Nature And Culture, Humans And Non-Human Dualism

Nature And Culture, Humans And Non-Human Dualism
Nature and culture and humans and non–human dualism are first and foremost produced by the modern knowledge production and particularly echoed
by the humanistic perspective where greater focus and attention is given to the humans over other beings. This intentional and unintentional act of
duality created, I argue, has become immaterial with the appearance of the posthumanistic perspective.
First and foremost, with the current development in the field of biotechnology, the increased dependence on machines for various purposes, the
multiplication of hybrid substances for diverse purposes, coupled with many more happenings in the contemporary times suggest that our life is
interwoven with all manner of non–humans and it will be impossible to uniquely separate humans from non–humans (Anderson, 2013). The two
entities are inseparable and based on this premise of inseparability between the humans and non–humans, nature and culture, it suffices to say that,
though some of the arguments raised by the humanistic perspective are valid, the overarching supremacy accorded to humans and its consciousness
over other non–humans are far–fetched and immaterial. As aptly put by Jones, "and somewhat understandably, humans tend to think of themselves and
their societies as rather different to nature, and rather special" (2009, p.7) in the face of complement roles performed by both.
Secondly, the human and non–human and nature–culture dualism has become immaterial because as Latour states the
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The Field Of Archaeology: The Study Of Human Culture
Archaeology can be defined as the study of past cultures through their material remains. While we have records and histories from recent civilizations,
archaeology is integral to our understanding of ancient culture and civilization which came before written history, or whose recorded history has been
destroyed or lost. The most important thing that the field of archaeology can provide is a glimpse into the time before recorded history, the development
of humanity, its culture, and how we came to be where we are today. The field of archaeology is incredibly important to understanding human culture
and its development throughout prehistory. It is through the efforts of archaeologists that we have distinctions such as the stone... Show more content
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In early Greek art, as in prehistoric art, we see many of the same ideas repeated: the figurines of women (and men) with distorted proportions or
specific parts made in an abstracted or unrealistic way. We also see the distinction of gender and establishment of gender roles in society. We begin
to see figurines and drawings of Gods and the establishment of early fertility cults, and the same pictures (and later figurines) of animals, which start
to be integrated into early religious ritual in some cases. Archaeologists are able to trace and document, through carbon 14 dating, how different ideas
may have developed through time. It is also through early art that we begin to see the advent of written language: First through the use of pictographs
(I will not use the adjective 'simple' to describe them, as they grew to be, in several cases (Minoan, Mayan, and Egyptian, among others), extremely
complex.) and later through the use of an 'alphabet' of sorts, and the birth of recorded history. We can also trace how architecture developed from
prehistoric times, when 'architecture' consisted of nothing more than portable wood or animal skin shelters, to the wattle–and–daub and mud brick
houses of the bronze age, to more complex structures like chamber tombs, cities with shared walls, extremely complex palaces and the later, much more
sophisticated, classical architecture. All of these discoveries contribute to the study of Greek culture, to which the understanding of art and architecture
is very important. Without knowing about the roots of art and architecture in general, we can never fully understand the progression and repetition of
figures, forms, and ideas throughout the prehistoric world and into the modern era, where these ideas are more free to

How Do Ancient Astronauts Have Altered Human Culture
There has been a big controversy for as long as anybody can remember whether ancient astronauts have visited earth and altered the human culture and
development or not. There are many theorists out there that will tell you first hand that ancient astronauts do exist and will give you all the
explanations they have until they prove to you that they do exist. Most of them do know what they are talking about. Ancient astronauts did come to
earth a long, long time ago, they did help humans advance in technology and did inspire the human culture because there is too much evidence of large
and precise structures being built that humans even in modern time would have trouble building, and also because humans most likely did not know
where to start for their culture, and ancient astronauts helped humans build all of that, thus, ancient astronauts had to have existed with all the
explanations to back up this conspiracy, and ancient astronauts may not be here now, but they for sure were once here on earth.... Show more content on
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Ancient astronauts did not let humans look at them or near them, the only humans that were allowed to be near them and speak to them, priests
because they were the closest to God. Priests, though could not just walk up to the ancient astronauts, they had to cover and cleanse themselves with a
certain germicide because the ancient astronauts did not want to get any earthly diseases. They traveled around the world using chemical fuel and only
landed on mountain tops or rocky outcroppings to reduce dust and have the most protection of humans. When the astronauts would land the priests
would already be waiting for them, but in caves where they were safe from their transportation. (Randle

Evolution Of Human Culture Developed Based On Our Environment
The earth is an ever evolving planet in the universe that has changed dramatically since the beginning of time. Physically people have seen, measured,
and recorded changes in land mass and population growth in different parts of the world due to supply and demand of resources. Theories such as the
"Pangea Theory" or the "Bering Strait" theory have given insight into how human culture developed based on our environment. Through the study of
history, people can see the course of the human lineage as well. Human evolution started with the phylogeny Hominoidea, a superfamily that includes
humans and all living apes. Out of Hominoidea, the earliest genus that exists today is the genus Homo which is comprised of Homo sapiens that
includes modern humans, as well as several extinct species classified as ancestral to or closely related to modern humans. One the earliest known
hominids, a species that comes from the genus homo, is Homo habilis. What makes Homo habilis special is that it was the first of the human species to
have a notable increase in brain size and be found with stone tools. Through an observation of Homo habilis, we can see large similarities between
humans within this common ancestors characteristics.
Homo habilis was discovered by Louis and Mary Leaky and their other coworkers Johnathan Leaky, Philip Tobias, and British Scientist John Naiper, in
1960. They both believed that humanities roots in Africa had been taken for granted and that people weren't

Culture : Cultural And Other Manifestations Of Human...
Otman Belkouteb
Communication Theory
Dr. Bradford
Cultural Approach to Organizations
The term "culture" has been used more and more recently but what exactly does it mean? Some have even regarded culture as "the most central
problem of all social science" (Malinowski, 1939). According to Merriam Webster (2016),culture is defined as the arts and other manifestations of
human achievements. If culture was as simple as Merriam–Webster defines it then the lives of anthropologists, sociologists, and psychologists would
be much easier. As we know, culture varies greatly across religion, countries, and some cases in just states; the difference between the north and the
south. We can conclude that culture is a set of shared thoughts, values, and cognitions (Geertz, 1973). With culture in itself varying tremendously based
on values and location, then surely organizational culture is no simple concept either. The term "organizational culture" has just recently become to be
used more (Barley, 1988). Though there may be disagreements on defining culture universally, researchers tend to agree that culture is of vital
importance in an organizational context, whether that organization is a company or a government (Kilmann, Saxton, & Serpa, 1986).
Various studies have looked into the relationship between a particular individual and how their values align with an organization or government
(Graham, 1976), recent studies have begun to look into individuals in organizations whose values and

