Development Of Infants

Development Of Infants
According to Psychologist Erik Erikson, the social and personality development of the infant
includes trust versus distrust. Throughout the first two years of life, an infant goes through the first
stage: If an infant stands well–nurtured and loved, trust will develop as well as a feeling of security
plus a positive outlook upon their lives. If they stand not well nurtured and loved, they convert
towards self–doubting and acquires toward mistrust others (Personality Development, n.d.). Infants
develop attachments toward their caregivers whether being parents, other relatives or nannies. If the
caregiver responds positively towards the child, they sense a conscious of security that the parent
will provide encouragement when required. Insecure
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Cognitive Development in Infants Essay
This paper is going to carry out a literature review on cognitive development in infants. The paper
will review cognitive development in infants at different stages. Effects of early experience on
mental development in infants will also be discussed. The research question and the hypothesis of
the research will also be given. Keywords: infants, development, experience Cognitive
Development in Infants Introduction Advancement made in regard to cognitive neuroscience has
enabled a better understanding of the cognitive processes in infants. Studies have indicated that
cognitive development in infants starts before they are born. In the eighth week of pregnancy,
fetuses have the ability to hear. They become accustomed to their ... Show more content on
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This stage lasts from birth to twelve months. In this stage, infants gain knowledge about their
surrounding by using their senses. (Clarke–Stewart, Gruber, & Fitzgerald, 2007, p. 154). They
recognize the faces of their caregivers and may respond to smiles. At these stage infants are
generally attracted to bright colors, and show response to sound by turning towards the direction of
the sound. Studies have indicated that infants between the ages of three and seven weeks have the
ability to recognize shapes and pictures of human faces (Goswami, 1994, p. 376). Researchers have
also investigated the development of working memory in infants. It has been established that
working memory, that is, the ability to retain information in the brain increases with age. Infants
aged five to seven months were found to be unable to retain more than three objects in their working
memory. Fifty percent of infants aged twelve months had developed the capacity to retain more than
three objects in their working memory. Studies have also indicated that at the age of six months,
infants have the ability to memorize events. Infants, between the ages of 6 to 9 months have
developed the cognitive ability to master object performance. Object performance refers to the
ability of an infant to understand that objects do continue to exist even if out of sight. Development
of object performance is also an indication that the infant has developed the ability of goal

Infant Development
"Cooing" and "Babbling" are stages in infant development when the infant begins its speech
protection. Infants begin cooing by 2–3 months and babbling around 5–6 months. Babies are very
interesting as they show tremendous development in their first year of birth. They tend to produce
all kinds of sounds including squeals, giggling, growling, cry, going sounds, vowel sounds like da,
la, boo, mi etc. babies speak one or two words by their first birthday. Infants also learn a lot through
gestures. They pay close attention to human voices and tend to catch them quickly. They will always
look for care and attention, especial from their mother. Their sounds like ma ma will turn into
mamma once they are in line with their vocal production. This paper ... Show more content on
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To prove that babbling is the first and foremost of speech, deaf infants and hearing infants were
compared and studied under different conditions. Hearing infants were studied at three stages of
age. Two procanonical (5 and 6 months) and one fully canonical (11–14 months). The age for
canonical babbling was 11–14 months for the hearing impaired infants and their ratio of canonical
babbling was to be determined. From the study, one of the hearing impaired infant was most verbal
of all the others. Onset of repetitive production of well–formed syllables canonical syllables in
monosyllabic and in reduplicated sequences like ma ma ma or ba ba ba ba. Canonical syllables were
identified by phonetically trained listeners having the following properties. (1). One fully resonate
nucleus i.e., vowel of identifiable quality, high nasalized vowels being excluded by the resonance
requirement. (2). One no glottal margin (3). Duration of syllable and formant transitions that fit
within the range of mature syllable production. (4). Normal phonation and pitch range. Canonical
babbling can be identified based on a tape recorded sample of spontaneous utterances. In laboratory
environments, a 50–utterance minimum is sought and vegetative or presumed involuntary
utterances. Precanonical and conical utterances are counted. A single utterance is defined as a breath
group and is for about 1 second. For tape

