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Sponsoren van de IWO, 2020
22-04-2020
Prof Willem F Lems,
Department of Rheumatology
Amsterdam UMC, location Vumc;
Educational Officer ARC
What is the evidence for population-based screening of
osteoporosis?
(potentiële) belangenverstrengeling
Voor bijeenkomst mogelijk relevante
relaties met bedrijven
Bedrijfsnamen
• Sponsoring of onderzoeksgeld
• Honorarium of andere (financiële)
vergoeding
• Aandeelhouder
• Andere relatie, namelijk …
•
• EliLilly, Curaphar, Amgen, UCB
•
•
Disclosure belangen spreker WF Lems
What is the optimal strategy for prevention
of Osteoporotic Fractures? (1) Case-Finding
• Fracture Liaison Service: Secondary Prevention of Fractures in individual patients 50-
years and over after a recent fracture;
Welke diagnostiek is nodig om het fractuurrisico in te schatten?
-Botdichtheidsmeting (DEXA)
-Vertebral Fracture Assesment (VFA) of Rontgenfoto’s
-Evaluatie valrisico;
-Onderzoek naar secundaire osteoporose
-
CBO 2011
What is the optimal strategy for prevention
of Osteoporotic Fractures? (2): Case Finding
Risicofactor Risicoscore
Gewicht <60 kg en/of BMI < 20 kg/m2 1
Leeftijd > 60 jaar 1
Leeftijd > 70 jaar (>60 jaar niet extra meetellen) 2
Eerdere fractuur na het 50e levensjaar >2 jaar geleden 1
Heupfractuur bij een ouder 1
Verminderde mobiliteit 1
Meer dan 1 keer vallen in het laatste jaar 1
Reumatoïde artritis 1
Aandoening/medicatie met secundaire osteoporose* 1
Gebruik van glucocorticoïden (>3 maanden; ≥7,5 mg/dag) 4
CBO 2011
Bij 4 punten of meer, nadere diagnostiek
Case-finding vs Screening
• Case-finding, nadeel: behandeling van osteoporose start na event (fractuur), of nadat
al botverlies kan zijn opgetreden, secundaire preventie.
• Screening, voordeel: tijdige, vroege behandeling, primaire preventie. Maar: bij wie?
• In Nederland o.a. bij bepaalde leeftijdsgroepen: cervixcarcinoom, mammacarcinoom,
coloncarcinoom.
• Screening bij:
• Ernstige aandoening;
• Interventie mogelijk;
• Goede voorspellende waarde van de test.
• InVS, Nat Osteoporosis Foundation: BMD meting bij alle vrouwen boven 65 jaar
(mannen> 70 jaar).
Is Screening useful for Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures?
• Today: Pros and cons of 3 large RCTs on screening for osteoporosis that has recently
been published.
Ost Int 2018
JBMR 2019
A two-step procedure:
• after randomisation, the baseline risk factor questionnaire was used to calculate the 10-year
probability of hip and major fractures using FRAX;
• women 70-85 years;
• depending on table 1, each patient was classified as low (letter) or high fracture risk (DXA).
32%
Follow-up in 85%
after 5 years!
Primary Outcome: one or
more osteoporotic fractures
during 5 years
Osteoporotic fractures: = Primary Outcome
Discussion:
- First RCT in elderly women (70-85 years) with a community based 2-steps screening;
- Primary Analysis (on osteoporosis related fractures) was negative;
- Secondary Outcomes: reduction in hipfractures (Secondary Outcome): (HR 0.72, -o.59-
0.89, p=0.002), no reduction in all clinical fractures (??), and in mortality.
Only 1/3 participated in the RCT (generalizability?)
Healthy selection bias: mortality lower than expected;
Contamination of Treatment (in control group).
Ost Int 2018
65-80 years
Rubin, et al.
Ost Int 2018
Rubin, et al.