The Role Of Human Nature In American Culture
What does my culture tell me about human nature? Good question, but first, we need to establish, what is human nature? I would say, human nature is
what makes us unique, it is something captured at birth, its instinctive, biological and something that differentiates us from every other species on
earth. The question then becomes, can our culture influence this natural state, or are we pre–disposed as "human beings" to be inherently different from
one another based on origin of birth. I believe all human beings, share a common bond and special connection that makes uniquely human, no matter
social status, religious belief, or country of origin. You are first and foremost a Human Being, then the culture you live in will change or influence you
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Yes, but not in any natural, biological, or inherent way. Cultures do change humans over time, if the culture is good, then the people for the most
part will be good. If the culture is bad, then people can and will become evil. Nazi Germany under Hitler's rule was Evil, and yes, some people
committed horrible atrocities, but does this mean all Germans were evil, no way, in fact, some Germans hated the Nazis and would do anything in
their power to stop them. This was an eye–opening assignment and really made me think, I would've loved this to have been a "forum post
assignment" I'm sure opinions and thoughts would greatly

Human Sacrifice In Ancient Egyptian Culture
Human sacrifice Yizhuo Chen 12/21/2016
Human sacrifice is an important matter and human behavior in prehistory in the evolution of ancient civilization. It is the act of killing human. Usually
human sacrifice comes with deity as a ritual activity. Throughout history, human sacrifice has been practiced in diverse cultures and different
civilizations. As far as I know, there are some bizarre methods ofhuman sacrifice in history.
In Ancient Egypt, pharaohs had the highest positions in Egyptian society not only in religion but also in politics. In early pharaonic civilization, as long
as pharaohs deceased, pharaohs were buried with their servants and retainers. This behavior is cruel and violent because servants and retainers were
still alive when they were buried. All the people in Ancient Egypt had a common view with the belief that servants and retainers still could serve their
owner after they had been dead. There are evidences show that servants and retainers were forced to take some drugs which can make them in a
drug–induced state. So they were just walking into the tomb without revolt [1][2].
In the low–land Yucatec Maya especially in Chichen Itza, there are some natural limestone pits and sinkholes which were called cenotes.
Archaeologists have already found human remains in these areas. Cenotes were called "virgin water" that were places of Maya human sacrifice. Ball
game was always held by Mayans in Chichen Itza, and it always came

Human Culture And Its Impact On The World
Introduction
Humans are one of the smartest creatures to walk on the face of the earth, and we have shaped society in many different ways for many different
cultures. From the beginning of the first civilization till today, humans have had one common goal: how to make things better, and how to become
more efficient as well as more productive. Every revolution that took place in human history, it brought drastic change to ways of living and of course
mostly for good reasons. From the era when the wheel was first introduced to the era when the light bulb was invented, we will agree that today's
human is by far the most advanced human in the history of mankind, and it will only get more advanced.
Business has always been a part of human culture, but overtime, doing business has become more and more competitive. Network is crucial to
business world, as doing business has become more and more global, in order for business to stay competitive and have edge over their competitor
business or any idea has to be global. Everyday there is someone who comes out with a new idea, but most ideas don't make it up to the level where
they become part of a human life and existence. In today's world, social media has become a part of human life and business world. Doing business
anywhere in the world has never been this easy, and staying in touch with your friends and family across the globe never felt this close. Social
networks like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest and YouTube

Human Sexuality And Culture Course
While taking this Human Sexuality and Culture course, I was presented with a question during one of the discussions: If you had a child with
ambiguous genitalia, what would you do? How would you raise him or her? I had to think about this question for a few moments; I had never even
considered it! I live in a culture where people fight for equality and others strive to be accepted because they may be different but they are human
beings, and I support them; yet, I never imagined how I would be as a parent to such a person. How could I raise someone who would be so young
and still have more courage than I had, because they, unlike me, could stand against a thousand people telling them they are wrong and still know they
were right? What would... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is estimated that between 0.05% and 1.7% of the global population are born intersex; the latter estimation is close to the percent of the population of
red–haired people (Larsson, 2016). Only two countries in the world have made formal guidelines preventing surgery on intersex infants. In January
earlier this year, the Chilean government issued a guidance to stop healthcare professionals from intervening, and in April of last year the country of
Malta was the first country to prohibit these surgeries by law (Larsson, 2016).
The Morality of Abortion. A very controversial issue in modern politics is a mother's right to abort pregnancy. One side, pro–life, include those "who
are morally opposed to abortion, believe it is akin to murder, and hold that it should be made illegal"; the other side, pro–choice, includes those "who
believe that a mother has a moral and legal right to choose to abort her pregnancy" (Hock, 2016, p. 339). I have debated the morality of abortion
since I was old enough to comprehend what exactly it was. I have gone from one side to the other, sometimes believing that the fetus deserves a
chance at life and other times realizing the effects it may have on the mother. My reasoning for supporting pro–life is based on fetal development so
early in the pregnancy. By only the tenth week of

Evolution Of Humans : Human Biology And Early Culture Essay
Evolution of Humans No one can be absolutely sure when the first humans actually walked the Earth, only approximations can be made.
Approximately 200,000 years ago species are developed in Africa. Most human species and most human biology and early culture in its broadest sense
originated in Africa. Archaeologist and anthropologist may have been able to pinpoint exactly where the earlyhuman species lived and approximately
how long ago they lived but are their assumptions correct? A huge part of history is based on assumption, there are many ways anthropologists and
archaeologist came to these assumptions. They looked at climate, tooth decay, physical bones, and many other distinctions. These main three climate,
tooth decay, and physical bones make the most sense to me, because newer and more accurate evidence can be pulled from these three distinctions.
Looking at climate can be a huge part of when human evolution began. The climate during the last 6–7 million years when hominins evolved to modern
humans was characterized by high variability. Climate can show many things an example that could be found is a river from millions of years ago
that is now buried below land. This river can show hominins might have lived in that particular area, or that they could have been ago to live in that
area. Research shows the importance of fresh water availability is for hominin survival, and it says that the need for swift and efficient movement
between ever shrinking sources of