The Psychosocial Development Of Infants And Children Essay
The psychosocial development of infants and children is a topic that has been studied by many. Per
the Psychology textbook by Ciccarelli, personality and the formation of relationships begins with
psychological and social development during infancy and childhood (p.328). Personality is shown
through temperament, a child's temperament in relation to their primary caregiver's temperament
will determine what style of attachment the child forms with the caregiver (p.330). Attachment is
very important for infants and young children to form emotional bonds. There are four styles of
attachment secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized–disoriented. Secure attachment is the
most important style of attachment. Those with secure attachment have a developed sense of self
that will carry through to adulthood, and lead to positively affected relationships.
The ability to form secure attachment begins with temperament. Temperament is the behavioral and
emotional characteristics that are almost completely established at birth and demonstrate how every
person has a different personality (p.328). Researchers Chess and Thomas identified that there are
three basic styles of temperament; easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. Infants that are considered
to have an "easy" temperament are those that adapt well to change, are overall happy, and soothe
easily after distress (p.328). Infants that are considered to have a "difficult" temperament tend to be
very unhappy with any degree of change,

â€¢ Explain The Role Of Cognitive Development In Infants
that this first cognitive development stage encompasses six substages.10 Feeding abilities change as
infants meet the development goals of the various stages. For example, when infants gain the ability
to coordinate single movements they will be able to pick up small pieces of food and develop the
ability to self–feed (Table 6.2).10 General motor skills, behavioral changes, and facial expressions
also play important roles in the development of infants' eating habits and their ability to eat food and
to drink
Within the health care environment, nurses are the cornerstone of assessing infant growth and
development. Generally, assessment of infant focuses on 4 areas: physical, social, emotional, and
cognitive capabilities. Examples of physical assessment include gross and fine motor skills as well
as strength, how easily an infant becomes tired, and pain tolerance. Social assessment is determined
by interactions with others. Examples of emotional assessment include how the infant reacts to
people and situations, and examples of cognitive assessment include thought and reasoning. It is
important for the nurse who is conducting the assessment to establish a good rapport with the
family. Good rapport will form a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parents and caregivers should be aware of the unique hunger cues of their child and respond
appropriately. In some phases, infants may eat more often than usual. This is referred to as cluster
feeding and describes when a baby shifts from feeding every 2 or 3 hours to feeding every hour or
feeding in spurts. Cluster feeding is most common during the evening hours and in young babies;
however, older babies who are approaching a growth spurt or developmental changes may also
cluster feed. Understanding a baby's stomach capacity, especially during the first 10 days of life,
helps to explain why cluster feeds may

Infant Language Development Essay
The understanding of the world can be defined as the infant's notion of other's and the surrounding.
The question is whether infants are pre–programmed with an initial concept of the world. Many
experiments conducted supported the idea that a new born infant holds an understanding of the
world. Cognitive development of a human being begins during the prenatal period. Consequently,
infants do have a comprehension of the world. Infants are not mindless in fact they are born with the
ability to identify voices, faces, interact and perform metacognition. An infant is preloaded with a
system designed to socially develop completely. They are able to discern their mother tongue since
they have gotten a earful during the prenatal period, similarly with their mothers' voices. An
experiment was performed to prove the validity of this. Ninety–one infants from French families
were tested with English and Japanese. The infants were on pacifiers that functioned to calculate the
times sucked. The French infants' sucking rate when hearing English sentences were higher than
hearing Japanese sentences. Infants can identify a familiar language by listening to the tempo the
specific language. (Nazzi et al,. 1998)
Neonates are born with perceptual constancy. They are familiar with objects with constant
proportion and size despite the changes in distance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This experiment on infants were carried out by Albert Yonas, 1978. It is presumed that infants
would reach out to the apparent nearer side which also appears to be the longer side of the
trapezoidal mirror. The assumption made was indeed right. Infants reached out for the area that was
nearer to them rather than the distant shorter side of the Ames window. Definitively, I believe that
infants can make sense of pictorial depth in the surrounding

