Parkinson Disease Case Study

Parkinson Disease Case Study
Other cognitive conditions: Amnesia and delirium. This can affect interaction and communication as
cognitive conditions can cause disorientation, misinterpretation of information, variations in
lucidity, the loss of speech, memory loss and the ability to recall information/memories.
Medical conditions: Parkinson's disease is an example of a medical condition that can affect
communication and interaction. Parkinson disease is a degenerative, progressive disorder that affects
nerve cells in deep parts of the brain. The disease can affect the entire body causing muscular
spasms and its progression can leave individuals without the ability to move their entire body. It
affects communication and interaction as symptoms can include impaired speech, soft speech and
voice box spasms. Parkinson's causes muscular stiffness, causing ... Show more content on
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The use of overcomplicated words or jargon can influence an individual's ability to communicate
and interact as they may not understand what is being said.
Environmental factors: This includes loud noise and too many people etc. This can affect interaction
and communication as individual's may not be comfortable around loud noise and become distressed
or upset. It may be hard to hear what others are saying when there is loud noise so individuals will
not understand what it being said and therefore won't be able to provide a response.
Fears: If an individual receiving care has a prior worry of the treatment they might receive when
care is provided they may isolate themselves away from the care providers and refuse to
communicate with them. Fears are not irrational and are extremely valid, it's the care workers' duty
to work with and reassure the individual. This may eliminate their fear and allow for effective
communication to take
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Parkinson Physical Therapy
Scientific and Clinical Education Material (what you are going to teach them) These educational
classes aim to teach the physical therapy students about (a) prevalence, neurological damage, the
cause, signs, and symptoms of Parkinson; (b) the relevant neurological assessment and physical
examination; and clinically (c) the techniques, strategies, and equipment of the physical therapy to
improve balance problems, lack of coordination, fatigue, pain, gait, and immobility. Also, during
clinical training, the educator will focus on several important factors such as intensity, duration,
specificity, frequency, and type of exercise (Hendricks, Bond, Duncan, & Hale, 2009). According to
the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States, around 1% of persons who are older than 60 years are diagnosed with
Parkinson disease. This percentage is estimated to double by 2030 (Lamotte, Rafferty, Prodoehl,
Kohrt, & Comella, 2015). The signs of Parkinson disease include rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, and
postural instability, along with other motor symptoms that could affect a person's quality of life and
an engaging in exercise include difficulty with motor planning and task performance. There is a
need for effective alternative approaches to treat symptoms in Parkinson's disease along with
medications and surgical interventions. Currently, several studies revealed that physical therapy
intervention approaches increase physical functioning in Parkinson patients, such as improve gait,
balance and mobility, fatigue, neurophysiological measures, quality of life, depression,
cardiorespiratory function, and motor control measures. Additionally, physical therapy program
could help the patient to participate in an exercise program to prevent deterioration related to
progressive Parkinson disease (Gisbert, & Schenkman, 2015; Lamotte, Rafferty, Prodoehl, Kohrt, &
Comella,

Parkinson Disease Essay
Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson's disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive
neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a
debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor
rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most
people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms
from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti–psychotic drugs. The path physiology of
Parkinson's disease is the pathogenesis if Parkinson disease is unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest
genetic, viral, and environmental toxins as possible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They may develop alone or in combination, but as the disease progresses, all are usually present.
There is no true paralysis. The symptoms are always bilateral but usually involve one side early in
the illness. Because the onset is insidious, the beginning of symptoms is difficult to document. Early
in the disease, reflex status, sensory status, and mental status usually are normal. Postural
abnormalities (flexed, forward leaning), difficulty walking, and weakness develop. Speech may be
slurred. Autonomic–neuroendocrine symptoms include inappropriate diaphoresis, orthostatic
hypotension, drooling, gastric retention, constipation, and urinary retention. Depression is also
prevalent. Client is a person who requires medical care. The client's family is whoever the client say
who his or her family is. Client's rights, which a client is entitled to receive service from his/her
regular physician unless he/she has been advised that the client/doctor relationship has been
terminated, that is assuming that the client is sincere and honest one. A client is also entitled to be
served or be advised that service is not available at the usual address but a comparable service is
available at another practice and that arrangements have been made with that practice. As to quality
of service, the client can expect to receive service of the quality that would be provided

Parkinson Disease Essay
Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders. and it affects
approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years old. Parkinson's disease is a condition that
progresses slowly by treatment. In addition, loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the
substantianigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewyneurites are the two major
neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016). The cause of Parkinson disease,
defined by Robert Hauser, who is an author of Medscape, is still unclear. Studies state that there is a
combination of environmental and genetic factors for this particular disease. Approximately 10% of
cases are currently genetic causes of Parkinson disease. Environmental risk factors such as use of
pesticides, living in a rural environment, consumption of well water, exposure to herbicides, and
proximity to industrial plants or quarries are commonly associated with the development of
Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016). In addition, according to Hauser, "genetic factors in Parkinson
disease appear to be very important when the disease begins at or before age 50 years. In a study of
193 twins, overall concordance for MZ and DZ pairs was similar, but in 16 pairs of twins, in whom
Parkinson disease was diagnosed at or before age 50 years, all 4 MZ pairs, but only 2 of 12 DZ
pairs, was concordant.The identification of a few families with familial Parkinson disease sparked
further interest in the genetics of the disease.

Parkinson Disease: Acoustic Analysis
Parkinson disease is known to be characterized by high levels of jitter, tremor, and muscle rigidity.
However, these characteristics have a significant impact on speech as well. Therefore, many patients
with PD also suffer from hypokinetic dysarthria causing voice abnormalities and limitations in
speech intelligibility. In this study, the voice and speech characteristics of patients with PD are
analyzed by evaluating the acoustic features of vowel sounds. To compare data and evaluate
acoustic characteristics, a total number of 14 participants were used. That being said, seven of the
participants were healthy females while the latter were seven female patients who had Parkinson
disease. The main features of these subjects were recorded including their age, duration after
diagnosis, mini–mental state examination, functional independence measure, ambulatory function,
and ratings on the Hahn and Yahr scale (Bang, Min, Sohn, & Cho 2013). Each subject was analyzed
according to their vocalization of four vowel sounds that are on the corners of the vowel
quadrilateral including /a/ the low back unrounded vowel, /e/ the low front unrounded vowel, /i/ the
high front unrounded vowel, and /u/ the high back rounded vowel. The procedure consisted of a ...
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The Praat software was used to accomplish an acoustic analysis assessing variables such as jitter,
shimmer, and noise–to–harmonics ratio. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences on the
Predictive Analytics Software, a comparison of the patients could be analyzed carefully with a
statistical analysis as well as using the Mann–Whitney U–Test. The P–values that were less than
0.05 were considered statistically significant (Bang, Min, Sohn, & Cho 2013). Through the results
of the acoustic analysis and statistical analysis, one can gain a better understanding of the various
speech characteristics in patients with Parkinson