The Cultural Impacts Of Culture And Cultural Evolution In...
Introduction If you compare your DNA to the person sitting next to you, how similar do you think it will be? It turns out that biologically humans are
about 99.0–99.9% similar to each other. We know that these small differences account for distinctive variation such as hair, eye, and skin color.
However, the person next to you may not speak the same language, have the same beliefs, or have the same customs. Therefore all aspects of human
behavior are not determined by biology. So what accounts for these differences? In this chapter we will explore culture and how cultural evolution has
impacted humans.
What is Culture? (couple paragraphs, general ideas, cultural phenomena)
Culture is the transmission of ideas and technologies across generations. Unlike genetics humans are not born with culture, they learn it from the people
around them and their environment. A society's language, food, arts, clothes, religion, beliefs, and tools all fall under the umbrella of culture. Thus,
accounting for the differences found between people. However, just like biology, culture cannot account for all human behavior.
In order for behaviors to be considered cultural, they must fit into a criteria established by cultural anthropologist. Anthropologist study the culture of
local and global communities. In order to obtain accurate information from different communities cultural anthropologist engage in a practice called
fieldwork. When conducting fieldwork anthropologist must establish

Examples Of Human Development In Paleolithic Culture
Some examples of human cultural development in the Paleolithic Culture would be that the humans gradually evolved from early members of the
genus homo habilis. Since then they had evolved from those to hominid humans. Another example of human cultural development was the tools that
were made from 4.4 billion to 1.6 million years ago. The tools that they would usually use were pebble tools, hand axes, and choppers. From 1 million
to 25,000 years ago, the tools were changed, the tools were made to become flake tools as it was called.
Some other examples of human cultural in the Paleolithic culture was in the "Ice Age" era was that they discovered fire, they buried their dead, made
cave paintings, sewing, and made spears. They also made harpoons

Human Nature And Culture Being Responsible For Warfare
There is little interpretation necessary when two groups of men are painted shooting arrows at one another or when skeletal remains are recovered
inflicted by human weapons that predate to when hunters–gatherers once lived. This goes against the philosopher, Jean–Jacques Rousseau's theory of
warfare, which opposes human nature and culture being responsible for warfare, but as being a result of civilization. Evidence says otherwise.
Warfare came before civilization had begun, but differently from the war we know today. The way of life was completely different, resulting in the
way humans fought to also differ; from tactics and weapons to the reasons why they even fought to begin with. Evidence such as our closest living
relatives, the chimpanzees, which contains a difference of two percent from our DNA (Dyer, 2005). Chimpanzees share a lot of similar characteristic,
which Jane Goodall has discovered though out her 40 years of research. I will also explore different pre–civilization tribes that also display
recognizable war like behaviour, and the different findings to support that. Lastly, that brings us to the physical evidence that archaeologists have
recovered over the years, such as human remains bearing weapons traumas suggesting death from these injuries were inflicted by human weapons such
as, fractured bones, spear wounds, and stone blade lodged between the ribs. But first, I will begin with how hunter–gatherers once lived to help you
better understand the way of

The Moral Code Of Human Culture
Much of human culture is built upon basic principles that we as people may, or may not, even be aware that we are adhering to. Most people never
stop to question why it is that we cherish certain animals, yet consume others. Almost all American's would be disgusted if I mentioned that in China,
it is socially acceptable to eat dogs and cats, and many Indian's would find it completely reprehensible that people in America eat cows. Those who
choose to eat meat and other animal products, and those who choose to abstain from these products for moral reasons tend to have wildly different
views on animals and the roles they play in our society. What is it that gives us, as humans, the right to take another living being's life? These issues
seem ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Singer goes on to state that according to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, a person with a profound intellectual
or developmental disability is characterized as a person with: an IQ of less than 25, who will always require much supervision; though, they may
acquire some self–help skills, have an ability to understand that exceeds their ability to speak, may have little or no speech, may be capable of
following simple directions, have no academic skills, may be unable to perform any useful work; though, with training may be able to achieve a
work–activity level of productivity, and who may appear socially isolated and pay little attention to others except as it relates to their own needs. If the
argument for speciesism is that non–human animals are not as intelligent, and therefore less morally important, how do we justify this thought pattern
in the light of humans who have a lower IQ and less cognitive functioning than an ape?
While Apes are not routinely consumed, pigs are, and they have been found to have cognitive functioning and intelligence at about the level of a 3
year old human child. Donald Brook, a Professor of Animal Welfare at the University of Cambridge Veterinary School remarks, "Pigs have the
cognitive ability to be quite sophisticated. Even more so than dogs and certainly [more so than]

Culture Is The Greatest Human Invention
Cultureis the learned values, beliefs, and rules of conduct that are shared to some extent by the members of a society that govern their behavior with
one another. It is the greatest human invention, it is the ultimate definition of what, where, and how we call a place our home. In this essay I will
discuss the characteristics, process, and elements within culture, as well as an in–depth look into the different categories and the topic of race within
culture. A few basic components of culture are cognitive process, behavior, and material creations. Cognitive processes are the basic outline or ground
work by which people think, reason, and give value. These frameworks for thought are learned by enculturation in both formal and informal situations
throughout their lives. "We cannot view the cognitive processes that create a value system within an individual 's mind, but we can view the
outcome..." (28–29). this means that while we cannot view the creation of values in a culture, we can witness the embodiment of these learned
perspectives. When an individual's actions reflect their cognitive process, they 're presenting their learned behavior. Behavior is another component of
culture because everything from the way we use our bodies to how we interact in social or secluded situations is a result from how and where we were
raised. Finally, material creations help define culture because objects like art, artifacts or features often reflect the creator's cultural thoughts,

Communication Is The Most Vital Part Of Human...
Non–verbal communication is not universal and often misunderstood. While understanding another culture dialect or accent appears difficult, the
effects of non–verbal communication, directly or indirectly, is equally difficult and sometimes convey as offensive to someone from another culture.
Although language has always been the most important form of communicating, this paper will explain how intercultural communication is the most
vital part of human communicating through channels of different cultures, both verbal and nonverbal.
In order to thoroughly communicate with different cultures it is imperative to understand
intercultural background and traditions. Often referred to as the melting pot,
the United States has many different cultures around the world resides in one central
environment. Influenced by many cultures such as Native American, Latin American,
Africans and Asians (Zimmerman, 2015), the trends and issues of others cultures enlarged
our broader daily. The Garden Salad Metaphor arrived because many immigrants who come
to live and conform to our culture and also continue to express their own way of living and
cultures allowing the United States more acceptable to changes (Lustig&Koester, 2012), but
communicating to those from different cultures must be learned quickly to avoid disrespect
of another belief system. Non–verbal communication is not universal and often
misunderstood. While understanding another culture