Emotional Development In Infants
Chapter 4 discussed the emotional development developed in the first two years of infants and how
it deals with the social world. Infants show different emotions according to their ages. Newborn
infants are happy and relaxed when fed and they cry when they are hungry or hurt. About 6 weeks
they start to express happiness through the social smile. The different emotions developed through
different stages. I remember some of my childhood memories. When I was 6 years old, I started to
learn riding motorcycle but one day I felt down and was badly injured. After that, I was scared to
ride a motorcycle. This shows that fear is developed inside me. In addition, in the same age,
whenever I was alone, I always act as doctor and used to make my Barbie

Anxious Mothers And Infant Development
Anxious Mothers' Impact on Infant Development
Women go through a major life transition during pregnancy and early motherhood that is physically
and mentally demanding making women more susceptible to stress and anxiety (Henrichs, Schenk,
Schmidt, Velders, Hofman, Jaddoe, Verhulst, & Tiemeier, 2009). I have had personal experiences
observing anxious young mothers interact with their infants and children. I have seen these children
eventually display developmental delays, poor eating and sleeping behaviors, and even their own
anxieties. I am unsure about whether this maternal anxiety accounts for these problems. How do
anxious mothers impact infant development?
Researchers have studied many different forms of maternal stress and anxiety

Essay on Effects of Maternal Employment on Infant...
The topic of this paper is the debate of whether or not maternal employment has any effect on infant
development. Research on this described topic has recently become popular due to the rise of
working mothers over the past several decades. Their increasing numbers in the workplace and
decreasing numbers as stay at home moms are creating a number of different issues to be studied.
The effects of maternal employment are determined by a number of factors that include, the
mother's job satisfaction and drive, amount of work, and the mother's opinion of quality versus
quantity time with children. The main concept at hand here is the importance of an attachment in the
first few years as being vital to a child's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometime later referring to at least after the child's second year of life; this is due to research that
has also shown that children that began full–time care for 30 hours a week in their second year
functioned just as poorly as these children whose care was initiated in their first year of life.
These studies have been examined by many researchers, each of them varying and being put
together a little better than the last after taking in to mind the criticism for each. After Belsky's
research was criticized another similar study was done but also took into account the background
information of the child, mother and the family. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was
used for these studies which also lead to there being a more representative sample of children. Their
research broke up the children, 4, 5 and 6 year olds, into three separate groups so they could be
compared on the emotional and social functioning being studied. There were two groups differing
by when their non–parental care started, either the first or second year of life, and a third for those
children that had mothers that were employed less than 10 hours per week or not at all employed.
The results were similar but they did distinguish that a shy child would be more likely to be affected
by non–parental care, having trouble coping

Infant Development
This study is based on Dr. Heidi Als' Synactive Theory of Infant Development which provides a
framework for understanding the behaviour of premature infants. The infants behavior are grouped
into 5 subsets which are:
A. Motor – where the infants movement, posture, activity, and motor tone are observed. Signs of
stresses are generalized hypotonia, frantic flailing movements, finger splaying, hyperextension of
extremities.
B. Autonomic – which is the basic physiological functioning of the body necessary for survival.
Early indicators are skin color, tremors, heat rate, and respiratory rate. Signs of stresses are color
changes, changes in vital signs, visceral responses, sneezing, and yawning.
C. States – this is a way of categorizing the level of central nervous system arousal. Signs of stresses
are diffused ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If an inappropriate stimulus persists the infant will no longer be able to maintain a stable balance of
subsystems. If properly timed and appropriate in complexity and intensity, stimulation will cause the
infant to search and move toward the stimuli, while maintaining him / herself in a stable balance.
In healthy full term infants these systems generally work smoothly supporting and promoting each
other. In the preterm infant these systems are not fully developed and ready to function. Therefore,
the preterm infant's behaviors are generally characterized by disorganization and signs of stress. The
preterm infant is more dependent, than the full term infant, on its environment to help support and
maintain balanced equilibrium.
In relation to the study, the Recorded Lullaby will be perceived as the appropriate stimuli that will
help a premature infant maintain a stable balance of subsystems. However, in the study we focus on
the Autonomic – Vital Signs and State – Sleep