Parkinson Disease : A Brain Disorder
Parkinson Disease By Teri Gordon BIO 202 Harrisonburg Campus Teri Gordon BIO 202 Kevin
Chakos Harrisonburg Campus Research Paper Parkinson Disease Parkinson Disease is a brain
disorder that affects movement, loss of muscle control and balance. The first symptoms usually
include a tremor of the hand, foot, or leg which is often termed as a "shaky palsy." The disease
usually slowly progresses with symptoms getting more intense over many years. Some patients who
develop Parkinson's in their younger years have faster, more rapid, symptom signs. Much quicker
than those who develop the disease at an older age. Most patients develop the disease after the age
of 60 and as of 2017, there is still no cure for Parkinson's Disease. ... Show more content on
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They have trouble eating and writing because of cramping in their hands. Bradykinesia is slowness
of voluntary movement. It gets harder for them to initiate movement and to complete movement.
This can cause expressionless "mask–like" appearance because this can affect their facial muscles.
Postural instability makes it difficult for the individual to maintain balance in their posture. This can
cause them to trip and fall. Parkinsonian gait is a more aggressive symptom, this causes the
individual to walk with a distinctive shuffle in a stooping position. Most people lose the ability to
swing their arms while walking to keep their balance, which can cause them to fall or stumble. The
secondary symptoms of Parkinson's disease, also known as Non–motor functions can vary in
severity of individuals. They include anxiety, insecurity, stress, confusion, memory loss, dementia,
constipation, depression, difficulty swallowing, excessive salivation, diminished sense of smell,
increased sweating, male erectile dysfunction, skin problems, slowed, quieter speech, monotone
voice, and urinary frequency/ urgency. This also includes REM sleep behavior disorder, restless leg
syndrome, leg swelling, excessive sweating, double vision, delusions and impulse control disorders.
Parkinson can be managed with the use of drugs or deep brain stimulation. These drugs include
Sinemet

Parkinson Experiment
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the obstacles that people with Parkinson
Disease (PD) face with exercise. This study was formulated, taken into account a patient's mental
reluctance of exercise in such manners as fear of falling and the stage in which the disease has
progressed. The desire of this study was to enrich the exercise goals of PD patients by sharing
results with physical therapists to help them create a beneficial model for PD patients to follow. This
may help reduce or remove existing barriers in their therapeutic exercise programs.
Method: Over a 2–year span 260 participants having PD were examined. To be selected for this
study each participant had to be coherent, recognized by the UK Brain Bank Criteria as having PD,
at least 40 years of age, received a minimal score on the Mini–Mental State Examination of 24 out
of the possible 30, resided in community based dwelling, be present for the biannual examinations,
and most importantly provide consent to be part of the study. Qualifying participants were given a
standardized written exam to rate their exercise frequency. Participants were also given a StepWatch
3 Activity Monitor (SAM). In addition, another subjective validation of exercise frequency to
analyze data was self administered as a survey ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both groups were asked to proceed with this study but higher scores were yielded from the exercise
group during the assessments of physical activity and number of daily steps recorded. However a
reduction was present when the disease duration was measured. The unfavorable category was
higher in the nonexercise group. In both groups age, sex, and those who had fallen were among a
few of the categories in which scores were recorded and analyzed as

Symptoms And Treatment Of Parkinson Disease
SUBJECT POPULATION: Subjects older than 50 years, both men and women will be selected and
enrolled at "Boston Medical Center, its affiliated hospitals–Massachusetts" and at "THE Queen's
Medical Center and its affiliated hospitals.– HAWAII".Subjects will be recruited from the Suffolk
and Honolulu County. The health departments of respective counties will be contacted; meetings
will be arranged in seeking their advice to plan a community screening operation of Parkinson
disease patients. Patients from tertiary hospitals as well as community hospitals will be enrolled.
Participants who were diagnosed by community hospitals will be assessed and examined more
carefully and detail by team members to make sure they received the right diagnosis.
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria: Inclusion Criteria: People aged older than 50 years, both men and
women who have been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Justification: This age range will enable
us to recruit study participants adequately for our outcome of interest. Parkinson disease with
dementia is a disease associated with advanced aging. The study subjects above 50 years of age will
enable us to enroll desired participants diagnosed with PD without dementia and allow us to observe
them for a sufficient period until outcome with minimal loss to follow–up.23, 24 All people
diagnosed with Parkinson disease validated from tertiary care setting. Justification: Since Parkinson
disease is a clinical diagnosis and misdiagnosis

Parkinson 's Disease And Its Effects
Parkinson's Disease An estimated eight million people are living worldwide with Parkinson's
Disease. Parkinson's is a disease where the nerve cells, called neurons die in your brain. These
neurons that die produce a brain chemical, dopamine which is a neurotransmitter. As the neurons die
or become damaged the lack of dopamine creates the symptoms and disease. The neurons that die
are located in your Substantia Nigra in the brain. The nerve cell affects your entire nervous system.
The neurons transmit information to muscles, gland cells, or other nerve cells all over the human
body. The neurons in your brain are highly important because they transmit nerve signals to and
from the brain. According to Manfredsson, "Neurons are excitable, ... Show more content on
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The dendrites of the cell body are branded out in a way to serve as a "landing pad" for the
information coming into the brain. Also, in Parkinson's no certain organelle is found to have a higher
count than the others. The neurons do not communicate with any other cell besides other nerve cells.
The Society for Neuroscience stated, "Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive
messages from other neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron communicates with
another. The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axons from other neurons"
(2012, April 1). That is how nerve cells communicate with one another but because nerve cells are in
charge of the whole nervous system they don 't interact with other types of cells. Diagnosing a
patient early into Parkinson's is difficult because all the symptoms increasingly get worse. There is a
large variety of symptoms a patient may see. The symptoms that are primary motor skills include a
resting tremor, bradykinesia which is slow movement, rigidity which is the lack of flexibility in your
limbs, and postural instability. Secondary Motor symptoms are freezing, where you feel glued to the
ground, micrographia, a shrinkage in handwriting, being less expressive in the face, and unwanted
accelerations like in your speech. Non motor symptoms include loss of smell, constipation, having
difficulty