The Impact Of Religion On Human Culture
For centuries, human culture has been influenced in a multitude of ways by many means but none have had such an impact as religion. It has had
countless wars waged in its name, even to this day. Billions believe in some divine being(s) that transcends the ugliness of humanity that 's omnipotent
and omniscient. Religion became a guide and a representation of how our lives should be led. However, history has brought evidence that made it
possible for this notion to be criticized and rather, flipped. The majority of the human race believes that religion shaped our culture but it is rather the
other way round, in that the culture of our ancestors, the Mesopotamians and the Hebrews shaped religion to explain the natural world and as a
reflection of their lives and tribulations.
During the age of Mesopotamia, climate change was still a key factor in the survival of civilizations but did not work on a global scale as it did
before during cooling and warming periods. One day of bad weather could destroy a year's worth of crops for a family and displace them without any
means of self sustainability. It would be a millennium until food could be brought to the area again. To the average human living in Mesopotamia at
the time, this would have been chaos, living in fear for when everything that was earned would be destroyed.
This erratic behavior of nature could not be summed up as one god for there were no rhythms or patterns to be discern so to compensate for that, each
aspect of

The Culture Nature Of Human Development By Barbara Rogoff
The Culture Nature of Human Development by Barbara Rogoff
Instructor:
Chapter 1: Orienting Concepts
The chapter discusses how human development is affected by the nature in which a person is born into. It discusses how worldviews regarding child 's
development vary among different regions throughout the continents. The chapter goes into the similarities of cultures as well as the differences of
how humans develop across the board in all areas of thought in different regions of the world. The author tries to link human development with cultural
aspects of how problem solving occurs as far as cultural influences are concerned. The nature of human development may occur in a pattern with all
types of cultures and background. The chapter continued to discuss how people experience other cultures when they are removed from their area to a
different place. This occurs in the form of culture shock people experience new traditions that are unfamiliar to them when the come to a place that is
home to another culture. Human development may also include joining the ideas of various cultures and forming it into a new concept. It puts heavy
emphasis on learning other cultures in an unbiased form in order to compare and make observations. This chapter also studies of culture have been
able to advance over time and how change is an essential aspect of

The Effects Of Microbial Cell Culture On Human Development...
ABSTRACT
Microbial cell culture techniques are essentially needed in order to culture microbes so that it helps in various fields of biology such as households
products, curing certain diseases, also in sewage management. Microbes are needed in almost every fields in one of the other ways we need to
culture them in required conditions in order to cure manlier diseases and for the production of many products, also it plays a very important role in
sewage disposal plants therefore microbes plays a very significant role in human development needs. Microbes isolation and its proper usage needs to
be understand well for this study of MICROBIOLOGY is done. Therefore proper microbe culturing its isolation its enrichment needs to be well known.
INTRODUCTION
MICROBIAL CELL CULTURES TECHNIQUES
Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used extensively as a in research tool in molecular It is important to have pure
culture isolation. A pure culture is a population of cells as a multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types.
A method in which microbes are cultured by letting them reproduce in the predominated culture media under controlled laboratory conditions, its
abundance in the medium being checked before contamination and after contamination. It is one of the primary diagnostic method of microbiology
and used as a tool to determine by letting the agent multiply in a

Animal Culture And Its Effects On Human Culture
Animal culture is studied through comparative studies between populations and locations, field observations, and laboratory experiments. It is
important to be critical in evaluating the results of these studies because behaviors in artificial situations or captivity will be different than in the wild.
Animals are likely to act differently when they are not in their natural environment. Behaviors will vary and the long lasting effects of the behaviors
may not be visible (Lalaland, 2003). Evidence of non–human culture has been found in animals such as songbirds, whales, dolphins, primates, and ants.
Non–human behaviors are seen as encompassing culture if they "meet certain conditions: the behavior must be practiced by multiple members of ...
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Another important aspect about the cultural evidence is it was first observed in 1952 and eight generations later, in 2008, was still being observed
in the wild monkeys. The monkeys on this island 'develop behavioral differences as a result of social learning rather than genetic variation'
(Matsuzawa, 2008: R588). The next study regarding primates was seen in 2010 while observing wild chimpanzees in Uganda, with cultural
differences between two populations in different areas. The chimpanzees displayed different ways of utilizing tools around them to retrieve honey
within the fallen logs around them. The Kibale Forest chimps used sticks while the Budongo Forest chimps utilized leaves sponges that were made
from chewed leaves. To study the differences, researchers provided the monkeys with a task to retrieve honey out of an apparatus. Each group
resorted to behaviors that they had been familiar with in the beginning, those from Kibale using sticks and Budongo resorting to leave sponges (Cell
Press, 2010). Klause Zuberhuler (Cell Press, 2010) from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland noted that the reason for the differences in tools
'was that chimpanzees resorted to preexisting cultural knowledge in trying to solve the novel task' and that 'culture helped them in dealing with this
novel problem.' The behaviors were specific to each population that they developed through social

Moving Human Resources into an Employee Empowerment Culture
Situation Moving Human Resources into an Employee Empowerment Culture
Issue– Employees are no longer content to work in an environment of adversity and autocracy. Instead, the decade–long tradition of the Human Rights
Movement for more than one generation lets individuals know that empowerment, change, respect, and actualization are powerful tools that will not
only benefit employees, but increase productivity and profits for owners and managers. This has been the case for Yammer, the San Francisco based
company that makes social networking software for businesses (Hoge, 2012).
Theory– Empowerment theory is tied up in Total Quality Management and the new models of Strategic Human Resource Management. Both TQM and
SHRM move from simply the tactical to the strategic, looking at long–term results, development of employees, retention as a strategy, and utilizing the
human element as part of the overall business planning cycle (Wilkinson, 1998).
Results– Empowerment theory allows the organization as a whole to participate in the planning and execution process of the company. It allows
non–managerial staff members to take ownership, feel part of a larger whole, and increase their own performance as well as that of their departments
and co–workers. Using empowerment theory, absences decrease, job satisfaction increases, and almost all stakeholders report a more positive working
experience and environment (Employee Empowerment, 2011).
Analysis– One of the ways in which the late