Parenting Interventions Are Essential For Normal Infant...
Preterm babies, also known as premature babies are born before 37 weeks' gestational age. These
babies can vary in term of prematurity, from two to three weeks, to extremely preterm at over ten
weeks. Goldberg and Devitto (2002, as cited in Leman, Bremner, Parke & Gauvain, 2012) stated
prematurity is associated with low birth weight, putting infants at risk of long term issues such as
faulty cognition, hyperactivity and perceptual disorders. Werner and Smith (1982, as cited in Leman
et al., 2012) stated recent developments indicate high–quality care and extra stimulation can
improve the prognosis of the infant. Parents provide this environment for the child, yet often they
feel alienated and worried about caring for their premature infant, meaning stimulation is lacking.
(Leman et al., 2012) Therefore, some say parenting interventions are essential for normal infant
development. However, research is often conflicting with regards to interventions improving
prognosis. Within the main body of the essay we will be discussing some parenting intervention
schemes such as massage therapy and the use of family nurture interventions, which have overall
supported the view that parenting interventions are effective. Whilst also touching upon research
that indicates less positive results, including infant behavioural assessments and intervention
programs.
Parenting massage interventions are said to be effective in improving outcomes such as enhanced
cognitive development and lower

Infant Sleeping Arrangements And Development
For mothers everywhere, having a newborn baby requires them to seek the most healthiest route of
taking care of them (newborn). The first thing, or things, that are thought of is when and how to feed
them, how to hold them carefully, and most importantly, how and where they sleep. Where a
newborn baby sleep has a huge impact how the baby will grow up in a more psychological way.
Infant sleeping arrangements and development both in the short term and long term, whether having
positive or negative outcomes, is anything but simple and the traditional habit of labelling one
sleeping arrangement as being superior to another without awareness of family, social and ethnic
context is not only wrong, but possibly harmful (Mckenna,2005). With a newborn ... Show more
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However, there are few more common sleeping arrangements that are used here in the US. One of
these sleeping arrangements is called co–ed sleeping, where the newborn baby sleeps with his or her
parents in the same bed. According to an article on WTE, experts suggest that "family bedding
works comfortably and beautifully, building a stronger bond, making nursing easier, and increasing
physical attachment between parent and baby" The article also state that other experts suggests that
this arrangement "prevents babies from sleeping on their own, discourages the independence factor,
and may up the risks of sleep disturbances", which isn't good for a newborn's sleep duration.
However, all sleep arrangements for newborns has its pros and cons, whether it's a psychological or
physical factor. One pro to this arrangement that both the parent and baby can benefit from this is
that it can help a nursing mom get her sleep cycle in sync with her baby's. The mother wouldn't have
to be unprepared for when the baby wakes up expecting food right away, the mother would already
be prepared not worrying about the her newborn having malnutrition throughout the night.
However, one particular can that stands out is this can mean less sleep for the baby. The article
states that super intintive tendencies, such as picking up a newborn baby can actually do more harm
than good when it comes to a good night sleep. This is not just negative for the baby, but also
negative to you because there is potential risk on throwing of one's sleep cycle which has or is yet to
become