The Cure Of Parkinson 's Disease
Abstract
Parkinson 's is a very complex subject since there is still no cure and heredity still can 't be proven.
As a CNA you are expected to know that there are different diseases with different needs. Parkinson
's has many signs and symptoms. If tremors are noticeable it is best to get a check up, but just
because you show signs it is no reason to self diagnose. Before Parkinson 's begins you can always
try to prevent it. Who knew caffeine could prevent Parkinson 's. Although Parkinson 's can be
prevented, there are still some things that make you more prone to getting Parkinson 's. Some things
include age and heredity. Science is always changing and you never know what things can be
invented to stop Parkinson 's or maybe even reverse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parkinson's is a disease that is believed to be a neurological disease. This disease is caused by the
dopamine in the brainstem and cerebellum, and the brain stems inability to produce enough
dopamine. There are many signs that tell people Parkinson 's is present, and although there is a cure,
it doesn 't always work. As a Certified nursing student there are many things we can do to help a
patient or resident with Activities of daily living. As a CNA it is a great idea to know more in depth
about diseases to better help residents and patients.
Signs and Symptoms: Parkinson's like many diseases can be detected if you notice the things that 's
most patients with Parkinson 's have. Although these signs to conclude Parkinson 's having one sign
or symptom is not enough to diagnose that you may or may not have Parkinson 's. One of the most
common of theses signs and symptoms is tremors, which means "uncontrolled trembling" (Hegner,
Acello, Caldwell, 2008). The trembling usually starts at the fingers and moves up the arm, until
eventually is reaches both arms. In the case of the legs, the tremors would start at the toes and
moves up the leg to the thighs. Tremors can also be in the head and the jaw. The next thing to notice
in a person with Parkinson 's Muscular rigidity which means "loss of flexibility" (Hegner, Acello,
Caldwell, 2008) in the muscles. The muscles in the body become less stretchable and limits the

Essay on Parkinson Disease (PD)
Introduction
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by
physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English
physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean–
Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description
of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD
involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem
called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr,
2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although many theories and hypotheses were raised as to why this happens, there is no solid
information supporting the physiological cause of this, but it is surely one of various factors that
may lead to the development of PD.
Neuroanatomy of the Basal Ganglia It has been known that PD is a disorder affecting the basal
ganglia. The term basal ganglia is generally applied to a collection of nuclei situated deep within the
cerebral hemispheres, lying laterally to the thalamus (Gazzeniga, George, and Mangun, 2008). The
basal ganglia are important subcortical structures. They are composed of five nuclei: caudate,
putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. These nuclei are not thought of
a single anatomical entity; rather, they form a functional unity whose contribution is greatly to
motor control. Interestingly, this system does not influence movement through spinal cord pathways,
but rather acts as part of a feedback loop to all areas of the cerebral cortex, with primary input into
motor areas (Aird, 2000). A number of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are what control
this whole process, and a balance of both is required to ensure that smooth, purposeful movement
takes place. In order to understand the pathways of which the basal ganglia take part in, it is
essential to know the input and output connections of the basal ganglia. The input

Smoking And Parkinson Disease
Researchers have found that cigarette smoking reduce risk of Parkinson disease (PD) by half for
heavy smokers compared to non–smokers persons. Cigarette smoking is confirmed as risk factor for
various diseases such as heart disease, lung cancer, and COPD. However, beneficial effects of
cigarettes have been discussed over the years. It was in the late 1950's studies reported an adverse
association between smoking and Parkinson's disease. More recently, several epidemiological
studies supported the negative relation between cigarette smoking and PD. These findings suggested
that patients who smoke are 50% less likely to have PD when compared to the non–smoker
colleagues. This indicates that nicotines, which is the addictive

Bureaucracy On College Tuition Rates: The Case Of...
The Effect of Bureaucracy on College Tuition Rates: The Case of University of California The state
of California has long been reliant on the University of California system to provide its resident
companies with skilled and educated business, technology, and science leaders. Highly regarded as
one of the top educational systems in the world, the University of California boasts a high number of
distinguished and respected faculty members in almost every field of study. However, while most
private colleges and universities have learned how to streamline their processes in order to better
respond to stakeholder needs, public educational institutions, such as the University of California,
have not been willing to control their bureaucratic growth resulting in a rise of tuition rates and a
decline in the level of student satisfaction. In her article for the TIME magazine, Kate Pickert writes
that as recently as November of this year the University of California has approved a plan that could
raise tuition rates by up to 28% (Pickert). Pickert also points out that the tuition rates at the
University of California have more than tripled since 2001. The University of California has blamed
the increased tuition on the state of California budget cuts caused by the economic downturn of
recent years. However, a closer examination of the University of California faculty and
administration data makes it obvious that the higher rates of tuition are cause by the inability and

The Disease Of Parkinson 's Disease
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has been cataloged as one of the most serious and slowly progressive
neurodegenerative disease that affects a wide array of motor and non–motor aspects that impact the
function of a person. Afflicting over four million Americans and the second most common
neurological disorder after Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's continues to take its toll on the
neurological health of many(Constantinescu et al, 2007 ). James Parkinson, a British physician first
coined this disorder as "shaky palsy" in 1817 and included clinical manifestations of this disease
involving tremors with muscle weakness, bradycardia, rigidity, unstable posture, and gait
abnormality that becomes worse over time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From a clinical diagnosis standpoint, Parkinson's is solely dependent on the physical symptoms that
have been caused by the deficiency of dopamine because of the lack of neuron cells in the substantia
nigra. Without high end laboratory maneuvers and MRIs of the brain, Parkinson's can already be
diagnosed just by observing the physicality of the patient. MRIs are usually used to rule out any
other disorder that could also present the same symptoms as Parkinson's. The primary symptoms in
regards to this disease include akinesia, or loss or impairment of voluntary movements,
bradykinesia, or slow movement, trembling in hands, arms head, and legs, stiffness in the trunk
portion of the body and muscle flexors of the limbs, and unstable posture affecting balance.
Parkinson's is chronic and slow progressive and over time patients will begin to experience
difficulty in normal tasks such as walking, talking, and other day to day activities (NINDS, 2013).
Despite the difficult symptoms that a patient might face, Parkinson's disease has been deemed
idiopathic, meaning that no cause has been found for it. Unlike an airborne or sexual disease,
Parkinson's is not transmittable. Scientists have linked some cases of Parkinson's disease to be
traceable through certain genetic mutations, but others have been

A Summary On Parkinson 's Disease
Introduction
In 1817, James Parkinson first described a disease, later to be known as Parkinson's Disease (PD) as
a; neurodegenerative disorder affecting the physical, psychological, social, and functional status of
individuals (Parkinson Society Canada Staff, 1965). In the time since the disease was first described,
the frequency of individuals affected with the disease has increased, with no single cause yet to be
identified as the culprit for the onset of the disease. According to the Parkinson's society Society of
Canada, approximately one hundred thousand Canadians live with this debilitating disease
(Parkinson Society Canada Staff, 1965). Not only has no successful cure for Parkinson's been
developed, there has yet to be any diagnostic tools developed that prove any suredefinite diagnosis
(Parkinson Society Canada Staff, 1965). To this point, Parkinson's is a disease that continues to
impact a higher percentage of the population each year, with no true hope being given to those that
struggle with the impairment. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of our knowledge
on PD to date, describing the physiology behind the deficits that PD is responsible for, the known
causes and risk factors, the signs and symptoms, and finally any known treatments that help to
reduce the impairments of PD.
Physiology
The origin of the impairments of PD disease start in the basal ganglia, the basal ganglia in laymen
terms would be defined as the basic cluster of nuclei, located

