The document discusses corpus planning, standardization, and modernization of languages. Corpus planning refers to prescriptive changes made to a language's structure and involves standardizing elements like spelling, vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar. Status planning determines a language's official use in society. Standardization establishes conventional language forms and often involves one dialect becoming predominant. Modernization expands a language's resources to meet new functions, especially by developing terminology for modern topics.

1. CORPUS PLANNING,
STANDARDIZATION
AND MODERNIZATION
Dr. VMS

2. Corpus planning
• Corpus planning refers to the prescriptive intervention in
the forms of a language, whereby planning decisions are
made to engineer changes in the structure of the
language.
• Corpus planning activities often arise as the result of
beliefs about the adequacy of the form of a language to
serve desired functions.
• Unlike status planning, which is mostly undertaken by
administrators and politicians, corpus planning is
generally the work of individuals with greater linguistic
expertise.

3. Corpus planning
• Corpus planning, deals with the internal
structures of language and seeks to standardize
spelling, vocabulary, pronunciation, and
grammatical elements. The effects of corpus
planning are visible in the dictionaries and
grammars of every language or dialect.

4. Status Planning and Corpus Planning
• Status planning focuses on the external
use of language in society, determining
which language or dialect will be "official."
Corpus planning deals with the internal
structures of language to standardize
grammar, spelling, pronunciation, and
vocabulary.

5. Standardization
• Language standardization is the process by
which conventional forms of a language are
established and maintained.
• Standardization may occur as a natural
development of a language in a speech
community or as an effort by members of a
community to impose one dialect or variety as a
standard.
• The term re-standardization refers to the ways in
which a language may be reshaped by its
speakers and writers.

6. Standardization
• The process of standardization often involves one
variety of a language taking precedence over
other social and regional dialects of a language.
• Another approach, where dialects are mutually
intelligible, is to introduce a poly-phonemic written
form that is intended to represent all dialects of a
language adequately but with no standard
spoken form.
• If one dialect is chosen, it comes to be perceived
as supra-dialectal and the 'best' form of the
language.

7. Standardization
• Choosing the standard language has important social
consequences, as it benefits the speakers whose spoken
and written dialect conforms closest to the chosen
standard.
• The chosen standard is generally spoken by the most
powerful social group within society, and it is imposed
upon other groups as the form to emulate, making the
standard norm necessary for socioeconomic mobility.
• In practice, standardization generally entails increasing
the uniformity of the norm, as well as the codification of
the norm.

8. Modernization
• Modernization occurs when a language needs to expand
its resources to meet functions.
• Modernization often occurs when a language undergoes
a shift in status, such as when a country gains
independence from a colonial power or when there is a
change in the language education policy.
• The main force in modernization is the expansion of the
lexicon, which allows the language to discuss topics in
modern semantic domains.
• Language planners generally develop new lists and
glossaries to describe new technical terms, but it is also
necessary to ensure that the new terms are consistently
used by the appropriate sectors within society.