Ost Int 2018
RR:0.85
RR=0.70
RR: 0.89
• Primary Analysis/Intention to treat analysis was negative:
• Non-responders to questionnaire have higher age, comorbidity;
• Lower fracture risk in index group could be, at least partly, be explained by lower risk
profile: younger age, less smoking;
• Control group not a pure control group: (only) 48% had DXA in index group, and 25%
in control group; antiosteoporotic treament 23% versus 18%.
• Strength:
• large-scale effectiveness study implemented in real-life setting;
• patients selected at random from population;
• Use of Danisch health register: virtually complete information on fractures.
Rubin, et al.
Ost Int 2018
• -Women 65-90 years;
• ≥ 1clinical risk factor Osteoporosis (not exactly FRAX)
• Ten year major osteoporotic fracture probablility according to a femoral neck BMD
above age-dependant tresholds and a DXA (≤-2) or a prevalent fracture was treatment
indication.
• (Vertebral fracture: ≥25% height loss thoracic spine, 20% lumbar spine)
JBMR 2019
JBMR 2019
Only 21% randomised
JBMR 2019
75% in
screening
33% treatment-
indication
86% on
treatment
67% on treatment
JBMR 2019
75% in
screening 2% DXA/VFA
33% treatment-
indication
86% on
treatment
67% on treatment
20.7% in screening group
and 5.3% in control group
were treated
Edotoial lacet
JBMR 2019
• Conclusie: pragmatic study of screening and treatment did not result in statistically
significant reduction of (any) fractures.
• Only 21% of 53.794 were randomised; lack of awareness of osteoporosis in general
population one of the key reasons?
• Only 75% of patients in screening group did participate in the DXA/VFA screening
programme, thus 25% did not
• Only 20.7% in treatment group started anti-osteoporotic treatment, with a relatively
high adherence to treatment: 86% after 18 months, 67% after 3 years;
• But: 5.3% in control group was treated;
• Design:
• Randomised studies were selected that screened for high fracture risk:
• - screened in a general population;
• - at least bone densitometry;
• - provided subsequent anti-osteoporosis drug-treatment;
• - usual care as comparator;
• - fracture related outcom
• Primary outcome: fractures;
• Secondary outcome: mortality.
Ost Int 2019
Ost Int 2019
N=42,009 participants
Ost Int 2019
Statistically significant decrease in
osteoporotic fractures, major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures
Ost Int 2019
No statistically significant decrease in all fractures, and
in all-cause mortality
• Authors: meta-analysis showed that population screening is
effective to reduce osteoporotic fractures, major osteoporotic
fractures and hipfractures.
• Comment:
• -reduction in fracture risk is small;
• -cost-analysis has not been done;
• Nummer needed to screen for prevention of hipfracture: 272
• But: after screening and DXA, only 11%, 15% and 18% started
anti-osteoporotic drug treatment.
Ost Int 2019
Discussie:
Is screenen ter preventie van fracturen zinvol? (1)
• Uit een meta-analyse van 3 grote studies blijkt fractuurreductie mogelijk, maar de
reductie in percentage osteoporotische fracturen is klein;
• Weakness:
• Moeilijk uit te voeren studies, oa omdat:
• Veel individuen doen niet mee, soms wel 50% wil vragenlijst niet invullen (lage
awareness osteoporose?);
• Patienten die wel participeren en in controle groep terecht komen, laten zich wel
behandelen (cross-over);
• Kosten-effectiviteit niet aangetoond;
• Eigenlijk vooral reductie in heupfracturen, nauwelijks reductie in andere fracturen,
dat is opvallend!
Discussie:
Is screenen ter preventie van fracturen zinvol? (1)
• Uit een meta-analyse van 3 grote studies blijkt fractuurreductie mogelijk, maar de
reductie in percentage osteoporotische fracturen is klein;
• Strength:
• Opmerkelijk genoeg wel substantiele reductie in heupfracturen: 20%;
• Goede therapie trouw in Nederlandse studie;
• Klein percentage is behandeld, 15-20%;
• Alle 3 studies hebben gemeen dat het een twee-traps procedure is, met zowel
klinische risicofactoren als afwijkende imaging (BMD en/ofVFA).