Food Preferences : An Integral Part Of Human Culture
Introduction
Food is an integral part of human culture, from the macro or societal level down to the micro level of individuals and families. The way humans
choose, prepare, and eat food is often deeply influenced not only by personal taste but also by cultural background. When two individuals begin a
romantic relationship, they often have to learn how to combine two different food cultures into one cohesive unit. Couples who have food preferences
that are vastly different may have much more trouble reaching a compromise that leaves both of them happy with their diet, especially if one or both
partners is unwilling to try new foods. I hypothesize that couples who share similar food preferences will experience greater relationship satisfaction.
Additionally, individuals who are open minded about trying different types of food may be less likely to experience food conflict and associated
decreases in relationship satisfaction, whereas those who are neophobic will likely experience more conflict. Determining the role that similarity in
food preferences plays in relationship satisfaction will help us tease apart larger questions about how relationships, families, and health are affected by
diet and food culture.
I did not find any research studies that specifically looked at the relationship between similarity in food preferences and relationship satisfaction.
However, several studies do address issues relevant to my proposed study. "Who We Are and How We Eat: A Qualitative

How Culture Affects Nursing Care And The Way Humans Care...
Assumptions Leininger presented a general theory statement in 1985, "with the theory, I predict that different cultures perceive, know, and practice
care in different ways, yet there are some commonalities about care among all the cultures in the world (Reynolds & Leininger, pg 11)." Leininger
states the theory can help to show how culture affects nursing care and the way humans care for themselves. Leininger holds to the idea that care is the
central concept for nursing theory and research. The theory has many assumptive premises which include; Care is essential for overall health and
well–being. Cultural care can provide a holistic way to improve and guide nursing practices. Nursing should be transcultural and meant to serve all of
mankind. Different cultures will have both diversities and similarities. Every culture has different views of personal care both professionally and
non–professionally. "Cultural car values, beliefs, and practices are influenced by and tend to be embedded in world view, language, religion (or
spiritual), kinship (social), politics (legal), education, economic, technology, ethno history, and environmental context of a particular culture (Reynolds
& Leininger, pg 16)." Providing culturally based nursing care will increase the well–being and health of individuals, families and communities when
provided within their environment. Cultural care can only be given when cultural awareness is present. "Clients who show signs of culture conflicts,

Nursing and The Organizational Culture of Human Resource...
Organizational culture can play a very important role in any corporation's success. As we learn more about how to make a company more successful
through effective management of Human Resource, we are learning of the value of people, as a whole, and how they contribute to the success or
failure of an organization. That's even more so true with in healthcare organizations. Nurses play a pivotal role in the health care profession and make
up the majority of healthcare workers in a hospital setting. However, there is a nursing shortage globally that is expected to increase as nurses from
the baby boom era are set to retire. This is where human resource management and organizational culture come into play. There have been prior studies
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This article will discuss organizational culture as it relates to the nursing profession and healthcare as a whole.
II.Literature Review
Culture, as defined by Florea, Goldbach, & Goldbach (2011), is essential, as it affects service quality, organizational productivity, and financial results.
This occurs even more so in a hospital setting, an area in which cultures vary within the healthcare providers and their patients. The literature on
organizational culture and its impact on nurses and the healthcare system are increasing in frequency due to the increase in cultural variety noted in
healthcare organizations. According to the article, Improving Hospital Performance through Organizational Culture (2011), many prior researchers
believed that organizational culture had potential effects on employee motivation and behavior. They believed that it affected employees' productivity,
performance, commitment, self–confidence and ethical behavior and many have tested the validity of this theory by researching and studying the
organizational cultures within several industries. Prior research has showed that there is a link between excellent cultural organization and overall
employee performance. Chee, Kamal, & Wingender (2011) decided to conduct a study of their own to determine how organizational culture

Human Resource Practices Are Influenced By The Specific...
The paper has tried to capture the argument that with the accelerating pace of globalization, human resource practices are designed and implemented
based on the requirements of a particular culture. The focus of this paper is to address the HRM practices which are influenced by the specific national
cultures. It emphasizes on the need for customization by HR practitioners, multinational corporations and in any other organizational or country
context.The thrust has been put forward on several propositions of appropriate HRM practices such as recruitment and selection, job analysis and
career management in the global cultural context. These are characterized by high uncertainty avoidance, high power distance, collectivism and
femininity by... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may not be feasible to generalize HRM practices across multiple countries because of their cultures, policies, laws and practices. Conversely, the
varied cultures may affect on how HR policies across geographies are implemented.
HRM practices are based on the principles of the underlying culture that reflects assumptions and beliefs of that place. So, maybe effective and
meaningful HRM system in one culture is ineffective in another. "In every culture the facts such as bureaucracy, authority, accountability, creativity
etc., are dealt in various ways. People establish organizations based on their values, and societies are composed of organizations and institutions that
reflect the prevalent values within their culture." (Hofstede, 1984) Culture has an important impact on policies to managing people. Thus, the cultural
differences create differences in governing management practices of the organization.
Human Resource Management practices and policies are in reality varied across countries, but what we read in literature is a universal approach
towards HRM. There is a belief that some best practices will be successful everywhere and with increased globalization and know–how transfer these
best practices will make HRM across countries more similar. However, according to the contextual approach HRM practices across countries will
continue to be different due to

The Impact Of Ethical Culture In Human Resource Management
1. Abstract
This assignment reviews the producing and supporting ethical culture and the climate through human resource management by conferring ethics in the
business environment and examining human capital influence in the equivalent situation. This assignment indicates different aspects of ethical issues
and challenges that occur in organisations and what human resource needs to do in order to manage them in the same context. It also discusses the
ethical decision making of organizations in integrating the ethics into strategic human resource decision making process.
2. Introduction
Ethics are an important aspect in the life of individuals and business. They attempt to distinguish right from wrong and good from bad. They constitute
desirable conduct, moral codes, norms, beliefs and practices. Ethical organizational culture and climate are important in order to guide ethical
employee behaviour in achieving organizational goals and objectives. Ethical policies, procedure and practices on issues of employee ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A key consideration in the nature of ethics in the business environment is the core values that exist in an organization. These are values articulated and
reinforced by top management, imparted to new members of the organization and spread throughout the organization. Organizational values have a
substantial influence on employee performance. Organizational values are communicated via socialization and code of ethics. If people do not agree
on or do not know the norms and values of their organization then a weak corporate culture exists (Finegan, 1994). Chief executives must communicate,
encourage and show pride in the organization ethical standards to inspire and show employees that the organization appreciates a person for acting in
accordance with the standards. Business ethics applies to all aspects of business conduct and

