6. Physical Examination
Vital signs BP 147/102 mmHg PR 95 bpm
RR 20 /min BT 36.9 °C
GA A Thai man ,good consciousness ,well-cooperative
HEENT Not pale conjunctivae ,anicteric sclerae ,cannot palpate LN at
supraclavicular ,cervical and axillary areas
Heart Normal s1s2, no murmur ,regular rhythm
Lung No tachypnea , normal breath sound ,no adventitious sound
Abdomen Soft , not tender
Extremities Marked tender and swelling at Lt.elbow
limit ROM due to pain ,neurovascular intact
Neuro E4V5M6 ,pupil 3 mm RTLBE ,motor and sensory intact
,decrease movement of Lt.upper extremities
12. • Definition
– Known as diaphyseal fracture of the humerus ,and common at
any age
• Types
– Transverse
– Oblique
– Spiral
– Comminuted
– Segmental
13. • Mechanisms of injury
– Indirect mechanism : fall on outstretched
hand (FOSH)
– Direct mechanism : a blow on to the arm
– Birth injuries : second most common birth
fracture after clavicle
• Clinical Features
– The arm is painful ,bruised ,and swollen
– Radial nerve injury could be present
– Important to test for radial nerve fuction
14. Management
• Conservative
– Closed reduction and maintenance in a ‘U’ slab or cast 4-6 wk
– Or maintaining the fracture reduction in a ‘Hanging cast’
– The wrist and fingers are exercised from start
21. What is the lesion doing to bone?
• Patterns of bone destruction (Aggressive)
1. Geographic
2. Moth-eaten
3. Permeative
22. 1. Geographic
• Destructive lesion with
sharply defined border
• Implies a less-
aggressive, more slow-
growing, benign
process
• Narrow transition zone
• Example: giant cell
tumor, simple bone
cyst, aneurysmal bone
cyst
23. 2. Moth-eaten appearance
• Area of destruction with ragged
borders
• Implied more rapid growth
-probably a maliganancy
-infection
• Example: osteomyelitis, lymphoma,
metastasis, multiple myeloma, ewing
sarcoma
24. 3. Permeative
• Ill-defined lesion with multiple
warm holes
• Spreads through marrow
space
• Wide transition zone
• Implies an aggressive
malignancy
- round cell lesions: lymphoma,
leukemia, ewing sarcoma,
osteomyelitis, neuroblastoma
25. What is the bone doing?
• A periosteal reaction is the formation of new bone in response
to injury or other stimuli of the periosteum surrounding the bone
• Large number of causes
injury and chronic irritation due to a medical condition such as hypertrophic
osteopathy
bone healing in response to fracture
chronic stress injuries
subperiosteal hematomas
osteomyelitiscancer of the bone
27. Periosteal reactions
• Benign
- none
- solid
• More aggressive or malignant
- lamellated or onion skinning
- sunbrust
- Codman’s triangle
28. What is in the lesion?
• Tumor matrix
Calcifications or mineralization within a bone
lesion may be an important clue in the
differential diagnosis.
• Osteoblastic
osteoid matrix
fluffy, cotton like or cloud-like
densities
osteosarcoma
• Cartilagenous
chondroid matrix
comma-shaped, punctate, annular,
popcorn-like
enchondroma, chondrosarcoma,
chondromyxoid fibroma
29. Benign VS malignant
• Well-defined, sclerotic
border
• Lack of soft tissue mass
• Solid periosteal reaction
• Geographic bone
destruction
• Wide zone transition
• Soft tissue mass
• Interrupted periosteal
reaction******
• Moth-eaten or
permeative destruction
30. Management
Steps
• 1. Establish a differential (Radiography)
• 2. Stage locally and systemically
(CT/ MRI / Bone scan)
– accurately define the extent of the disease
– prior to proceeding with biopsy and definitive treatment
• 3. Biopsy
– To determine whether benign or malignant
– To determine specific cell type
– To determine grade
• 4. Definitive Treatment