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Extern Conference
Ext.Nattaphat Thawatchai
23 August 2018
Patient profile
• ผู้ป่วยชายไทย อายุ 35 ปี unknown underlying disease
• ภูมิลาเนา อาเภอบัวใหญ่ จังหวัดนครราชสีมา
• การศึกษา มัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 3
• อาชีพ ทางานในโรงฆ่าสัตว์
• Admit 20 ส.ค. 2561
• Chief complaint : ปวดศอกซ้ายมา 5 ชั่วโมง PTA
Present illness
• 5 ชั่วโมง PTA เวลาประมาณ 10.00 น. ขณะกาลังซ่อมหน้าต่างที่
บ้าน(น๊อตหลวม) จะใช้มือขวาจับน๊อตแล้ววืด หมุนพลิกตัวแล้วเอา
ศอกซ้ายไปกระแทกผนังฝาบ้าน จากนั้นได้ยินเสียงป๊ อก มีอาการ
ปวดบวมที่บริเวณศอกซ้ายทันที ขยับงอศอกซ้ายไม่ได้ กามือ และ
ขับนิ้วซ้ายได้ ไม่มีอาการชา ไม่มีไข้ ไม่มีเบื่ออาหารน้าหนักลด
Past history
• 3-4 เดือน PTA ขณะกาลังทางาน ดึงเชือกแล้วขาด ศอกซ้ายกระแทกต้นไม้
รู้สึกเหมือนไฟช๊อต ไม่มีอาการปวดบวมแดงร้อน(ไม่อักเสบ) ไม่ได้ไปพบ
แพทย์ ทางานได้ตามปกติ
• 1 เดือน PTA ยกของหนักบ่อย รู้สึกมีอาการปวดบริเวณศอกซ้ายมากขึ้น ปวด
เกือบตลอดเวลา มีอาการปวดตอนกลางคืน ไปรักษาหมอกระดูกที่คลินิก
วินิจฉัยเส้นเอ็นอักเสบ/ฉีกขาด ฉีดยาแก้ปวด และได้ยาแก้ปวดทาน อาการพอ
ทุเลาลง จากนั้นกลับไปทางานตามปกติ(ยกของหนัก 40-50 kg)
• Appendectomy 7-8 yr. ago
• History of chest pain costochondritis 1 yr. ago
Family history
• มารดาเป็นเบาหวาน
• ปฏิเสธวัณโรค และโรคมะเร็งภายในครอบครัว
Personal history
• Unknown underlying disease
• Alcohol drinking
• ดื่มเหล้าทุกยี่ห้อ 2-3 ครั้ง/สัปดาห์ → เหล้าขาว 1 ขวดใหญ่ ,เหล้าสี 1 แบน
,เบียร์ 2-3 กระป๋อง
• Smoking ยาเส้น 10 มวน/วัน → ระยะเวลา 8-9 ปี
• ปฏิเสธการใช้ยาต้ม ยาหม้อ ยาลูกกลอน ยาสมุนไพร
Physical Examination
Vital signs BP 147/102 mmHg PR 95 bpm
RR 20 /min BT 36.9 °C
GA A Thai man ,good consciousness ,well-cooperative
HEENT Not pale conjunctivae ,anicteric sclerae ,cannot palpate LN at
supraclavicular ,cervical and axillary areas
Heart Normal s1s2, no murmur ,regular rhythm
Lung No tachypnea , normal breath sound ,no adventitious sound
Abdomen Soft , not tender
Extremities Marked tender and swelling at Lt.elbow
limit ROM due to pain ,neurovascular intact
Neuro E4V5M6 ,pupil 3 mm RTLBE ,motor and sensory intact
,decrease movement of Lt.upper extremities
Film Left humerus AP ,Lateral
Diagnosis
• Pathological Fracture Lt.distal humerus
Treatment
• MO 4 mg IV stat
• Closed reduction
• U-slab
Film Left humerus AP ,Lateral
(Post reduction)
Fracture of humeral shaft
• Definition
– Known as diaphyseal fracture of the humerus ,and common at
any age
• Types
– Transverse
– Oblique
– Spiral
– Comminuted
– Segmental
• Mechanisms of injury
– Indirect mechanism : fall on outstretched
hand (FOSH)
– Direct mechanism : a blow on to the arm
– Birth injuries : second most common birth
fracture after clavicle
• Clinical Features
– The arm is painful ,bruised ,and swollen
– Radial nerve injury could be present
– Important to test for radial nerve fuction
Management
• Conservative
– Closed reduction and maintenance in a ‘U’ slab or cast 4-6 wk
– Or maintaining the fracture reduction in a ‘Hanging cast’
– The wrist and fingers are exercised from start
Management
• Operative : Indication
– Segmental fracture ซึ่งจัด alignment ได้ยากและมักติดช้ากว่าปกติ
– มี Elbow or forearm fracture ร่วมด้วย
– Fracture associated with neurovascular injury
– Open fracture
– Pathological fracture eg. Osteomyelitis ,Malignancy
– Radial nerve injury : Holstein-Lewis syndrome
Management
• Methods of surgical management
– Plating
– Nailing
– External fixation
Complication
• Early
– Brachial artery damage
– Radial nerve palsy
• Late
– Delayed union and non-union
– Joint stiffness
– Malunion
Plain Radiography
of Bone Tumor
ENNEKING’S Question
• Where is the lesions?