The Infant And Toddler Is Very Important For Early...
Introduction: Reading to an infant and toddler is very important for early development. However,
reading to an infant is different than reading to a young child. In terms of an infant, you frequently
do not get through the entire book. An infant won't be able to fully comprehend what is being read.
Infants may want to hold the book and chew on it or try turning pages themselves. All of these
actions are appropriate and help your child become well–known with books and how to handle
them. Reading out loud to your baby is an ac activity that can enhance their vocabulary among other
skills.
General Information: On Wednesday, October 5th, I read to an infant during my placement time at
the Cortland Child Care Center. The children in the infant number two room varied from ages 3
months to 11 months old. I chose to read to Bentley, who is our oldest infant in the room at 11
months. We read The Very Hungry Caterpillar designed, illustrated, and written by Eric Carle. I
chose this book because I resonate this book strongly with my childhood. The book contains a
variety of concepts necessary early learning such as colors, days of the week, and numbers. A lot
can be understood when reading this book to an infant or toddler. It took about 15 minutes to read
The Very Hungry Caterpillar to Bentley. We began the reading at 1:45 until about 2:00 o'clock to
finish our book. During this time the younger infants were down for their nap, which was a perfect
time to read to Bentley

The Effects Of Postpartum Depression On Infants Development
Postpartum depression, a period of deep depression following the birth of a child, affects some 10
percent of all new mothers. Postpartum depression is associated with withdrawn infants with fewer
positive emotions. In this essay, I will discuss the two articles found on postpartum depression.
In the article, "The Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infants Development" the impact of
postpartum depression on the emotional development of an infant was studied in three ways: infant's
interpersonal functioning, the quality of infant attachment, and behavioral problems. In the article,
"Postpartum Depression and Mother–Infant Relationship at Three Months Old" a sample of 570
women and their infants were examined 3 months after delivery. The focus of the study concerned
the postpartum depression effects on the mother, the infant, and the mother–infant relationship.
In both articles, there were a concern for functional disorders such as eating or sleeping difficulties.
This was new information compared ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article "The Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infants Development", a study suggested that
there's no association between attachment status and maternal depression. However, the article
suggested we take note that high rates of insecurities were present in both the test and controlled
group. In the article "Postpartum Depression and Mother–Infant relationship at Three Months", the
study suggested that the mother–infant relationship presented less vocal and visual communications,
less corporal interactions, and less smiling. This article also suggests that depressed mothers are
often not seen by psychiatrist because they usually present mild symptoms that are frequently
minimized by themselves or their environment. This article focuses both on the mother and the
infant, as well as their relationship, where the other article focuses predominately on the

The Development And Constant Change Of Infants Essay
The development and constant change of infants is mind–blowing and incredible. Each infant
develops at approximately the same, quick pace, but each small life in the grand scheme of infant
development could vary greatly (Santrock, 2016). There are many different factors that must be
considered in the first years of life that are extremely crucial for development and change. In order
to better understand infant development, it is important to consider how each of these factors will
affect the baby; three examples of these factors are sleep patterns, eating habits, and motor
development, all which impact the general health of the infant overall.
It is relatively general knowledge that infants tend to sleep much more than the average child, adult,
or adolescent. My virtual child, Margo, in between three and eight months, was sleeping six hours
out of the night, and taking a few two–hour naps during the day, consistently sleeping about 12
hours per day (My Virtual Child, 2014). The average amount of sleep that an infant will get on any
given night is anywhere in between ten to twenty–one hours per day (Santrock, 2016). Based on this
knowledge, it can be concluded that Margo's sleeping habits are not necessarily abnormal for her
age. Margo was also strictly breastfed. In the study Infant Sleep Development from 3 to 6 Months
Postpartum: Links with Maternal Sleep and Paternal Involvement, it was stated that there was
correlation between infants that were strictly breastfed at