Parkinson 's Disease : Disease
Parkinson 's disease Twanda H. Lewis North Carolina Wesleyan Dr. Quinan Parkinson 's Disease
Twanda H. Lewis North Carolina Wesleyan Dr. Quinan Outline
Abstract...................................................................................................5
Introduction........................................................................................... 6
Symptoms.............................................................................................. 6
Tremor.................................................................................................... 6 Slow
Movement.................................................................................... 6 Rigid
Muscles......................................................................................... 7 Disfigured
Posture................................................................................ 7 Loss of Automatic
Movements........................................................... 7 Changes in the Speech
Pattern........................................................... 7 Changes in
Handwriting........................................................................8
Constipation........................................................................................... 8 A Quite
Voice......................................................................................... 8 Masked ... Show more content on
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This paper examines the symptoms, the causes and the treatment options for the Parkinson 's
disease. Introduction Parkinson 's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder and a movement disorder.
Parkinson's is the gradual loss of the ability to control muscle movement thereby, resulting in the
trembling of the limbs and the head even during rest. Other characteristics include slowness,
stiffness and impaired balance. As the Parkinson 's disease progress it becomes hard for the patient
to move, to talk and even fulfill simple tasks (Berg et al., 201,4). Parkinson's disease varies from one
patient to the next patient reason being that the rate of impairment for an individual patient is faster,
for others, they tend to live many more years. The premature death is often brought about by
complications to do injuries such as falling or pneumonia. Symptoms Tremor In this case, there is
the presence of shaking which typically beings in the limb such, has the hand or the fingers.
Additionally, there is a back and forth, rubbing the thumb & forefinger, a condition known as a pill–
rolling tremor. The hand usually experiences tremors even when relaxed for Parkinson's disease.
Slow Movement Slow movements are also known as bradykinesia. Over a duration of being affected
by Parkinson 's disease, the ability of movement reduces, and the movement becomes slow instead
thereby rendering the simple tasks to be challenging and time–consuming. As

Parkinson In Mr. Skogen's English Class
On Monday, March 18, 2013 teacher Eric Skogen ripped 10 year old Roger Parkinson's ear off. To
Parkinson it was going to be just another day in Mr. Skogen's English class. But what he didn't know
was that Skogen was having a rough day. Parkinson was on his way to English class when students
from the class before stopped him in the hall to warn him that Skogen was not in a good mood.
Parkinson did not think much of it and continued on his way to class. When Parkinson entered the
classroom Skogen demanded them to sit, and started his lesson. He had assigned homework in the
last class and expected them to complete it, children in the last class had not completed it, Skogen
grew frustrated and gave them detention. When Skogen began to collect

Understanding Of Parkinson 's Disease
Understanding Parkinson's disease Many disease have been discovered thought the years. Many of
which target a specific sex, age, or even a specific gene in a body. One particular disease is
Parkinson's disease that targets adults of age 60 and over. In 1817 James Parkinson wrote his famous
essay over Shanking Paisy. Making James Parkinson the first to describe paralysis agitans that will
later be named Parkinson's disease. James Parkinson was born in the year 1755 Landon, England
and would also later parish in 1824 London, England. He was also the son of a surgeon, John
Parkinson, whom James Parkinson soon followed in his footprints. James assisted his father in
surgeries inspiring James work in medicine and in 1784 James Parkinson ... Show more content on
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Typical symptoms include tumors, stiffness, slowness, impaired balance and coordination. About 1.5
million Older Americans are affected by Parkinson experience no motor symptoms, memory loss,
depression, and a lack of sense of smell. The symptoms at times appear after a stroke, encephalitis
(an irritation or inflammation of the brain caused by an infection), and or head injury occurs.
Parkinson Disease is currently not a direct death endangerment. There has not been an official case
where a patient has directly died from Parkinson, but there have been cases of evidence that in some
type of Parkinson diseases were created by a mutated gene that creates a certain protein. The
average percent for a man in his sixties to develop Parkinson disease is a 2% chance while a women
in her sixties has a 1.3% chance. In the year 2000 15,000 deaths were reported to have had
Parkinson a rate of 5.5 people per 100,000 people in America. In the United States alone the chance
of someone developing Parkinson is between 1.5 – 2.0 percent. On average a person spends about
$2500 on medication and nationally $5.6 billion approximately is spent annually. Smokers have a
40% lower risk of development in Parkinson. The ingredient inside cigarettes is currently unknown,
but there is an ideal guess that it maybe the Monoamine oxidase B or MAO B that, an enzyme
created by the MAOB gene, is found in humans that lower the chance of development. The

Is Parkinson Disease A Disease?
Parkinson Disease
Danielle West
University Of Arkansas Fort Smith
Medical Terminology
Fall of 2015
Introduction
Parkinson is a disease that is a glitch in the neurons in the brain, which frequently affects the
substantia nigra. Part of the dying neurons produces a chemical called dopamine. As this progresses,
the dopamine in the brain decreases. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain which helps the body
regulate coordination and movement in the body. Once Parkinson Disease (PD) is in full effect, part
of dopamine in the patient 's brain disintegrates, leaving the person incapable to control everyday
movements (what is Parkinson disease.(n.d)). Men after the age of 60 are more likely to develop the
disease rather than women. The average age at the onset of symptoms is 60. However, 10 percent of
patients that are diagnosed before age 40 (Rudolph, D. (2012, April 23). Medication Side Effects &
Complications For Parkinson 's Patients) Parkinson 's is known as a progressive disease which
means that over time it will progressively get worse (Parkinson's: Overview April 6, 2015).
However, it still has not yet shown to be fatal. (National Parkinson Foundation 2015).
Diagnosis Doctors who diagnose Parkinson start by performing a physical examination on the
patient followed by a detailed discussion of the symptoms and past medical history. During the
physical exam the doctor test their reflexes, sensitivity to pain or pressure and agility.(Parkinson:

Parkinsons Disease Essay
James Parkinson first discovered Parkinson's Disease in 1817. Parkinson's Disease is a common
neurologic disorder for the elderly. It is a disorder of the brain characterized by shaking and
difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination. This disease is associated with damage to a
part of the brain that controls muscle movement. Parkinson's Disease is a chronic illness that is still
being extensively studied.
Parkinson's Disease has caused problems for many people in this world and plagued the elderly all
over the world.Parkinson's disease still puzzles doctors and the causes are unknown. It is known that
it is a non–communicable disease and may even be hereditary. Parkinson's disease is thought to be
caused by external factors. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms are often hard for a doctor to assess, especially in the elderly because many of the
symptoms show up in other common diseases such as osteoporosis and aging itself. The effects of
Parkinson's Disease are often devastating. If not treated the disease can progress into causing total
disability, and deterioration of all brain functions.
As a treatment medication can be prescribed to help postpone the effects to come. Also the
medications can