The Impact Of Globalization On The Human Culture,...
Globalization is defined by Merriam–Webster 's dictionary as 'the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free
trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets. ' How is can this be applied to communication. Communication is a
fundamental contribution to globalization. Global culture is the infusion of ideas permeate globally using popular human culture, electronic devices, and
commerce. When global culture is partnered with commerce and technology, communication is at the forefront of globalization.
Globalization is important to establish a free trade market around the world. Free trade is an important catalyst in globalization. Members within a
global trade market have the secure knowledge that, within responsible and legal trading practices, special taxes will not be placed on imports. The
importance of globalization is to instill market competition, interaction of diverse markets in different countries, and partnerships within developing
economies.
There many important factors of communication in globalization. Virtual communication, speech, time differences, and holiday observances are the
factors we will address. Virtual communication is an obvious communication tool used in globalization. When using virtual communications for global
meetings, all involved must understand the benefits and limitations of the communication. For example, an email communication requires etiquette
that is not

Human Sacrifice In Aztec Culture
Human sacrifice is considered immoral in today's value. However, this is not the case in ancient civilizations. The Aztec civilization that grew out of
Mesoamerica region in the 14th century was proven to be practicing human sacrifice. The deep–rooted belief that people are indebted to Gods makes
sacrifice a big part of Aztec culture. According to the Aztec creation myth, Gods sacrifice themselves for the creation of the Earth. Therefore,human
sacrifice turns out to be the way Aztecan repays their Gods. The most common procedure of human sacrifice consists of four main steps: selection of
victims, preparation, torture, and body dismemberment. The most fundamental part of the human sacrifice process is to find victims to be presented as
offerings. Usually, victims were chosen from captives during warfare.
In fact, there were wars fought solely for the purpose of finding human source for sacrifice. It was believed that the higher ranked, the most
handsome, and the bravest on the battlefield are the most desirable for the Gods. Candidates for sacrifice were also be selected through the defeated
team during ball games and the slaves. Children could also be sacrificed, as it was believed that their tears could bring forth ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The priest would cut open the victims' chests and ripped off their still beating hearts. The dead bodies would then be rolled down the temple and the
hearts would be burnt as offerings for the Gods. There were also different methods of tortures, which include ripping off the skins of the victims, giving
the victims defenseless weapons and place them into combats with well–armed opponents, or tied them on a stake to be shot at with arrows. The
purpose of the torture process stems from the belief that the way people die determined the way they live in afterlife. Aztecans believed that people die
of violent means could go to the

High Performance Culture as a Strategy in Human Resource...
Question
How is Human Resource Management linked to strategy and organizational outcomes? Discuss a model that depicts the links with a brief discussion of
each link.
For an organization to be successful, it must employ good strategies in the running of its business. Strategies are needed to achieve the company's
objectives and give it a competitive advantage against its competitors. It determines the direction in which the organization is going in relation to its
environment and how the business develops. Strategies are further segregated into corporate or business strategies where the focus is the formulation
of plans and ideas to improve and increase its market share, and internal management strategies which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Constant review of performance is also required including guidance from the management.
Empowerment of the employees where the staff who are closest to the customer are empowered and given discretionary authority to make decisions
will help to improve customer service delivery and thus attain a higher level of customer satisfaction. Customers prefer to deal with a company where
their needs can be attended to and resolved immediately. By allowing employees to make decisions especially those affecting the customers, it will
build up a better customer relationship and rapport resulting in improved business for the organization.
As mentioned above, people development is an important strategy in good human resource practice, more so in a high performance management
culture. Skills must be constantly upgraded and developed, new skills cultivated, and new information and knowledge imparted to the people in order
to ensure the company has a constant source of skilled, experienced and qualified workforce. This will then be able to improve on their performance
thus helping to achieve the company's mission.
Career development and advancement is another important aspect in achieving a high performance environment. People are motivated not only by
rewards in the form of salary, incentive, benefits but also opportunities for promotion

Understanding National Culture And A Common Values And...
1. – Introduction
According to Hofstede definition, it is possible to develop the idea of national culture as the common values and attitudes shared by a particular group
of humans that are passed down between generations by different processes (Hofstede, 1980, p. 21).
Given this, the primary target of this essay is to analyse the fundamental approaches to understand national culture and the way that this culture can
manifest and make the difference in the entry of companies in new markets.
In order to achieve this goal, I shall proceed to explain these approaches one by one using different business examples, discuss the prime criticisms and
conclude with the importance of these for international business. 2. – Approaches to National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that same expressions, words or sentences could change their meanings drastically in different contexts, thus being necessary to understand
it correctly. (Hall, 1976, pp. 85–104)
Following this argument, Hall says that each culture has a particular way to understand the background. For instance, American people usually tends to
have quick relationships and do not feel an essential implication with friends. On the contrary in the Middle East, people take more time to establish
relations and hope that friends will not let you down. (Hall, 1960).
Furthermore, Hall builds a differentiation between High Context and Low Context cultures using characteristics which could be divided in:
Source: (Andrews & Mead, 2009).
This context model could be used in numerous situations that firms who attempt to be global may face. For example, if a company is going to operate
a foreign direct investment, it has to deal not only with this differences with other companies, as in a joint venture experience, but also with the own
national workers and even with the costumer behaviour
Moreover, Hall also introduces the concept of polychronic and monochronic in order to describe how cultures perceive, structure and manage time.
Cultures identified as monochronic experience time as settle components that can be scheduled and the result is that they select to do one action at a
time. Otherwise, polychronic cultures appreciate time as continuous, without structure

