattisgarh) • Driven out by Kalachuris • New Capital at Vinitapura (Binka, Orissa) • Consolidated power in Orissa • Attacked by Cholas, Paramaras, Kalachuris • Re-established control over Kalinga, Utkala, Kosala • Mother Kolavati built Brahmeswara • Confined to coastal Puri, Cuttack , Balasore • Anantavarman Chodaganga took over in 1114
- 7. Religious Context • All Somavamsis were devotees of Siva • Eclectic Saivism • Pasupatas Cult? • Many Lakulisa images in temples • Mattamayura Cult? • A line of Sivacharyas • Strong tradition of yoga, asceticism • Vyomasiva – an Acharya in the line • Tantric Saivism? • Large scale, routine brahmin migrations into Orissa • Legend: Yayati Kesari (Y-I) brought 10000 brahmins from Kanyakubja (Kanauj) to conduct aswamedha at Yaytipura (Jajpur)
- 8. Mukteswara Temple • Built around 970 • Based on style • Probably started during the time of Yayati I • Material: Fine grained sansdstone; locally called “lal rajaraniya” • Reddish tinge; small particles of mica
- 10. Siddharanya West Facing 6 miniature temples facing East
- 11. Siddheswara
- 12. Temple Tank – fed by natural spring
- 14. Ground Plan
- 15. Marici Kunda
- 21. Head / Pattern inside gavaksha
- 22. “Mystery” Figures in Wall Corner Niches
- 30. Torana
- 42. Gavakshas
- 44. Gavakshas: Adam Hardy Early Gavakshas • Gavaksha = “Cow Eye” / “Ray Eye” • Often called “chaitya arch” pattern • Origins: Wooden Architecture; reliefs in toranas, railings of stupas etc • All Nagara temples use gavakshas heavily
- 45. Nagara Gavakshas
- 46. Gavaksha Jalas
- 49. Plan of the Mukteswara
- 63. North Wall
- 64. North Wall
- 71. South Wall
- 72. Pidha Deul on Jagamohana for the first time
- 73. Sculpture on Jagamohana • Recurring Themes ….. • Salabhanjikas • Vyala Riders • Naga / Nagini stambhas • ….. Creative Variations • Poses • Jewelry • Head dress • Clothes • Facial expressions
- 74. Salabhanjika The sculpture of a woman, displaying stylized feminine features, standing near a tree and grasping a branch. In Sanskrit, śālabhañjikā means 'breaking a branch of a sala tree’.
- 75. Salabhanjika from the Torana at the Sanchi Stupa
- 80. Shardula • Shardula in Samaranganasutradara • Vyala in Mayamata and other South Indian texts • Virala or Vidala in Odisha • Simha Virala • Nara Virala • Gaja Virala • Variation: Saraba • Carries a rider. Sometimes another warrior with a drawn sword (of knowledge) or shield (of vairagya) is holding its tail. • Has taken the pearls (of light) from the elephant (storehouse of darkness) or a demon. Holds the pearls in his mouth and sends them forth as his own. • A representation of Vak (the word). Of Metre. Of Prakriti. (Stella Kramrisch)
- 85. Chanda and Prachanda? Saiva Dwarapalakas with trident, bowl, club, noose With Ganga & Jamuna ? But with chamaras? Yogeswara? Lakulisa?
- 89. The Matrikas: • Brahmani (+2 swans) • Maheswari (+bull) • Kaumari (+peacock) • Vaishnavi (+sankh+chakra) • Varahi (+cow+ boar head) • Indrani (+elephant) • Chamunda (+corpse + w/o child in left arm) • Virabhadra (+bull) • Dancing, 6 armed Ganesha. • On lotus platform • Holds cobra above his head. • Vahana • Musicians • 2 armed Karthikeya. • Sits on lotus pedestal • Holds spear head. • Peacock + Rooster • Vidhyadharas • Penance of Parvati? • All female music & dance band
- 98. From Silparatnakosa Written in 1620 Temple as Purusha
- 99. From Silparatnakosa Written in 1620 Temple as Purusha
- 100. The Rekha Deul
- 101. The Rekha Deul
- 102. The Rekha Deul
- 103. The Rekha Deul
- 104. The Pidha Deul
- 105. The Pidha Deul
- 106. The Pidha Deul
- 107. The Pidha Deul
- 108. The Prasada
- 110. RahaAnuratha Kanika
- 111. 5 part Pabhaga
- 115. Gavaksha on JagamohanaGavaksha on Prasada
- 123. Gavaksha on Jagamohana Gavaksha on Prasada
- 124. Chandrashala – “Bho” Unique Chandrashala Alias Sukhanasa (if above an entrance)
- 132. Development of the Odisha Style
- 133. Siddheswara, c. 1040
- 139. Gauri Mukteswara
- 144. Lingaraja , c. 1065
- 145. Thank You