• What is the lesion doing to bone?
• What is the bone doing?
• What is in the lesion?
Where is the lesions?
• Epiphysis
 Chodroblastoma
 Giant cell tumor
 Infection
• Metaphysis
 Nonossifying fibroma
 Solitary bone cyst
 Chondromyxoid fibroma
 Osteosarcoma
 Chondrosarcoma
 Enchondroma
• Diaphysis
 Osteoid osteoma
 Solitary bone cyst
 Multiple myeloma
 Ewing's sarcoma
 Fibrous dysplasia
 Osteoblastoma
What is the lesion doing to bone?
• Patterns of bone destruction (Aggressive)
1. Geographic
2. Moth-eaten
3. Permeative
1. Geographic
• Destructive lesion with
sharply defined border
• Implies a less-
aggressive, more slow-
growing, benign
process
• Narrow transition zone
• Example: giant cell
tumor, simple bone
cyst, aneurysmal bone
cyst
2. Moth-eaten appearance
• Area of destruction with ragged
borders
• Implied more rapid growth
-probably a maliganancy
-infection
• Example: osteomyelitis, lymphoma,
metastasis, multiple myeloma, ewing
sarcoma
3. Permeative
• Ill-defined lesion with multiple
warm holes
• Spreads through marrow
space
• Wide transition zone
• Implies an aggressive
malignancy
- round cell lesions: lymphoma,
leukemia, ewing sarcoma,
osteomyelitis, neuroblastoma
What is the bone doing?
• A periosteal reaction is the formation of new bone in response
to injury or other stimuli of the periosteum surrounding the bone
• Large number of causes
 injury and chronic irritation due to a medical condition such as hypertrophic
osteopathy
 bone healing in response to fracture
 chronic stress injuries
 subperiosteal hematomas
 osteomyelitiscancer of the bone
Periosteal reaction: 2 แบบ
1. Continuous type
1.1 Thin solid periosteal reaction
1.2 Thick solid periosteal reaction
2. Interupted type
2.1 Lamellated
2.2 Codman’s triangle
2.3 Perpendicular (sunburst or sunray)
2.4 Amorphous
Periosteal reactions
• Benign
- none
- solid
• More aggressive or malignant
- lamellated or onion skinning
- sunbrust
- Codman’s triangle
What is in the lesion?
• Tumor matrix
 Calcifications or mineralization within a bone
lesion may be an important clue in the
differential diagnosis.