Incarnations Of The Human Evolution Of Homosapien Culture
Introduction
Background
Historical alternations of the human evolution are depicted as an enhancement of a variety of aspects that assist the homosapien culture, health and
lifestyle. Once these enhancements are implicated the primitive instincts that humans originally owned, now is slowly diminishing to a new
technological and scientific approach. In more forms than one, medicine has been documented and practiced from periods of time that date back to
prehistorical stages. Medicine since then has revolutionized to a further scientific based practice. A majority of society depends on the
high–technological medicine to assist in their well–being. Cancer is a destructive disease that slowly destroys its occupant and extremely difficult to
cure. Cancer is broken down into sub–type categories; for example: testicular, breast, lung, bowel and brain. The treatments for cancer have improved
immensely over the period of the 21st century.
Quote
"Civilization seeks to suppress all those primitive instincts in man which formed the main past of machinery of his evolution in earlier times."–Arthur
Keith ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Present day, society develops different ways to conceal the primitive instincts of the "earlier times". The spectrum of instincts are developed over
simple concepts but revolutionized to assist individuals in understanding the genetically altering evolution. Revolutionizing the human body has become
a trait, evolving the psychological and physical attributes to better improve the suppression of primitive

Non-Human Primate Culture
there are many arguments surrounding what defines culture and how it is possible to label all animals, including non–human primates, as exhibiting
signs of possessing culture. They may not take in the opera or sip fine wines, but the verdict is in: apes are cultured. Fifty years of research on the apes
has shown they use tools, communicate, and sometimes shake their hands just because it's cool.
Ecologist Kinji Imanishi first introduced the concept of culture in a non–human species in 1952. He suggested that Japanese macaque populations
develop behavioural differences as a result of social, rather than genetic, variation. Since then, scientists have claimed that a wide range of species
exhibit signs of culture, including rodents, birds, fish, marine mammals, and non–human primates. Of all the species studied to date, only humans
exceed the level of cultural variation shown by chimps.
Most primates do not shape their environment in an adaptive way. They use it as it is without modification. The sleeping nests of the great apes are
poor, roofless constructions created for only one night. Monkeys simply sleep on convenient tree branches without making nests. No primate other than
humans is known to store food. They have a hand–to–mouth economy which forces everyone to seek food and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They also share with females having sexual swellings and also with high–ranking females. Chimpanzees barter a limited commodity such as meat for
other services like alliances, sex, grooming through which they are engaging in a very simple and primitive form of a currency exchange. It may be
that the two chimpanzee cultures 2,000 kilometres apart have developed their distinct uses of meat as a social currency. In one place meat is used as a
reward for cooperation, in the other as a manipulative tool of nepotism. Such systems are commonplace in all human societies, and their roots may be
seen in chimpanzees' market economy,

Human Material Culture: A Cognitive Analysis
Introduction There is a strong relationship between human material culture and the development of human cognitive abilities. Around the 2.0 Ma
period there was a widespread of evolutionary change across a vast range of mammals (Foley, R. and Gamble, C. 2009), one of the largest factors
contributing to the growth of cognitive abilities is a larger brain size (Delagnes, A.and Roche, H. 2004). A larger brain allowed for humans to expand
their thinking which enhanced their lives. A significant step in the history of humans andtechnology is when they started using tools (Wynn. T. 2009).
"The enhanced working memory that appears to have accompanied the evolution of modern humans enabled much higher levels of innovation, thought
experiment, and narrative complexity" (Wynn, T. and Coolidge, F.L. 2004). The changes inhuman cognitives abilities can be reflected by changes in
human material culture.
Technology
"By as early as 200,000 years ago hunters in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe had begun hafting stone points onto the ends of their spears" (Wynn.
T. 2009). The use of these technologies gave ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
T. 2009). Oldowan flaking, is a process of striking sharp cutting flakes from a stone core using direct striking. This technology may be simple but it
requires extensive visuomotor coordination, in order to select appropriate targets for hitting, as well as "proprioceptive sensation and precise bimanual
coordination to channel forceful blows to small targets on the core"(Stout, D. et al. 2011). Approximately 1.7 million years ago, Oldowan flaking
technology began to be replaced by 'Acheulean' technology, which involved shaping cores into large cutting tools known as 'picks', 'handaxes' and
'cleavers'. "This shaping requires greater perceptual–motor skill to accurately control stone fracture patterns and more complex action plans" (Stout, D.
et al.

Human Culture Revealed In Daniel Quinn's Ishmael
Man lives life as though they are the ones to rule the Earth, instead of living as one with nature. Daniel Quinn's Ishmael shows how man came to be
this way, and why people should take a look at the past to learn about the way people should live now. By comparing and contrasting controlling
culture and the thirst for knowledge between Ishmael and Planet of the Apes, it becomes clear that man believes knowledge and power are the most
important aspects of life.
One main argument Ishmael makes is that human culture is not based on humans as living beings of Earth; it is based on them trying to be gods. The
narrator says the reason for creation of man went something like this, "The world is for man... For nearly three million years he lived as ... Show more
It sets them apart from all other creatures of the world; which is how the apes in Planet of the Apes feel about knowledge over humans. The
anthropomorphic race would never think that another species could control them. After all, they expect exemption from the laws of nature. In the
movie, the main protagonist was originally from Earth, and explained their thirst for knowledge, "You'd walk naked into a live volcano if you thought
you could learn something no other man knew." (Schaffner). Planet of the Apes is not–so–subtly saying the undying thirst for power in the form of
knowledge puts humans above all else, including gods. In the tale of Adam and Eve, Ishmael explains to his student how foolish the want for
knowledge can make a man, "Wielding the knowledge of good and evil, we have made ourselves the masters of the world, and the gods have no power
over us... isn't it sweeter to live in our own hands than in the hands of the gods?" (Quinn, 164). Both texts agree that knowing things other races do not
know makes them the more intelligent, and in turn, the dominant species. In the movie, the main characters, Taylor and Landon, automatically assume
that they would run the planet in a short amount of time due to their seemingly high intellect. However, when they meet the apes, they get caught,
imprisoned, and treated like animals. Since they were always taught humans are superior, they