Jill Moreland
Pathology1321
March 25, 2017
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
INTRODUCTION:
If you eat unhealthy, fatty foods your whole life, you have a higher risk of developing diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, or arteriosclerosis. If you have unprotected sex, you may contract a sexually
transmitted disease, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, or HIV/AIDS. But, Parkinson's doesn't racially
discriminate, nor does it care if someone is wealthy, poor, educated, non–educated, male or female.
Anyone can develop Parkinson's disease. The disease begins in the brain, our most intricate, delicate
organ, whose complexity is still not entirely understood, even with today's technology and experts.
The brain intrigues me. I find myself curious about brain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Identified as LRRK2, this gene mutation only accounts for one to two percent of all cases of
Parkinson's disease. (Michael J. Fox Foundation)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
Parkinson 's disease is a progressive neurologic degenerative disease of the Central Nervous system.
The brain produces Dopamine and Norepinephrine, which are chemicals needed for smooth muscle
movement and coordination, heart rate, and blood pressure. Dopamine and Norepinephrine are
released by basal ganglions that are produced in a bundle of nerve cells in the brainstem called
substantia nigra. In Parkinson 's patients, the substantia nigra are destroyed and neither of the
chemicals can be released into the body. (3) The decrease in Norepinephrine causes heart arrhythmia
and low blood pressure, causing the person to get dizzy upon standing or tire easily. The lack of
Dopamine, the smooth muscle movement and coordination controller is now gone, or significantly
decreased, resulting in the first signs of Parkinson's disease, pill–rolling, a one handed tremor and a
decreased appetite. (2)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: By the time someone shows signs and symptoms of Parkinson 's,
Dopamine production in the brain has been reduced by 60 to 80% and is fairly advanced. This
results in the most recognizable sign of Parkinson 's disease, the resting tremor of the hand or hands.
During deliberate movement, the resting tremor goes away, at first. At rest, the tremor will become
exacerbated,

The Parkinson 's Disease ( Pd )
Introduction
The Parkinson 's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after
Alzheimer 's disease (Lang and Lozano, 1998). It affects about 1% of the population with different
ethnic backgrounds throughout the world over the age of 65 (Tanner and Goldman, 1996). The
aetiology of Parkinson 's disease is not well understood; however, genetic and environmental factors
are thought to play a role (Checkoway and Nelson, 1999). Pathologically, PD is characterised by
mitochondrial DNA dysfunction leading to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia
nigra pars compacta (Fig.1) and subsequent reduction in striatal dopamine levels (Longmore, 2014).
The clinical features of PD are mainly motor including resting ... Show more content on
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This protein is one of the main components of Lewy bodies (Fig. 2) found in the degenerating
neurons in the pars compacta of the basal ganglia (Lang and Lozano, 1998). Exposure to
environmental toxins, such as herbicides, pesticides and well water, may also result in PD (Semchuk
et al., 1992). On the other hand, smoking and caffeine consumption are thought to reduce the risk of
developing PD (Kandel, 2013).
The main pathological feature of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is the progressive degeneration of
selected but heterogeneous populations of neurons (Fig. 1) , including the dopaminergic cells of the
pars compacta of the substantia nigra that primarly project to the striatum (caudate nucleus and
putamen) and also to other basal ganglia nuclei (Lang and Lozano, 1998). Subsequently, dopamine
loss in these sites prevents brain cells from performing their normal inhibitory effect within the basal
ganglia, leading to most of the movement abnormalities in PD, as they improve with dopamine
replacement; whereas non–motor features show a poor or no response to dopamine replacement
(Kandel, 2013).
Another characteristic pathological finding is the presence of eosinophilic inclusions (Lewy bodies)
(Fig. 2) in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta with their main
component of aggregations of the protein alpha–synuclein (Baba et

Parkinson Spoon
Google Spoon Before we discuss the actual spoon, a person needs to be familiar with Parkinson's
disease. Parkinson's disease is commonly signified by tremors that begin on one side and get
progressively worse over a period of time. It is possible for these tremors to develop in the other
side of the person as well. The new side usually is not as extreme in the loss of motor functions such
as using your hand to feed yourself. (Parkinson's Disease Foundation Inc., 2016). Google has
partnered with Liftware to enable people with Parkinson's disease feed themselves with a stabilized
spoon. The computer is instrumental to noticing movement of tremors in the hand in which it
compensated to the opposite direction to stabilize the spoon. The spoon's handle is where the
components are located such as the motors, computer, and the rechargeable battery. (Liftware, n.d.).
The challenge is to make specific algorithms to meet the demand of the people purchasing the
spoon. A person's tremors might vary at times from mild to severe, and if the computer does not
adjust properly a person will spill his or her food. This can be disheartening to the person who feels
like they find something to help ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rechargeable batteries are great, but often times their output weakens over a period of time and they
have to be replaced. The computer might produce signals that require the battery to lose its power
faster, if the algorithms are not carefully created and analyzed. The more reliant a person is on this
piece of equipment, the more possibility when it fails the person will not know how to compensate
with normal utensils to feed themselves. Nourishment is a required factor for a person to live and
with this new technology doctors might learn how to alleviate a person's tremors. Managers might
be more acceptable to hiring people with Parkinson's

Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome Essay
Wolff–Parkinson White Syndrome Wolff–Parkinson White syndrome is a heart condition where
there is an extra electrical pathway or circuit in the heart. The condition can lead to episodes of rapid
heart also known as tachycardia. Wolff–Parkinson White syndrome, also known as WPW, is present
at birth. People of all ages, even infants, can experience the symptoms related to WPW. Episodes of
tachycardia often occur when people are in their teens or early twenties. Most of the time, a fast
heart beat are not life threatening, but serious heart problems can occur. Treatments for Wolff–
Parkinson White syndrome can stop or prevent episodes of fast heart beats. A catheter–based
procedure, known as ablation can permanently correct the heart ... Show more content on
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"Wolf–Parkinson–White syndrome is associated with some forms of congenital heart disease, such
as Ebstein's anomaly." (Mayo Clinic Staff). The heart is made up of four chambers. The two upper
chambers known as the atria, and the two lower chambers known as the ventricles. The rhythm of
your heart is controlled by the sinus node. The sinus node is almost like a natural pacemaker which
is located in the atrium. The sinus node gives off electrical impulses that start every heartbeat.
"Electrical impulses travel across the atria causing the atria muscles to contract and pump blood in
the ventricles." (Mayo Clinic Staff). The electrical impulses eventually arrive at a cluster of cells
known as the atrioventricular node or the AV node. The AV node slows down the signal before
sending it to the ventricles. By this delay, it allows the ventricles to fill with blood causing the
electrical impulses to reach the muscles of the ventricles so they can contract and pump blood to the
lungs and the rest of the body. When a person has WPW syndrome an extra electrical pathway
connects the atria and the ventricles. This means that an electrical signal can bypass the AV node.
When the impulses use this alternative route through the heart, the ventricles are activated to early.
Looped electrical impulses and disorganized electrical impulses are two major types of rhythm
disturbances. A looped electrical impulse is when electrical