• Osteoblastic
 osteoid matrix
 fluffy, cotton like or cloud-like
densities
 osteosarcoma
• Cartilagenous
 chondroid matrix
 comma-shaped, punctate, annular,
popcorn-like
 enchondroma, chondrosarcoma,
chondromyxoid fibroma
Benign VS malignant
• Well-defined, sclerotic
border
• Lack of soft tissue mass
• Solid periosteal reaction
• Geographic bone
destruction
• Wide zone transition
• Soft tissue mass
• Interrupted periosteal
reaction******
• Moth-eaten or
permeative destruction
Management
Steps
• 1. Establish a differential (Radiography)
• 2. Stage locally and systemically
(CT/ MRI / Bone scan)
– accurately define the extent of the disease
– prior to proceeding with biopsy and definitive treatment
• 3. Biopsy
– To determine whether benign or malignant
– To determine specific cell type
– To determine grade
• 4. Definitive Treatment
Management
CT or MRI
Pathological shaft of humerus fx
Pathological shaft of humerus fx

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Pathological shaft of humerus fx

  • 2. Patient profile • ผู้ป่วยชายไทย อายุ 35 ปี unknown underlying disease • ภูมิลาเนา อาเภอบัวใหญ่ จังหวัดนครราชสีมา • การศึกษา มัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 3 • อาชีพ ทางานในโรงฆ่าสัตว์ • Admit 20 ส.ค. 2561 • Chief complaint : ปวดศอกซ้ายมา 5 ชั่วโมง PTA
  • 3. Present illness • 5 ชั่วโมง PTA เวลาประมาณ 10.00 น. ขณะกาลังซ่อมหน้าต่างที่ บ้าน(น๊อตหลวม) จะใช้มือขวาจับน๊อตแล้ววืด หมุนพลิกตัวแล้วเอา ศอกซ้ายไปกระแทกผนังฝาบ้าน จากนั้นได้ยินเสียงป๊ อก มีอาการ ปวดบวมที่บริเวณศอกซ้ายทันที ขยับงอศอกซ้ายไม่ได้ กามือ และ ขับนิ้วซ้ายได้ ไม่มีอาการชา ไม่มีไข้ ไม่มีเบื่ออาหารน้าหนักลด
  • 4. Past history • 3-4 เดือน PTA ขณะกาลังทางาน ดึงเชือกแล้วขาด ศอกซ้ายกระแทกต้นไม้ รู้สึกเหมือนไฟช๊อต ไม่มีอาการปวดบวมแดงร้อน(ไม่อักเสบ) ไม่ได้ไปพบ แพทย์ ทางานได้ตามปกติ • 1 เดือน PTA ยกของหนักบ่อย รู้สึกมีอาการปวดบริเวณศอกซ้ายมากขึ้น ปวด เกือบตลอดเวลา มีอาการปวดตอนกลางคืน ไปรักษาหมอกระดูกที่คลินิก วินิจฉัยเส้นเอ็นอักเสบ/ฉีกขาด ฉีดยาแก้ปวด และได้ยาแก้ปวดทาน อาการพอ ทุเลาลง จากนั้นกลับไปทางานตามปกติ(ยกของหนัก 40-50 kg) • Appendectomy 7-8 yr. ago • History of chest pain costochondritis 1 yr. ago
  • 5. Family history • มารดาเป็นเบาหวาน • ปฏิเสธวัณโรค และโรคมะเร็งภายในครอบครัว Personal history • Unknown underlying disease • Alcohol drinking • ดื่มเหล้าทุกยี่ห้อ 2-3 ครั้ง/สัปดาห์ → เหล้าขาว 1 ขวดใหญ่ ,เหล้าสี 1 แบน ,เบียร์ 2-3 กระป๋อง • Smoking ยาเส้น 10 มวน/วัน → ระยะเวลา 8-9 ปี • ปฏิเสธการใช้ยาต้ม ยาหม้อ ยาลูกกลอน ยาสมุนไพร
  • 6. Physical Examination Vital signs BP 147/102 mmHg PR 95 bpm RR 20 /min BT 36.9 °C GA A Thai man ,good consciousness ,well-cooperative HEENT Not pale conjunctivae ,anicteric sclerae ,cannot palpate LN at supraclavicular ,cervical and axillary areas Heart Normal s1s2, no murmur ,regular rhythm Lung No tachypnea , normal breath sound ,no adventitious sound Abdomen Soft , not tender Extremities Marked tender and swelling at Lt.elbow limit ROM due to pain ,neurovascular intact Neuro E4V5M6 ,pupil 3 mm RTLBE ,motor and sensory intact ,decrease movement of Lt.upper extremities
  • 7. Film Left humerus AP ,Lateral
  • 9. Treatment • MO 4 mg IV stat • Closed reduction • U-slab
  • 10. Film Left humerus AP ,Lateral (Post reduction)
  • 12. • Definition – Known as diaphyseal fracture of the humerus ,and common at any age • Types – Transverse – Oblique – Spiral – Comminuted – Segmental
  • 13. • Mechanisms of injury – Indirect mechanism : fall on outstretched hand (FOSH) – Direct mechanism : a blow on to the arm – Birth injuries : second most common birth fracture after clavicle • Clinical Features – The arm is painful ,bruised ,and swollen – Radial nerve injury could be present – Important to test for radial nerve fuction
  • 14. Management • Conservative – Closed reduction and maintenance in a ‘U’ slab or cast 4-6 wk – Or maintaining the fracture reduction in a ‘Hanging cast’ – The wrist and fingers are exercised from start
  • 15. Management • Operative : Indication – Segmental fracture ซึ่งจัด alignment ได้ยากและมักติดช้ากว่าปกติ – มี Elbow or forearm fracture ร่วมด้วย – Fracture associated with neurovascular injury – Open fracture – Pathological fracture eg. Osteomyelitis ,Malignancy – Radial nerve injury : Holstein-Lewis syndrome
  • 16. Management • Methods of surgical management – Plating – Nailing – External fixation
  • 17. Complication • Early – Brachial artery damage – Radial nerve palsy • Late – Delayed union and non-union – Joint stiffness – Malunion
  • 19. ENNEKING’S Question • Where is the lesions? • What is the lesion doing to bone? • What is the bone doing? • What is in the lesion?