Dank voor uw aandacht! Vragen? Of wf.lems@amsterdamumc.nl
• Estimated Costs
• Questionnaire: 10 euro x 139.000= 1.390.000
• (FRAX: not counted apart)
• Screening DXA (meta-analysis): 100 euro x 21.000= 2.100.000;
• Drugs treatment for five years (bisphospho/ calcium/vit D) in 15%= 6300 (individuals) x
5 years x 0, 6 (adherence) x 50 (euro per year for b/c/v)= 6 50controle-visits: 150 x
6000= 945.000
• 6300 patients in follow-up (visits, lab? second DXA): 6300x 300= 189.000
• Total costs 5.624.000
• Estimates Savings:
• 67 osteoporotic fractures: 67x 2500=167.500
• 86 major fractures: 86 x 5.000 = 430.000
• 94 hipfractures : 94 x 25.000 =2.350.000
• Total 2.7801.675 euro fracture related savings
• Conclusion: 5.624.000 (Costs) – 27801.675 (Savings)= 2.217.675 euro
• No cost saving, 8978 € per fracture.
•
• Thus: 5.624.000 (Costs) – 27801.675 (Savings)= 2.217.675 euro Extra Costs
• But: 67 osteoporotic fractures, 86 major fractures and 99 hipfractures saved
• No cost saving,
• 8978 € per fracture, which seems to be acceptable.
• NB: veel individuen doen niet mee, soms wel 50% wil vragenlijst niet invullen (lage
awareness osteoporose?: potentieel verbetering mogelijk);
• Patienten die wel participeren en in controle groep terecht komen, laten zich wel
behandelen (cross-over): dit vermindert het contrast in fractuur-aantallen, in
werkelijkheid dus betere kosten-effectiviteit.
Ost Int 2019
No statistically signiicant decrease/change in
mortality
Effect of medication THAT CAN CURRENTLY BE PRESCRIBED in
primary analysis of all placebo-controlled RCTs with fractures
as primary endpoint
Medicament Vertebral
Fractures
Nonvertebral
Fractures
Hip Fractures
Follow-
up
Relatief
effect
Kwaliteit
bewijs
Relatief effect Kwaliteit
bewijs
Relatief effect Kwaliteit
bewijs
Alendronaat 1-4 jaar 0.55 (0.45-0.67) Hoog 0.84 (0.74-0.94) Hoog 0.61 (0.4-0.92) Hoog
Risedronaat 2-3 jaar 0.63 (0.51-0.77) Hoog 0.80 (0.72-0.90) Hoog 0.74 (0.59-0.94) Hoog
Etidronaat 2-4 jaar 0.59 (0.36-0.96) Hoog 1.07 (0.72-1.06) Matig 1.20 (0.37-3.88) Matig
Zoledronaat 2 jaar 0.30 (0.24-0.38) Hoog 0.75 (0.64-0.87) Hoog 0.59 (0.42-0.83) Hoog
Strontiumranelaat 3 jaar 0.63 (0.56-0.71) Hoog 0.86 (0.75-0.98) Hoog Niet te bepalen
Teriparatide 1.5 jaar 0.36 (0.28-0.47) Hoog 0.62 (0.48-0.82) Hoog Niet te bepalen
Denosumab 3 jaar 0.32 (0.26-0.41) Hoog 0.80 (0.67-0.95) Hoog 0.60 (0.37-0.96) Hoog
Raloxifen 3 jaar 0.60 (0.50-0.70) Hoog 0.91 (0.79-1.06) Matig Niet te bepalen
Ibandronaat 3 jaar 0.50 (0.34-0.74) Hoog Niet te bepalen Niet te bepalen
CBO Osteoporose en Fractuurpreventie, 2011
The Osteoporosis Paradox
Siris et al, JBMR, 2004

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IWO bijeenkomst - 22 april Prof. Lems

  • 1. Sponsoren van de IWO, 2020
  • 2. 22-04-2020 Prof Willem F Lems, Department of Rheumatology Amsterdam UMC, location Vumc; Educational Officer ARC What is the evidence for population-based screening of osteoporosis?
