Geography is backbone of Tourism

1. Under the Aegis of Department of Higher Education
For Undergraduate Tourism (BTTM) Course
Subject: Geography of Tourism
Topic: Role of Geography in Tourism
1st Semester (BTTM) of Gurugram University, Gurugram
Resource Person:
Ravi Kumar Sheoran
Assistant Professor in Tourism Management
Govt. College, Sector-9, Gurugram

2. GEOGRAPHY
The word Geography has been derived from Greek word. Geo
(Earth) + Graphia or Graphos (Description). Together known
as description of the earth.
• The scientific study of the earth’s surface and its physical
features, climate, products and population.
• The renowned Greek scholar Eratosthenes(276-294 B.C.),
who measured the circumference of the earth and was the
first to use the word "geography," is commonly called the
father of geography.
• A literal translation would be “to describe or write about
the Earth”.

3. • Study of human ecology; adjustment of man to natural
surroundings." - Harland Barrows, 1923
• "concerned with the location or spatial variation in both
physical and human phenomena at the earth's surface“
- Martin Kenzer, 1989
"Geography is the study of earth as the home of people"
- Yi-Fu Tuan, 1991
Branches of Geography
Having 36 branches and GIS is newly one.
1. Physical Geography
2. Human Geography

4. Why is Geography Important?
• Geography is known as the “mother of all sciences”
because all other disciplines took root from its existence.
• Geography is a spatial science that deals with many
aspects of social science (e.g. history and anthropology),
physical science (e.g. weather and climate), and technical
science (e.g. GIS and remote sensing).
• Geography is fundamental to the study of tourism,
because tourism is geographical in nature. Tourism occurs
in places, it involves movement and activities between
places .

5. Importance of Geography in
Tourism
• Physical Geography: Attraction
• Transport Geography: Accessibility
• Latitudes & Longitudes: Climatic & Time Zones
• GMT & International Date Line: Flying Time
Calculation
• Map & Globe : Route Identification & Itinerary
Preparation
• Day Light Saving Time: Airlines
• Location of City, Country etc. : Travel Planning

6. Latitudes, Longitudes, GMT & International
Date Line
India’s Geographical Co-ordinates are:-
• 80 4’ N – 370 6’ N Latitudes
• 680 7’ E – 970 25’ E Longitudes

8. Latitude and Longitude
• Any location on Earth is described by two numbers--its
latitude and its longitude. If a pilot or a ship's captain wants to
specify position on a map, these are the "coordinates" they
would use.
• Actually, these are two angles, measured in degrees,
"minutes of arc" and "seconds of arc." These are denoted by
the symbols ( °, ', " ) e.g. The Eiffel Tower has a latitude of
48° 51' 29" means an angle of 48 degrees, 51 minutes and
29 seconds.
• A degree contains 60 minutes of arc and a minute contains
60 seconds of arc.

9. Latitude
• Latitude, usually denoted by the Greek
letter phi (φ) gives the location of a place
on Earth (or other planetary body) north
or south of the equator.
• Latitude measures the distance of a point
on the earth’s surface in relation to the
equator.
• Imaginary lines running horizontally
around the globe.
• Imaginary lines of latitude called parallels
run in an east – west direction around the
globe.

10. • Technically, latitude is an angular measurement in degrees
(marked with °) ranging from 0° at the equator (low
latitude) to 90° at the poles (90° N or +90° for the North
Pole and 90° S or −90° for the South Pole).
• The equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere
and a Southern Hemisphere, and has latitude of 0°.
• Besides the equator, four other lines of latitude are named
because of the role they play in the geometrical relationship
with the Earth and the Sun:
- Arctic Circle : 66° 33′ 39″ N
- Tropic of Cancer : 23° 26′ 21″ N
- Tropic of capricon : 23° 26′ 21″ S
- Antartic Circle : 66° 33′ 39″ S

11. • A degree is divided into 60 minutes. One minute can be
further divided into 60 seconds.
• Each degree of latitude is about 69 miles (110 kms) a
part.

12. Longitude
• Longitude symbolized by the Greek
character Lambda (λ), is the geographic
coordinate most commonly used in
cartography and global navigation for
east-west measurement.
• Longitude measures the distance of point
on the earth’s surface in relation to where
it lies east or west of the prime meridian.
• Imaginary lines of longitude called
meridians run from pole to pole in north –
south direction around the globe.

13.  0° longitude is called the prime meridian. The degrees of
longitude run 180° east and 180° west from the prime
meridian.

14. Geography Co-ordinates
• Latitude and Longitude together are known as Global Co-
ordinates/Geographic co-ordinates.
• By combining longitude and latitude measurements any
location on earth can be determined.
• The unit of measurement for geographic co-ordinates are
degree (0°), minutes (′) and seconds (″).
• A degree contains 60 minutes and a minute contains 60
seconds.
• Longitude and Latitude co-ordinates also include cardinal
direction: north or south of equator for latitude, and east or
west of the prime meridian for longitude.

15. Equator
• It is an imaginary line on the Earth’s surface approximately
equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole that divides
the Earth into a Northern Hemisphere and Southern
Hemisphere.
• The latitude of the equator is 0°. The length of Earth’s
equator is about 40,075 kilometers (24,901.5 mi). The widest
circumference of the globe.
• The sun is directly over head the equator at noon on the two
equinoxes (the time of year when night and day are of equal
length) March 21st and September 23rd.