Prediagnosis Of Parkinson
Almost a million Americans have Parkinson's disease, a common neurological degenerative disease
that causes loss in motor functions. Costing up to 25 Billion dollars a year in the US alone, there are
on average about 60,000 individuals that are diagnosed each year. However, with many cases going
undetected, the number is expected to rise, as the 21st century progresses. Scientists and doctors are
pulling together many resources to slow the progression of this devastating disorder; and now it is
known (although there is not cure), that there are certain genes that correspond with the Parkinson's
disorder. Although many have claimed that these genes show an accurate pre diagnosis of the
disease, there has been much debate on whether the testing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Unless diagnosed individuals are wealthy, they will not be able to pay the 100,000 dollar cost per
patient. With treatment this expensive, many families are either unable to pay the price, preventative
treatment seems far from ideal. Also, unlike breast cancer or other controversial diseases with pre
diagnosis available, Parkinson's is impossible to prevent. There is absolutely no known cure for the
disease, only measures to slow down the degredation of the body and additional pain killers are
available. Learning that you will most likely have the disease and the symptoms will progress may
help the individual make potential better choices financially, however the emotional distress that is
caused by the pre diagnosis and potential higher cost due to a longer treatment plan is counter
intuitive for the patient. As the American Society of Clinical Oncology states in its principles of
Genetic testing; "1) the individual has personal or family history features suggestive of a genetic
cancer susceptibility condition, 2) the test can be adequately interpreted, and 3) the results will aid in
diagnosis or influence the medical or surgical management of the patient or family members at
hereditary risk of cancer." Although the Parkinson's pre diagnosis can aid with the first two
principles, the Parkinson's disease is not fit because whether or not the genetic predisposition is
known, the prevention of the disease is impossible

Parkinson Disease
According to a study by Murdock, Cousins, and Kernohan, these four major signs make Parkinson
disease more and more crippling and life–threatening: resting tremors, Rigidity, Bradykinesia, and
Postural instability. 1st sign are Resting tremors. Resting tremors are seen as the shaking of the limb,
even when the person is at rest. Often, the tremor affects only the hand or fingers and the tremors
can trigger during any type of movement of an affected body part. In the early stages of the disease,
about 70 % of people experience a slight tremor in the hand or foot on one side of the body, or less
commonly in the jaw or face. The 2nd sign is Rigidity, which causes stiffness and inflexibility of the
limbs, neck and trunk. Muscles normally stretch when they move, and then relax when they are at
rest. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rigidity can be very uncomfortable and even painful. Most people with Parkinson's disease don't
walk with their arms swinging because of stiff and rigid muscles. The rigidity also causes the patient
to have slow movement. Because muscles are so tight and can't easily move, patients take a long
time moving from step to step because of the associated pain. Another symptom that challenges
Parkinson's disease patients is slurred speech. People have a difficult time understanding what
patients are saying. Parkinson's disease can affect a person's voice, causing them to speak softly or
have difficulty forming sounds clearly. The third sign is Bradykinesia, which is one of the most
significant problems for Parkinson disease patients. According to data from robot–assisted gait
training, Bradykinesia causes everything the patient does to be slow. Bradykinesia is also expressed
as micrographia (small handwriting), hypomimia (decreased facial expression), decreased blink rate,
and hypophonia (soft speech). Bradykinesia causes difficulty with repetitive movements, such as
finger

Parkinson 's Disease
Scientists generally agree that most cases of Parkinson's disease result from some combination of
nature and nurture the interaction between a people's underlying genetic make–up and his or her life
activities and environmental exposures. A simple way to describe this is that "genetics loads the gun
and environment pulls the trigger." In this formulation, "environment" has a very broad meaning that
is, it refers to any and all possible causes other than those that are genetic in origin. The interactions
between genes and environment can be quite complex. Some environmental exposures may lower
the risk of PD, while others may increase it. Similarly, some people have inherited a genetic makeup
that makes them more or less susceptible to the effects of toxicants, or poisonous agents, than others.
The effect of a combined exposure can be greater or lower than a single exposure. All of this means
that the particular combination of factors leading to PD is likely to be unique for each person. These
combinations, in different ways, may trigger a common series of biological changes that will
ultimately lead to the disease. Scientists are beginning to tease apart the non–genetic factors that
influence PD risk. In particular, epidemiologists are working to identify differences in the
experiences of people who develop PD, compared to those who do not. But identifying these risk
factors can be difficult. Growing up I had an uncle who had Parkinson disease. He got this from

An Overview Of Parkinson Disease
An Overview of Parkinson Disease Parkinson disease (PD) is a condition consisting of many
unanswered questions. What causes it? Is it a genetic disorder? How will an individual know if they
will be diagnosed with it in their lifetime? The list of enquiries one might present is endless.
However, before even attempting to answer any questions, it is essential to understand the disease as
a whole. In order to do so, grasping basic background information as well as data on PD is
necessary. Following that, discussing material regarding the science behind the disease will provide
a deeper understanding when examining the subsequent etiologies, signs, and symptoms. From a
historical perspective, PD was first described in 1817 by James ... Show more content on
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In order to understand the possible etiology and the signs and symptoms, it is important to first
recognize the science of PD and what happens neurologically. Nolden, Tartavoulle, and Porche
(2014) explain that the brain structures affected by the disease are known as the substantia nigra and
the basal ganglia. The role of the basal ganglia is to provide control of fine motor movements. What
happens with PD, is there is a loss of dopamine–producing neurons from the substantia nigra which
causes a deficiency in dopamine levels. Without a sufficient amount of dopamine, there are not
enough chemical messages being transmitted to initiate, control, and balance movement of the target
muscles. It is worth noting though, that dopamine levels decrease naturally as one ages, so
symptoms could become more aggressive and prevalent the older an individual gets. Fallon et al.
(2015) explains that the dying cells contain Lewy bodies, defined as protein aggregates, which allow
the disease to be identified. However, it is still undetermined what all factors cause the degeneration
of those brain cells and PD as a whole. PD is a disease of mostly unknown etiology; however, there
have been links to various factors from environmental influences to genetics (Galifianakis &
Ghazinouri, 2014). First of all, it is necessary to mention that the suspected environmental factors
are hard to come by for they are merely risk factors. Nonetheless, they are still important to

James Parkinson And Geisenheimer's Essay
Did you know that 60,000 people are diagnosed with Parkinson's and 700,000 people suffer from
Alzheimer's each year? Alzheimer's and Parkinson's date back to the 1700's and 1800's to when they
were discovered. These illnesses are just as terrifying to the families as it is to the patient. Because
of the scare in the diseases, these families wanted answers. The patients were sent to James
Parkinson and Alois Alzheimer which were the doctors who diagnosed these illnesses. Alois
Alzheimer was born on June 14, 1864 in a small Bavarian town in Marktbreit Germany (Alois, A1).
He was born into a catholic family and had an early interest in science. His father was a royal notary
in the kingdom of Bavaria, and because of his first wife's death during child birth, he remarried and
had 6 more children wife his deceased wife's sister, in which Alois was the first born of his second
marriage. As a young boy, Alois had grew up being taught that the strong looked over the weak.
Years later, in 1894, he had married Cecilia Geisenheimer and had 3 children with her. As the ...
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In his report in 1908 of Auguste's illness, he was able to take the credit and name the illness after
himself because he had discovered plaque only and plaque and tangles in the brain to be different
stages in the same disease process. James Parkinson observed prolonged trembling mostly in hands
and feet and his descriptions on this illness was so comprehensive that his research had influenced
other pathologists to study Parkinson's. As four decades had passed, a French physician, Jean Martin
Charcot named the syndrome after James Parkinson. His famous essay on the Shaking Palsy
established the Syndrome and recognized it as a medical

