The Technique of Compounding in Word Formation Process. this presentation will help the students to understand this technique.

1. COMPOUNDING

2. INTRODUCTION BY:
SYEDA SUNDUS AFRIN

3. DEFINATION:
• Compounding is a process in which two
different words are joined together to denote
one thing.
• Compounding is a process of combining smaller
words i.e. lexical categories (Nouns,
Adjectives, Verbs, Prepositions) into larger
words and can be found with many languages
world-wide.

4. EXAMPLE:
•Flower-pot is a compound made of two words: flower
and pot, but it does not denote two things, it refers to
one object.
• Some English compounds include: windmill, waterfall,
fingerprint, and scarecrow.
• Compounds are pronounced as one unit, but
sometimes difficulties in writing arise: some
compounds are written with hyphens: full-time, good-looking;
some are written separately: bank account,
mini skirt; and some can be written in both ways.

5. DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
COMPOUNDING BY:
SUMAIRA JABEEN

6. CATEGORIES
NOUN + NOUN
• The most common type of word
formation is the combination of two (or
more) nouns in order to form a resulting
noun:
• Noun + Noun = Noun
• Examples: landmine, wallpaper,
toothbrush
VERB + NOUN
• Here verbs describe what is done with an
object or what a subject "does", in short, a
new noun is formed, usually referring to
something concrete, and the verb defines
the action related to it:
• Verb + Noun = Noun: draw + bridge
= drawbridge.
• A drawbridge is a bridge that can be
inclined in order to allow ships to pass, or
"drawn". Here, the noun is the direct object.
• Hit-man = a man who carries out "dirty
jobs", or, who "hits". Here, the word as part
of speech is the subject.

7. NOUN + ADJECTIVE
•Nouns and adjectives can also be compounded in the opposite order:
Noun + Adjective = Adjective
•EXAMPLES:
• Camera + shy = camera-shy (Shy in respect of appearing or speaking before
cameras).
In this case, the resultant is an adjective, while the noun explains the objective.
Another possibility is that the noun supports the adjective, i.e. as an intensifier:
Dirt-cheap = cheap as dirt; paper-thin = thin as paper
Those rules do also apply to the linking of nouns and participial adjectives:
English-speaking; soul-destroying; frost-bitten

8. ADJECTIVE + NOUN
• Another major type of word formation is the compounding of Adjectives and nouns:
Adjective + Noun = Noun:
• EXAMPLES:
Brown + bear = brown-bear
In this case, the adjective defines or describes the character of the noun ( a brownbear is a
bear that is brown). It is also possible, however, to link the two segments and end up with
a totally new word, for example, yellow press refers to newspapers specializing in
sensational news items. If the meaning of the compound does not immediately register
through analysis of the segments, the latter is the case. Then, only a look in the dictionary
will help.

9. OTHER COMPOUNDS AND
FUNCTIONS BY:
RABIA FAHEEM

10. OTHER COMPOUNDS
• ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE
Bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, aural-oral,
Anglo-Saxon
• ADJECTIVE + PARTICIPLE
Far-reaching, far-fetched, narrow-minded,
single-minded, high-climbing,
low-yielding, red-painted, bare-handed
• ADJECTIVE + VERB
To blackmail, to dry-clean, to black-paint,
to whitewash
• NOUN + VERB
To proofread, to babysit, to brainstorm, to
sightsee, to tape-record
• There are various other types of
compounds. A selection of which is
shown below.

11. FUNCTIONS /
REASON FOR
USING
COMPOUNDING
• Compound words are used to convey a
unit idea or special meaning that is not as
clearly or quickly conveyed by separate
words.
• The nature of these compounds is self-explanatory,
and their meanings are quite
comprehensible even for those who
encounter them for the first time.

12. CONTINUE
• Compound nouns usually appear as two separate words, only those more
commonly used, those found in every-day language, and usually compounds with
no more than three syllables are found as one word.
• By using this technique of word formation we can make different new words by
using the old ones e.g. break and fast are two separate words but by combining
these two words a new word is formed which is BREAKFAST and its meaning is
totally change.
• It is often considered to be a convenient method of being concise as well as
meaningful.

13. WHAT WE HAVE DONE????
BY AYESHA

14. OUR GROUP……..
•Its on the whole is a group work.
•Basically we made a scrap book and pasted all the work we have done
through out our project.

15. OUTLOOK…..

16. QUESTION:

17. F
I
R
S
T
PAGE

18. SECOND PAGE….

19. ARTICLES:
• SOURCES OF ARTICLES AND LINKS:
We have taken articles from the news paper randomly, which are:
The News
The Dawn
Tribune
• CATEGORIES OF ARTICLES:
From Newspaper
Politics
Science
Business
Entertainment
Sports
From internet
Poetry
Bibliography

33. WHICH ONE SEEMS TO OCCUR MOST OFTEN??
• Noun + noun are the most using compound type.
• It is completely productive: any combination of two nouns is a
possible compound of English.

34. OBSERVATIONS AND
CONCLUSION BY:
SYEDA SUNDUS AFRIN

35. OBSERVATIONS WE MAKE ABOUT THESE TYPES
OR CATEGORIES OF COMPOUNDING:
• As there are other word formation processes like blending,
back formation, clipping, coinage etc. compounding is the
most useful and most useable word formation process as it is
commonly used in our daily life.
• It involves the combination of two common words without
excluding any word e.g. in BLENDING e.g. telecast is a word
which is a blended form of TELEVISION and BROADCAST but
in compounding no word can be cut but is used as a whole
e.g. HELPLESS.

36. CONTINUE
• Compounding process does not only contain the categories as
described in the question but it also contains other categories
like adjective + adjective, adjective + verb, noun + verb, perp +
noun, perp + verb.
• Verb + adjective combinations do not seem to occur at all.