  • 3. (potentiële) belangenverstrengeling Voor bijeenkomst mogelijk relevante relaties met bedrijven Bedrijfsnamen • Sponsoring of onderzoeksgeld • Honorarium of andere (financiële) vergoeding • Aandeelhouder • Andere relatie, namelijk … • • EliLilly, Curaphar, Amgen, UCB • • Disclosure belangen spreker WF Lems
  • 4. What is the optimal strategy for prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures? (1) Case-Finding • Fracture Liaison Service: Secondary Prevention of Fractures in individual patients 50- years and over after a recent fracture; Welke diagnostiek is nodig om het fractuurrisico in te schatten? -Botdichtheidsmeting (DEXA) -Vertebral Fracture Assesment (VFA) of Rontgenfoto’s -Evaluatie valrisico; -Onderzoek naar secundaire osteoporose - CBO 2011
  • 5. What is the optimal strategy for prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures? (2): Case Finding Risicofactor Risicoscore Gewicht <60 kg en/of BMI < 20 kg/m2 1 Leeftijd > 60 jaar 1 Leeftijd > 70 jaar (>60 jaar niet extra meetellen) 2 Eerdere fractuur na het 50e levensjaar >2 jaar geleden 1 Heupfractuur bij een ouder 1 Verminderde mobiliteit 1 Meer dan 1 keer vallen in het laatste jaar 1 Reumatoïde artritis 1 Aandoening/medicatie met secundaire osteoporose* 1 Gebruik van glucocorticoïden (>3 maanden; ≥7,5 mg/dag) 4 CBO 2011 Bij 4 punten of meer, nadere diagnostiek
  • 6. Case-finding vs Screening • Case-finding, nadeel: behandeling van osteoporose start na event (fractuur), of nadat al botverlies kan zijn opgetreden, secundaire preventie. • Screening, voordeel: tijdige, vroege behandeling, primaire preventie. Maar: bij wie? • In Nederland o.a. bij bepaalde leeftijdsgroepen: cervixcarcinoom, mammacarcinoom, coloncarcinoom. • Screening bij: • Ernstige aandoening; • Interventie mogelijk; • Goede voorspellende waarde van de test. • InVS, Nat Osteoporosis Foundation: BMD meting bij alle vrouwen boven 65 jaar (mannen> 70 jaar).
  • 7. Is Screening useful for Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures? • Today: Pros and cons of 3 large RCTs on screening for osteoporosis that has recently been published. Ost Int 2018 JBMR 2019
  • 8. A two-step procedure: • after randomisation, the baseline risk factor questionnaire was used to calculate the 10-year probability of hip and major fractures using FRAX; • women 70-85 years; • depending on table 1, each patient was classified as low (letter) or high fracture risk (DXA).
  • 9. 32%
  • 10. Follow-up in 85% after 5 years! Primary Outcome: one or more osteoporotic fractures during 5 years
  • 11. Osteoporotic fractures: = Primary Outcome
  • 12. Discussion: - First RCT in elderly women (70-85 years) with a community based 2-steps screening; - Primary Analysis (on osteoporosis related fractures) was negative; - Secondary Outcomes: reduction in hipfractures (Secondary Outcome): (HR 0.72, -o.59- 0.89, p=0.002), no reduction in all clinical fractures (??), and in mortality. Only 1/3 participated in the RCT (generalizability?) Healthy selection bias: mortality lower than expected; Contamination of Treatment (in control group).