A Look At Parkinson 's Disease
A look at Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common
neurodegenerative disease. Two other names for PD are shaking palsy and Paralysis agitans.
Parkinson's disease is initiated when the cells in the brain that produce dopamine die over time.
Dopamine is a brain chemical used by nerve cells that helps to control the body 's muscle
movement. Without those brain cells and the dopamine they produce, it becomes increasingly more
difficult for the cells that control movement to send messages to the muscles; affecting the body's
movement. As time goes on the damage worsens. There is not a known cause as to why these brain
cells die, although there are a few theories ("MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research is still being done over this debate. It is thought that environmental factors by themselves
are not a cause of PD, but the environmental factors may trigger the disease in people who are
genetically susceptible. In a lot of cases it has been noted that many people who contact PD have
lived in rural areas, specifically those who drink private well water, and (or) are agricultural workers
(Larkin). In addition, Parkinson's disease is sometimes seen as a mutation in the PARK2 gene. The
PARK2 gene belongs to a gene family called PARK (as in Parkinson's disease). By grouping the
genes susceptible to mutations that cause PD it becomes easier for researchers to see similarities
among genes. Gene families can also provide researchers with clues for identifying genes and gene
patterns that are involved in particular diseases. It is estimated that researchers have identified
nearly 200 PARK gene mutations that have the potential to become Parkinson's disease. PARK2
gene mutations are usually associated with Juvenile PD and Young onset Parkinson's disease
(YOPD). There are fewer cases of PARK2 gene mutations in patients who develop the disease after
the age of 50 ("PARK2 – Parkinson Disease (autosomal Recessive, Juvenile) 2, Parkin – Genetics
Home Reference"). The National Parkinson foundation reports that the average age of PD diagnosis
is 62.

Parkinson And Dementia
While aging does not harm a person Its effects can devastate families, children, and acquaintances. 3
of the most well–known effects of Aging Are Parkinson's, alzheimers, and dementia. Well both
diseases can take a toll on a person, they each take a different part of a person. Parkinson's effects
the inner workings of the brain causing tremors And cannot be cured. Dementia is a disease that eats
away at a senior citizens memory, many elderly patients have died due to the fact they forgot how to
swallow and choke on their own saliva. Dementia is also linked to forgetfulness in senior citizens
because it does interfere with daily living and functionality in their daily lives. Well all three
diseases are very different they all do

Parkinson Disease ( Pd )
Parkinson Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease symptomized by tremor, muscular rigidity,
and slow imprecise movements. Typically, the disease affects middle–aged and elderly individuals.
PD is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain causing a deficiency of the
neurotransmission of dopamine. (1). Given what you know about the members of the family,
analyze and comment on the potential effects this condition/illness might have on them. Since Mr.
Olsen (Frederic) has transitioned to an Assisted Living community, the family most likely have a
sense of relief in logic he will be taken care of in regards to his activities of daily living (ADLs)
such as "feeding, dressing, grooming, bathing, assisting with mobility and homemaking" (Atlas, S.
J., Matthews, J.R., Fritsvold, E., & Vinall, P.E. 2014). Albeit the physical limitations for the family
have been comforted, the psychological effects on the family members are drastic. Most people are
shameful of the disease; and ridiculously religious people look at the disease as response to a sin. On
a micro perspective family members, may face an economic burden from admitting Mr. Olsen into
an Assisted Living home. On top of that, they must figure out a schedule that will be conducive for
them to take Mr. Olsen back and forth to his doctor visits. (2). How might the various family
members react to them? John Ella's husband probably feel that he should try another alternative such
as the Native

Sydney Parkinson Research Paper
As a young person I was captivated and intrigued by the tales of early explorers and naturalists,
especially the British. Captain James Cook's voyages especially sparked my sense of adventure and
curiosity. Being among the first westerners to have contact with unknown cultures must have been
magnificent. To be exposed to foreign languages, material culture, flora and fauna and then to have
the opportunity to record the life–style and environment for generations to glimpse is extraordinary.
Sydney Parkinson was one of these fortunate people who was in the right place –at the right time, to
work in the capacity of one of botanical artist on–board the first voyage to the South Seas on board
the Endeavor , captained by James Cook and hired by Sir Joseph Banks. He was one of the early
explorers to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is where his life took a turn. He now was exposed to a wealthy and influential circle of people
in the world of natural history and botany who recognized his talents and skills as an artist. He was
introduced to James Lee, also a Quaker, who had a major influence in botanical enterprises in
England. Lee, for a time, was employed at the Chelsea Physic Gardens; published the first book
written I English titled, An Introduction to Botany which introduced the principles of Linnaeus
classification; partnered with Louis Kennedy in establishing the Vineyard Nursery, and the infamous
French Botanical artist Pierre–Joseph Redoute also stayed with the Lee's for a period of time.
Needless to say, Lee was influential and esteemed in the field of botany and the natural sciences.
Lee saw Parkinson's early flower paintings which were exhibited at the Free Society in London in
1766 – he was so impressed by Parkinson's ability, that he hired him to tutor his 13 year old
daughter, Ann. Several of her adult paintings are now at Kew. (Parkinson Journal, Carr

Parkinson Research Paper
Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve
cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine.
Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. Some conspiracy theories
makes us happy by creating a picture where hitler was finally reduced to a trembling, almost rigid
person with the mood swings of a woman at her worst PMS, shambling through a burnt, destroyed,
and pillaged Nazi regime because he was inflicted by parkinson's disease in the final days of his life.
Although it is rumored that hitler really had this disease. It was highly unlikely that he died from it
due to the fact that parkinson's disease does not kill by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A newspaper form group of Americans neurologists make the case that hitler suffered from
parkinson's disease for much of his life, and that some of his most fateful decision were influenced
by the neurological disorder. The possibilities of hitler suffering from parkinson's disease has long
been the subject of debate. Lieberman suggested that hitler suffered from parkinson's early as 1933.
Video evidence depicts that hitler exhibited progressive motor function deterioration from 1933 to
1945. That hitler suffered from parkinson's at the end of his life is not a new idea but gupta et al.say
that hitler's disease may have impacted large parts of his life career. Making Him impulsive and
reckless,and ultimately making him lose WW2. We propose that hitler's conditions may have led
him to attack russia prematurely in 1941. Lieberman has suggested that the decision to invade russia
without an before defeating britain on the western front and waiting for reinforcements from japan,
was not only reckless but also was influenced by hitler's failing health . The authors cite other bad
decision of hitler;s such as the failure to defend normandy in 1944, and his refusal to allow his
forces to withdraw from stalingrad in 1942, as products of the dictator's "volatile temperament"
which they say, may have been exacerbated by his parkinson