Infant Brain Development
Healthy brain development in infants is critical during the first few moths of life. Infant brain
development is a process which depends on endogenous and exogenous stimulation and a
supportive environment (Marshall, 2011). During the third trimester, a critical period of brain and
neurosensory development occurs as well as the first three months of a baby's life. If not provided,
infants may suffer the consequences of permanent deficits in the developing neurosensory systems
as a result of disruption, damage, or deprivation in a social and physical environment. Marshall
(2011) provides reconmendations for caregivers to improve infant's developmenting brain while
providing appropriate developmental stimulation and support. System functions such as vision,
auditory, chemosensory, somatosensory, and limbic are guided by internal and external
environments (Marshall, 2011). If not functioning correctly it may affect the development of
physical and neural structures in infants. Theses five systems perform a role in producing and
responding to cognitive development. Similar to the five system functions, there are four elements
that guide the development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also their vision will be permantley damaged. They will not be able to detect shapes, orientation,
color, or patterns during those critical periods. the early hearing system of infants relies first on
endogenous stimulation, and then requires exogenous stimulation to develop further. At 32 weeks a
fetus has the ability to recongnize ot smothers voice. The sound of the mothers voice is important as
it helps with their babies cognitive development. Marshall (2011) states when a mother does not
speak the newborn may delayed int heir development by 2 months. during the fetal period it is
important thea tmonthers speak beacse during the pregnancy the fetus is

Piaget's Theory of Infant Development
Piaget's Theory of Infant Development Author: Elizabeth Purling Renton Technical College
Developmental Psychology Instructor: Leta Berkshire May 30, 2007 Piaget's Theory of Infant
Development At almost 32 weeks gestation, my little one constantly brings about questions and
ideas about what my life will be like when I become a parent. What will she look like? Will she be a
loud baby or a quiet one? How long before she sleeps through the night? What cognitive abilities
does she have now, in the womb? How will she grow and change as her life progresses? Many of
these questions cannot be answered anytime soon but I have been trying to learn as much as I can
before she is born. It is this reason that I chose to write ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intentionality appears in interactions with the environment and the infant is moving towards goal–
directed behavior. The child now has an understanding of cause and effect relationships, and is
sharpening its hand–eye coordination. Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions, Novelty, and
Curiosity 12 to 18 Months As with stage four, this stage is characterized by a means/ends
differentiation. The infants are no longer restricted to the application of previously established
schemata to obtain a goal. They can make the necessary alterations to their schemata to solve
problems; this reflects a process of active experimentation. These differences in cognition coincide
with improved locomotive abilities as the child becomes more physically active. In this stage, causal
inferences are still unavailable to the infant – it must see an action occur before it has any
understanding of the causal relationship. Substage 6: Internalization of Schemes 18 to 24 Months
The earlier stages of the sensorimotor period appear to be set on a continuum but the transition from
the fifth to the sixth stage is more disjointed. Symbolic function and mental representation first
appear during this stage, which runs parallel with the development of language. Language is an
expression of symbolic function and mental representation and it is at this stage that children begin
to string words together in pairs as they begin to understand the concept of forming a sentence.
Children in this

Musical Infant Development
My reaction to the musical infant and their musical abilities is that in spite of the studies already
made, still there are unresolved questions. One issue in discussion for example is if an infant can
hear in the womb. Indeed, even in the womb there is proof that babies react to a wide range of
sound. Medical studies have concluded that a fetus can hear from the third semester. In a 1980
testing Anthony J. De Casper and William P. Fifer found that some rudimentary cognition starts at
this point and a close connection with the mother as well.
Besides, the inclination that infants have for music have a hereditary component and an additional
environmental factor (Trehub, 2001). There are behaviors present in the baby that demonstrate that
they are not inactive audience members, they deliver their own particular coordinated sounds
moving head and limbs in light of specific sounds. This is particularly genuine when there is
communication with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The similarities, assuming any, between the two are that both are sound–related and musical to some
degree. Both language and music have rules that must be followed in order to make musical and
communicative thoughts understandable to others. Researchers explain that in both music and in
discourse patterns there are two components that work together – rhythm and pitch. There is an
association then in the minds of numerous individuals that there is prosody in speech (a
characteristic ascent and fall of the voice and rhythmic qualities). This is like components in music.
As per Jusczyk and Hohne, "The latter half of the infant's first year is a critical point in acquiring a
language" (p. 1984).The infant needs to perceive the speech of people around them, picking up
patterns and sort out them in a manner that it makes sense and can be retrieved. Finally, infants
should be translators of what they listen, so that when they are capable, they can express and