  • 14. Rubin, et al. Ost Int 2018
  • 15. Rubin, et al. Ost Int 2018 RR:0.85 RR=0.70 RR: 0.89
  • 16. • Primary Analysis/Intention to treat analysis was negative: • Non-responders to questionnaire have higher age, comorbidity; • Lower fracture risk in index group could be, at least partly, be explained by lower risk profile: younger age, less smoking; • Control group not a pure control group: (only) 48% had DXA in index group, and 25% in control group; antiosteoporotic treament 23% versus 18%. • Strength: • large-scale effectiveness study implemented in real-life setting; • patients selected at random from population; • Use of Danisch health register: virtually complete information on fractures. Rubin, et al. Ost Int 2018
  • 17. • -Women 65-90 years; • ≥ 1clinical risk factor Osteoporosis (not exactly FRAX) • Ten year major osteoporotic fracture probablility according to a femoral neck BMD above age-dependant tresholds and a DXA (≤-2) or a prevalent fracture was treatment indication. • (Vertebral fracture: ≥25% height loss thoracic spine, 20% lumbar spine) JBMR 2019
  • 18. JBMR 2019 Only 21% randomised
  • 19. JBMR 2019 75% in screening 33% treatment- indication 86% on treatment 67% on treatment
  • 20. JBMR 2019 75% in screening 2% DXA/VFA 33% treatment- indication 86% on treatment 67% on treatment 20.7% in screening group and 5.3% in control group were treated
  • 22. • Conclusie: pragmatic study of screening and treatment did not result in statistically significant reduction of (any) fractures. • Only 21% of 53.794 were randomised; lack of awareness of osteoporosis in general population one of the key reasons? • Only 75% of patients in screening group did participate in the DXA/VFA screening programme, thus 25% did not • Only 20.7% in treatment group started anti-osteoporotic treatment, with a relatively high adherence to treatment: 86% after 18 months, 67% after 3 years; • But: 5.3% in control group was treated;
  • 23. • Design: • Randomised studies were selected that screened for high fracture risk: • - screened in a general population; • - at least bone densitometry; • - provided subsequent anti-osteoporosis drug-treatment; • - usual care as comparator; • - fracture related outcom • Primary outcome: fractures; • Secondary outcome: mortality. Ost Int 2019
  • 24. Ost Int 2019 N=42,009 participants
  • 25. Ost Int 2019 Statistically significant decrease in osteoporotic fractures, major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures
  • 26. Ost Int 2019 No statistically significant decrease in all fractures, and in all-cause mortality
  • 27. • Authors: meta-analysis showed that population screening is effective to reduce osteoporotic fractures, major osteoporotic fractures and hipfractures. • Comment: • -reduction in fracture risk is small; • -cost-analysis has not been done; • Nummer needed to screen for prevention of hipfracture: 272 • But: after screening and DXA, only 11%, 15% and 18% started anti-osteoporotic drug treatment. Ost Int 2019
  • 28. Discussie: Is screenen ter preventie van fracturen zinvol? (1) • Uit een meta-analyse van 3 grote studies blijkt fractuurreductie mogelijk, maar de reductie in percentage osteoporotische fracturen is klein; • Weakness: • Moeilijk uit te voeren studies, oa omdat: • Veel individuen doen niet mee, soms wel 50% wil vragenlijst niet invullen (lage awareness osteoporose?); • Patienten die wel participeren en in controle groep terecht komen, laten zich wel behandelen (cross-over); • Kosten-effectiviteit niet aangetoond; • Eigenlijk vooral reductie in heupfracturen, nauwelijks reductie in andere fracturen, dat is opvallend!
  • 29. Discussie: Is screenen ter preventie van fracturen zinvol? (1) • Uit een meta-analyse van 3 grote studies blijkt fractuurreductie mogelijk, maar de reductie in percentage osteoporotische fracturen is klein; • Strength: • Opmerkelijk genoeg wel substantiele reductie in heupfracturen: 20%; • Goede therapie trouw in Nederlandse studie; • Klein percentage is behandeld, 15-20%; • Alle 3 studies hebben gemeen dat het een twee-traps procedure is, met zowel klinische risicofactoren als afwijkende imaging (BMD en/ofVFA).