Parkinson's disease Parkinson's Disease INTRODUCTION Wong, Gilmour and Ramage–Morin
(2014) states that Parkinson's disease comes second on the list of most common degenerative
disorder of the nervous system. Dopamine, a substance synthesized in the body, is responsible for
the normal movements of the body (Wong, Gilmour and Ramage–Morin, 2014). In Parkinson's
disease, the cells responsible for synthesizing Dopamine are damaged and incapacitated to form it
(Wong, Gilmour and Ramage–Morin, 2014). The lower levels of Dopamine result in muscle
tremors, sluggish muscle movements, rigidity, impaired reflexes and loss of equilibrium (Wong,
Gilmour and Ramage–Morin, 2014). Patient may experience various other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It has a mis–sense mutation and has two types; A53T and A30P (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne and
Barker 2002). These mutations produce a toxic protofibril of α–synuclein (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne
and Barker 2002). PARK2 present on chromosome 6q25 predisposes to an autosomal recessive
Parkinsonism (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne and Barker 2002). It is juvenile–onset disease with
degenerated α–synuclein but without Lewy body formation (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne and Barker
2002). The mutation causes abnormality in Ubiquitin Ligase enzyme resulting in accumulation of
abnormal non–ubiquitinated proteins and failure to remove neurotoxic glycosylated α–synuclein
(Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne and Barker 2002). PARK3 mapped on chromosome 2p13, autosomal
dominant predisposition, and specific gene is still unidentified but preponderance to develop
Parkinson's is evident (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne and Barker 2002). PARK4 predisposes to
autosomal dominant inheritance with abnormality on chromosome 4p (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne and
Barker 2002). The gene involved in PARK4 mutation is also unidentified (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne
and Barker 2002). PARK5 is a mis–sense mutation in Ubiquitin Carboxy Hydrolase gene with
abnormal chromosome on 4p (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne and Barker 2002). This enzymatic mutation
leads to inadequate recycling of ubiquitin monomers (Foltynie, Sawcer, Brayne and Barker 2002).
PARK6 is an

Parkinson Cognitive Rehabilitation
Researchers have investigated the effectiveness of cognitive training and rehabilitation in the
improvement of cognition in individuals with Parkinson's. Such programs involve basic skills
training to reduce impairment and increase engagement in daily adaptive activities. The programs
may target different cognitive domains such as attention and visuospatial awareness among others as
necessary depending on the patient (Calleo, et al., 2012). One important aspect of cognitive training,
also known as brain training, is the use of games to improve cognition. A study by Owen and
colleagues (2010) investigating the effects of a computerized online brain training tasks showed
improvements in reasoning, planning, attention and visuospatial skills,

History Of Present Illness : 34 Year Old Woman With A...
History of present illness: 34–year–old woman with a history of Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome
complains of intermittent palpitations since 2005. She has had a 24–hour Holter, which was
unremarkable. She came in for a follow–up visit and had an EKG done that revealed the presence of
pre–excitation. The patient reports a daily sensation of palpitations that lasts for several minutes.
The patient reports lightheadedness with the palpitations without syncope. The patient underwent an
exercise treadmill evaluation, which showed no evidence of ischemia. The echocardiography
revealed a structurally normal heart. Delta waves were noted during evaluation but resolved at
higher heart rates. Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is a conduction disorder of the heart
that is caused by pre accessory pathway resulting in tachyarrhythmias. Kesler & Lahham (2016)
state, "Approximately 0.07% of the population often presents with the chief complaint of
palpitations". A diagnosis of WPW is made in conjunction with certain characteristics.
Characteristics of WPW include: a short PR interval < 0.12 second caused by a faster electrical
conduction through the accessory pathway than the atrioventricular node, upsloping of the QRS and
a delta wave. The delta wave is indicative of rapid ventricular depolarization caused by the rapid
conduction through the accessory pathway (Kesler & Lahham, 2016, p. 469).
CEBM, Level 4
Past Medical History: In addition to her current condition the patient has a

The Parkinson 's Disease Foundation
Introduction: The Parkinson's Disease Foundation states that this disease is a chronic and
progressive movement disorder. In another words, the disease typically worsens over time. Nearly
one million people in the United States live with Parkinson's disease today (Parkinson's Disease
Foundation: What is Parkinson's Disease, 2016). The cause of this disease is still being researched
and tested, but as of now it is still unknown and has no cure. Since there is no cure, things like
medications, treatments, and surgery are given to prolong and stabilize a person with the disease.
Parkinson 's is when the vital nerve cell called a neuron dies. This happens in the part of the brain;
substantia nigra, the dying cells still provide dopamine which is a chemical that sends messages to
the brain to control body movements and coordination. As the disease increases and gets more
severe, the amount of dopamine produced decreases which is when a person typically relies on
medications to help control movements and their coordination. Symptoms of this disease vary from
person to person, the most common ones associated with it are tremors of hands, face, jaw, legs, and
arms, slowness of movement, stiffness of limbs, and impaired balance/coordination. Parkinson's is a
very interesting disease because just like there is no set cure or cause, there is no one way diagnosis
for the disease as well. However, doctors take into consideration the many symptoms that are
typically present in someone

Essay On JCT Limited
JCT Limited, one of the main makers of materials and fiber yarn, is the leader organization of
Thapar Group. With operations in two particular organizations – cotton, engineered and mixed
materials and nylon fiber yarn – JCT Limited is a business sector driven organization energized by
great hard working attitude, values and an elevated expectation of execution. It is this society that
has built up the organization's notoriety for being one of the finest in the nation.
JCT Limited was the first material producer in the nation to present eco–accommodating fabrics
made of natural cotton and its material division was the first in the business to be licensed with an
ISO 9001 confirmation in 1996. More than five decades, since it started generation in 1946, the
material unit of JCT Limited has developed into one of the biggest material producers in India. With
coordinated material office in Phagwara (Punjab), a day by day generation ... Show more content on
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A little while later he moved to Calcutta, an office was rented at 9, Dalhousie Square east, where the
associations of Karam Chand Thapar and Co., Karam Chand Thapar and Bros., and Shyamlal
Thapar and Bros. were developed. In 1923 he affected the world always of sorts by acquiring the
rights to experience Bird and Co's. Sirka Coal mine in Hazaribagh.
His 1936 acquisition of the Deoria Sugar Mills in the Gorakhpur District brought a related electric
supply association into his fold. After a lively movement of the sugar manufacturing plants, he
meandered into the matter of security, dry ice, and refrigeration, starch and chemicals and paper. His
desire drove him to get the Mahavir Insurance Co. Ltd., in Calcutta inIn 1946 Karam Chand began
material business by beginning the Jagatjit Cotton Textiles Mills Ltd. At Phagwara in the Punjab.
This factory delivered unfinished fabric for fare to the U.K. where it was further prepared and

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