  • 20. Where is the lesions? • Epiphysis  Chodroblastoma  Giant cell tumor  Infection • Metaphysis  Nonossifying fibroma  Solitary bone cyst  Chondromyxoid fibroma  Osteosarcoma  Chondrosarcoma  Enchondroma • Diaphysis  Osteoid osteoma  Solitary bone cyst  Multiple myeloma  Ewing's sarcoma  Fibrous dysplasia  Osteoblastoma
  • 21. What is the lesion doing to bone? • Patterns of bone destruction (Aggressive) 1. Geographic 2. Moth-eaten 3. Permeative
  • 22. 1. Geographic • Destructive lesion with sharply defined border • Implies a less- aggressive, more slow- growing, benign process • Narrow transition zone • Example: giant cell tumor, simple bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst
  • 23. 2. Moth-eaten appearance • Area of destruction with ragged borders • Implied more rapid growth -probably a maliganancy -infection • Example: osteomyelitis, lymphoma, metastasis, multiple myeloma, ewing sarcoma
  • 24. 3. Permeative • Ill-defined lesion with multiple warm holes • Spreads through marrow space • Wide transition zone • Implies an aggressive malignancy - round cell lesions: lymphoma, leukemia, ewing sarcoma, osteomyelitis, neuroblastoma
  • 25. What is the bone doing? • A periosteal reaction is the formation of new bone in response to injury or other stimuli of the periosteum surrounding the bone • Large number of causes  injury and chronic irritation due to a medical condition such as hypertrophic osteopathy  bone healing in response to fracture  chronic stress injuries  subperiosteal hematomas  osteomyelitiscancer of the bone
  • 26. Periosteal reaction: 2 แบบ 1. Continuous type 1.1 Thin solid periosteal reaction 1.2 Thick solid periosteal reaction 2. Interupted type 2.1 Lamellated 2.2 Codman’s triangle 2.3 Perpendicular (sunburst or sunray) 2.4 Amorphous
  • 27. Periosteal reactions • Benign - none - solid • More aggressive or malignant - lamellated or onion skinning - sunbrust - Codman’s triangle
  • 28. What is in the lesion? • Tumor matrix  Calcifications or mineralization within a bone lesion may be an important clue in the differential diagnosis. • Osteoblastic  osteoid matrix  fluffy, cotton like or cloud-like densities  osteosarcoma • Cartilagenous  chondroid matrix  comma-shaped, punctate, annular, popcorn-like  enchondroma, chondrosarcoma, chondromyxoid fibroma
  • 29. Benign VS malignant • Well-defined, sclerotic border • Lack of soft tissue mass • Solid periosteal reaction • Geographic bone destruction • Wide zone transition • Soft tissue mass • Interrupted periosteal reaction****** • Moth-eaten or permeative destruction
  • 30. Management Steps • 1. Establish a differential (Radiography) • 2. Stage locally and systemically (CT/ MRI / Bone scan) – accurately define the extent of the disease – prior to proceeding with biopsy and definitive treatment • 3. Biopsy – To determine whether benign or malignant – To determine specific cell type – To determine grade • 4. Definitive Treatment