16. Prime Meridian
• 0° Longitude.
• The PM runs trough the Royal Greenwich Observatory in
Greenwich, England (the location was established in 1884 by
International agreement).
• The Earth’s time zones are measured from the PM.
• The time at 0° is called Universal Time (UT) or Greenwich
Mean Time (GMT).
• With the Greenwich meridian as the starting point, each 15°
east and west marks a new time zone.

17. Tropic of Cancer
• A line of latitude located at 23° 26′ 21″ N of the equator.
• The sun is directly over head the Tropic of cancer on the
summer solstice (21 June) in the Northern Hemisphere.
Marks the northern most point of tropic.
Tropic of Capricorn
• A line of latitude located at 23° 26′ 21″ S.
• The sun is directly over head the Tropic of Capricorn the
summer ( 22 Dec).
• It marks the southern most point of the tropic.

18. Arctic Circle
• A line of latitude located at 66° 33′ 39″ N.
• Delineating the Northern Frigid zone of the Earth.
Antarctic Circle
• A line of latitude located at 66° 33′ 39″ S.
• Delineating the Southern Frigid zone of the Earth.

21. The two important concepts, related to latitude and
(especially) longitude are local time (LT) and Universal
Time:
Local Time
• Is actually a measure of the position of the sun relative to
a locality.
• Somewhere around 6 am it rises, and around 6 pm it sets.
• Local time is what you and I use to regulate our lives
locally, our work time, meals and sleep time.

22. Universal Time
• A single agreed on clock, marking time world
wide, not tied to our locality. That is Universal
Time, which can be defined as the local time in
Greenwich, England, at he zero meridians.
• The travel industry utilizes a 24hrs time clock to
eliminate confusion over a.m. and p.m.
World Time Zones
• In 1884, the world’s major nation agreed to create a series of
standardized time zones in International Geographical
Congress held in London.

23. • The world is now divided into 24 time zones, beginning
with the prime meridian in Greenwich, England.
• The time at Greenwich and all other countries in this zone is
called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and is also referred to
as Universal Time coordinated (UTC).
GMT
• GMT was established in 1675 when Royal Observatory was
built, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea.
• GMT is sometime called Greenwich Meridian Time.
- Marks the starting point of every time zone in the world.
- Located at the eastern edge of London.

24. - The observatory is now a public museum and a brass band
stretching across its yard marks the prime meridian.
- Tourists often get photographed as they straddle it. One
foot in the eastern hemisphere of the Earth, the other is the
western hemisphere.
- GMT is the mean time that the earth takes to rotate from
noon to noon.
- GMT’s longitude = 0° 0′ 0″ and latitude = 51° 28′ 38″N.

26. The time in all other zones can be expressed by referring to
GMT or UTC.
• GMT + 1 (or UTC + 1) = 1 hour ahead of GMT/UTC.
• GMT – 1 (or UTC – 1) = 1 hour behind of GMT/UTC.
• Up to GMT + 12 and GMT – 12.
Time Zone
• A time zone is a region of the earth that has uniform
standard time, usually referred to as the local time.
• Local time is UTC plus the current time zone offset for the
considered location.
• Time zones are divided into standard and daylight saving
(or summer).

27. • In order to maintain the same local time with national
boundaries or group of island. Such local time, fixed by law,
is called Standard Clock Time or Standard Time.
• Certain countries modify their standard time during the
summer by advancing one hour. This change is called
Daylight Saving Time (DST). The clock is general/shifted
one hour forward between April and Oct.
- This “daylight saving time” allow people to take
advantage of earlier sun rises, without shifting their
working hour.
- Is the convention of advancing clocks so that afternoons
have more daylight and mornings have less.

28. The time difference between two points can be determined
as follows: -
- If the local time at both points is ahead of GMT (GMT +)
or behind GMT (GMT -), deduct the smaller from the
larger figure. E.g: GMT + 2 and GMT +10 then 10
minus 2 = 8 hours time difference.
- If the local time is ahead of GMT (GMT +) at the point
and behind GMT (GMT -) at the other, add both figure
together. E.g: GMT +2 and GMT – 5 then 2 plus 5 = 7
hours time difference.

30. International Date Line
• Sits on the 180° line of longitude in the middle of the
Pacific Ocean, and is the imaginary line that separates two
consecutive calendar days.
• It is not a perfectly straight line and has been moved
slightly over the years to accommodate needs of varied
countries in the Pacific Ocean. Note how it bend to include
all of Kiribati in the Eastern Hemisphere.
• In the Eastern Hemisphere, left of the International Date
Line (the date) is always ahead of the date (or day) in the
western Hemisphere.

31. • The planet is divided into 24 time zones and there must be a
place where a day begins, thus the International Date Line.
Travel west across it (gain a day), travel east across it (lose a
day).
• When calculating the time difference between these two
cities, the International Date Line cannot be crossed. The
calculation must be done using GMT/UTC or the
International Dateline must be considered as a wall which
cannot be crossed when calculating time difference.
• All calculation must always be done by using the
GMT/UTC time zone.

35. Thanks
for
Your Valuable Time