Organizational Culture And Human Resource Management
Research by Newman & Nollen (1996) indicated that organization performance is better in the companies which there is congruency between national
culture and human resources practices. If the human resources management practices are not in line with the basic tenets shared by employees, it will
lead to dissatisfaction, lack of commitment and discomfort among the employees (Early, 1994). Introduction Culture affects and governs all facets of
life by influencing values, attitudes and behavior of a society, while organizational culture relates to the unique modes of carrying out their activities
(Dartey–Baah, 2013). Furthermore, the nature of organizational culture is largely influenced by the cultural orientation of the individual forming...
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Under the high hierarchical company structure in china (which scores 80 in Hofestede's index), the manager is more likely to hold the value that he
has more power and rights, thus, more priorities than his subordinates. so the managers have more rights to be assigned overseas to gain experiences
and knowledge. Conversely, in a small power distance culture like US (index 31 in Hofestede's culture dimension), power is rather equally
distributed among the members and employees. For oversea assignment in US, all suitable candidates are equally considered and carefully selected by
employers. Detailed expatriate policy is also provided to guide and govern the assignment (jian wangye; Kopp, 1994). Long–term orientation Apart
from the high power structure, the other distinction of Chinese companies is interpersonal (guanxi) networks within the organization (managing the
human resource in Chinese–western joint). Guanxi is adopted from the Chinese language of "relationship" having good guanxi is synonymous with
positive functioning in society (Tsui & Lau, 2002). In China, employees may be invited for dinner together when they first meet, in the middle of a
project and when the project is finished. They build up relationships at work and to personalize the guanxi keep the relationship deep and long, so in
the future, they could get possible help from each other if there is any difficulty in both work and personal life. Similar

Human Resource Management : Influence Of Organization Culture
Human Resource Management
Influence of organization culture
Manjot Singh
Student Id No: 30305024
Course Code: BUHRM5912
Potential influence of Organization's Culture on the ability of organizations to obtain positive HRM outcomes
This essay presents theoretical information related to organizational culture and discusses the potential influence an organization's culture has on the
ability of organizations to obtain positive HRM outcomes in the area of employee motivation and engagement and make suggestions on how such
outcomes may be potentially improved. Real word application will be included in this essay as well as the role of HRM in developing an effective
organizational culture.
Organization culture is a system of mutual assumptions, values and beliefs that controls how people are treated in an organization. The values which
are shared have powerful impression and influence on the people of organization and provide order, for example, how to dress properly, how to act
and perform their duties. Most organizations develop and maintain a special kind of culture. This provides information about rules and regulations as
well as restriction of their behaviour (McLaughlin, 2013). Even Organizational culture has such a great impact from last few decades in the better
understanding and practice of organizational behaviour. Every organization knows from its culture which depends on its strength and it can also have a

The Affect of National Culture on Human Resources Essay
INTRODUCTION
In today's business environment, the complexity of international business has increased and international competition has been highlighted as an
essential element for multinational firms (MNCs). Thus, in order to gain competitive advantage, various resources are utilized, such as financial
capital, technology location or human resource (HR). Moreover, HR could be seemed as one of the most important resource which has also become a
focus of attention of senior managers in MNCs. As suggested by MacMillan(1984), MNCs can gain competitive advantage through use of HR practice,
such as training, compensation, socialization, selection, performance appraisal and career development, as long as other firms are unable to duplicate
their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on Hofstede's (1993) definition of national culture, it is stated that national culture is the software of the mind, and it is deeply embedded in
everyday life and fairly resistant to change. Moreover, it is confirmed that national culture has a significant relationship with HR policies and practice
(Hofstede, 1993). Also, Earley (1994) demonstrated that national cultural values that reinforce HR are more likely to yield predictable behaviour and
better performances. This is because a national culture is usually characterized by the values of the people who belong to that culture, so well HR
practices are consistent with existing behaviour expectations and routines that transcend the workplace. Employees are not distracted from work if HR
practices are consistent with national cultural value. The various values had been grouped, by Schuler and Jackson (1994), into four categories, work
goal importance, need deficiency, fulfillment, and job satisfaction, managerial and organizational variables, and work role and interpersonal orientation.
Furthermore, Hofstede (1993) has presented four largely independent dimensions of differences among national values systems, which were labeled
"Power Distance", "Uncertainty Avoidance," "Individualism vs. Collectivism," and "Masculinity vs. Femininity."
1. Power Distance, indicates the extent to which the fact that power is distributed unequally is accepted in the society by those who do and do not
possess power.

Culture Is The Sum Total Of Ways Of Living Built Up By A...
What is culture? Culture has a very broad definition. But in terms of anthropology, culture is the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of
human beings and transmitted from one generation to another (www.dictionary.com). Culture is learned, it is passed on from many generations. What is
gender? Gender is either the male or female division of a species, especially as differentiated by social and cultural roles and behavior. However, gender
plays a big role in culture all around the world. In this analysis essay I will be analyzing how males and females are raised with differences in third
world countries compared to the western culture of the United States. What are the roles that males and females have? In countries such as India,
Pakistan, China, there is still a lot of controversy about how a male and female should be treated. It has a lot to do with culture and tradition. Some
of these cultural traits have been passed down from generations and are still around which some people follow. Some may consider it double
standards and others may think that it is the norm. So how is gender related to culture? In society it is expected that the women and men behave a
certain way. The gender disparities are shaped and formed by culture. It is better explained by Jyotirmaya Tripathy who wrote the article "How
Gendered is Gendered Development? Culture, Masculinity, and Gender Differences", she explains that though there has been some modernity in third

Non Human Primate Culture
This research paper will discuss the ways in which non–human primates use different sound and gestures to convey different feeling and emotions
toward one another like humans. A primate is "a mammal of an order that includes the Lemurs, Bushbabies, Tarsiers, Marmosets, Monkeys, Apes, and
Humans" (Oxford). What makes us human are our language, our culture, and our behavior. We as humans have feelings of joy, sadness, fear, anger,
trust, and so much more, but have we ever stopped to wonder how or if our nonhuman primate relatives have and use these emotions just like us. These
next couple paragraphs will explain and discuss what emotions are felt and how emotions are conveyed in the nonhuman primate culture. Primates have
always been viewed as a species that communicates by hand signals and other bodily gestures. The view that is now seen is that "comparative evidence
suggests that primates are able, no less than humans, to intellectually perform and understand impulsive or habitual communicational ... Show more
We gather food, we protect one another, we support and raise the young, and none of this would be possible without some form of communication.
Monkeys in particular "have evolved many ways of communicating such as visual cues, auditory calls, and even some olfactory signals" (PBS).
Visual calls are obviously unable to be here, therefore it must be seen. The "Emperor Tamarin uses a visual call by sticking her tongue out at her
mate so he knows she wants a break from holding her young"(PBS). Not all auditory calls are the same, there are various sounds that can be strung
to be very long or can be simple and short. The loudness, the pitch, and the duration of a certain call are all important aspects of the meaning of the
call. The different kinds of calls include "alarm calls, territorial calls, food calls, personal identification calls, dominance class, and so

Nature And Culture, Humans And Non-Human Dualism

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