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Infective Endocarditis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
1. Dr. V. S. Swathi
Assistant Professor
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
2. Definition
Infective Endocarditis (IE) is an inflammation of
the endocardium, the membrane lining the chamber of
the heart and covering the cups of heart valves.
Most commonly it refers to infection of heart
valves by various microbes
3.
4. Epidemiology
In the world, 3-7.5 people per 1, 00,000 in a year are
affecting with Infective Endocarditis
In India, native valve endocarditis due to
streptococcus species observed in 30-65% of
population
5. Acute
Fulminating form
High fever and systemic toxicity is observed
Mostly occurs due to Staphylococcus aureus
If not untreated, it leads to death
Sub acute infection
Indolent form
Mostly occurs due to Viridians streptococci
Usually occurs in persons with pre existing valvular disease
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis (PVE)
Infection to the endocardium occurs following insertion of prosthetic heart valve
Cardiac Device Infective Endocarditis (CDIE)
Infection to endocardium occurs following insertion of cardiac implantable electronic
device
6. Risk factors
Presence of prosthetic valve
Previous Endocarditis
Health care related exposure
Congenital heart disease
Chronic IV access
Diabetes mellitus
Acquired valvular dysfunction
Cardiac implantation device
Chronic heart failure
Mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation
Intravenous drug abuse
7. Etiology
Staphylococci species
Streptococci species
Enterococci species
Gram negative aerobic bacilli
Fungi
Miscellaneous bacteria
15. Duke’s Criteria
Major criteria:
1. Blood culture positive
At least two positive cultures of blood samples drawn greater than
12hours apart
Single positive blood culture for coxiella burnetii
Antiphase 1 immunoglobulin G antibody titre greater than 1: 800
2. Evidence of endocardial involvement
Transesophageal echocardiography or transthorasic
echocardiography shows evidence of oscillating intracardiac mass on
valve or supporting structures or abscess or new partial dehiscence of
prosthetic valve
16. Minor criteria:
1. Predisposing heart problem
2. Injection drug use
3. Fever greater than 100.4 ͦF
4. Vascular phenomenon
Major arterial emboli
Septic pulmonary infarcts
Mycotic aneurysms
Intracranial hemorrhage
Conjuctival hemorrhage
Janeway’s lesions
5. Immunological phenomenon
Glomerularnephritis
Osler’s nodes
Roth’s spots
Rheumatoid factor
6. Microbial evidence of positive blood culture but does not meet above major criteria (HACEK)
Haemophilus species
Aggregate species
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella species
Kingella species
17. Duke’s criteria Interpretation
Definitive
2 major criteria or
5 major criteria or
1 major criteria + 3 minor criteria
Possible
1 major criteria + 3 minor criteria or
3 minor criteria
Rejected
If not met above criteria or
Resolution of Infective Endocarditis with antibiotic therapy within 4 days or
No pathological evidence