  • 30. Dank voor uw aandacht! Vragen? Of wf.lems@amsterdamumc.nl
  • 31.
  • 32. • Estimated Costs • Questionnaire: 10 euro x 139.000= 1.390.000 • (FRAX: not counted apart) • Screening DXA (meta-analysis): 100 euro x 21.000= 2.100.000; • Drugs treatment for five years (bisphospho/ calcium/vit D) in 15%= 6300 (individuals) x 5 years x 0, 6 (adherence) x 50 (euro per year for b/c/v)= 6 50controle-visits: 150 x 6000= 945.000 • 6300 patients in follow-up (visits, lab? second DXA): 6300x 300= 189.000 • Total costs 5.624.000
  • 33. • Estimates Savings: • 67 osteoporotic fractures: 67x 2500=167.500 • 86 major fractures: 86 x 5.000 = 430.000 • 94 hipfractures : 94 x 25.000 =2.350.000 • Total 2.7801.675 euro fracture related savings • Conclusion: 5.624.000 (Costs) – 27801.675 (Savings)= 2.217.675 euro • No cost saving, 8978 € per fracture. •
  • 34. • Thus: 5.624.000 (Costs) – 27801.675 (Savings)= 2.217.675 euro Extra Costs • But: 67 osteoporotic fractures, 86 major fractures and 99 hipfractures saved • No cost saving, • 8978 € per fracture, which seems to be acceptable. • NB: veel individuen doen niet mee, soms wel 50% wil vragenlijst niet invullen (lage awareness osteoporose?: potentieel verbetering mogelijk); • Patienten die wel participeren en in controle groep terecht komen, laten zich wel behandelen (cross-over): dit vermindert het contrast in fractuur-aantallen, in werkelijkheid dus betere kosten-effectiviteit.
  • 35. Ost Int 2019 No statistically signiicant decrease/change in mortality
  • 36. Effect of medication THAT CAN CURRENTLY BE PRESCRIBED in primary analysis of all placebo-controlled RCTs with fractures as primary endpoint Medicament Vertebral Fractures Nonvertebral Fractures Hip Fractures Follow- up Relatief effect Kwaliteit bewijs Relatief effect Kwaliteit bewijs Relatief effect Kwaliteit bewijs Alendronaat 1-4 jaar 0.55 (0.45-0.67) Hoog 0.84 (0.74-0.94) Hoog 0.61 (0.4-0.92) Hoog Risedronaat 2-3 jaar 0.63 (0.51-0.77) Hoog 0.80 (0.72-0.90) Hoog 0.74 (0.59-0.94) Hoog Etidronaat 2-4 jaar 0.59 (0.36-0.96) Hoog 1.07 (0.72-1.06) Matig 1.20 (0.37-3.88) Matig Zoledronaat 2 jaar 0.30 (0.24-0.38) Hoog 0.75 (0.64-0.87) Hoog 0.59 (0.42-0.83) Hoog Strontiumranelaat 3 jaar 0.63 (0.56-0.71) Hoog 0.86 (0.75-0.98) Hoog Niet te bepalen Teriparatide 1.5 jaar 0.36 (0.28-0.47) Hoog 0.62 (0.48-0.82) Hoog Niet te bepalen Denosumab 3 jaar 0.32 (0.26-0.41) Hoog 0.80 (0.67-0.95) Hoog 0.60 (0.37-0.96) Hoog Raloxifen 3 jaar 0.60 (0.50-0.70) Hoog 0.91 (0.79-1.06) Matig Niet te bepalen Ibandronaat 3 jaar 0.50 (0.34-0.74) Hoog Niet te bepalen Niet te bepalen CBO Osteoporose en Fractuurpreventie, 2011
  • 37. The Osteoporosis Paradox Siris et al, JBMR, 2004