Vocal Development In Infants
Due to lack of research on social interactions and transitions in development of vocalization,
Goldstein et al developed a study to test this relationship. Specifically, their study focused on social
feedback from caregivers and resulting vocal development in infants. They wanted to know if this
study would induce more variety of vocalizations in infants. Goldstein et al took thirty infants
around eight months of age as well as the infant's mothers and split them into an experimental
contingent condition and a yoked–control condition (Goldstein et al, 2003, p. 8030). Participants
came for two – thirty minute play sessions. The first was simply to allow the child and mother to
adapt to the playroom. The second session consisted of three – ten minute ... Show more content on
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According to Goldstein et al, other studies have demonstrated how adults perceive mature
vocalization as a means of communication thus resulting in an increased response from the adult
(Goldstein et al, 2003, 8034). Therefore, as children begin to articulate more maturely, parents in
return respond more in hopes to increase the performance of mature vocalization by the child. These
data also indicate that imitation may not be as strong of a mechanism for the development of infant
vocalization but positive reinforcement may act as a mechanism to increase babbling. The mothers
responded to the infants vocalizations by simply smiling, moving closer and touching them which
acted as a positive reinforcement. Thus, the increase in their babbling was not a means of imitating
the mother (Goldstein et al, 2003, 8034). Instead, they were receiving positive feedback each time
they vocalized which was a positive reinforcement for the child to want to continue producing

Infant Development Stages
Infancy is the state or period of early childhood or babyhood during infancy an infant body goes
through a lot of changes the first year. I believe that infancy is an important time of development in
a person's life of a person life because it can affect the rest of that person entire life. Development is
a progression of steps if one step is incomplete it hampers the progress of the next step. It develops
different classes during this stage such as sensory, motor, social, and language. Within moments of
being born the newborn's systems for breathing, eating, eliminating, and regulating body
temperature are functional and ready to take over at the time of birth. However, because these
systems are still quite immature the infant remains completely dependent on adults for survival. You
also have to be very careful with baby during this stage because a lot of health issues can occur
especially if the baby is not properly cared for. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nutritionally, all a baby needs for the first 6 months is formula and/or breast milk. Breastfeeding
and formula are similar. Formula does provide for the babies basic needs, including vitamins and
minerals for good health. But breast milk has properties that cannot be reproduced in formula. For
proper growth and development an infant must obtain an adequate amount of essential nutrients by
consuming appropriate quantities and types of foods. Nutrition is important because the first 1000
days have a strong impact on a child development child to their full potential. What is eaten as
infant strongly effect their long–term body weight, health, metabolic programming, immune system
and over all aging. The infant goes through many changes physically and mentally during this time
period they learn the everyday basic like thinking, eating, sleeping and

Research Paper On Infant Development
Infant Development
Infant development is inseparable from the progression of the infant's relationship with caregivers.
Contemporary accounts of the early comments highlighted the role of parents and other guardians in
supporting infants gradually (Lyons–Ruth & Zeanah, 1993). This is because the infant needs parents
who can help her negotiate the developmental task. Thus, there are 4 stages to develop which is
birth to 4 weeks, age 1 to 3 months, 3 to 6 months and 6 to 12 months. Birth to 4 weeks
The development of the first stage is birth to 4 weeks. This point is likewise recognized as the
Neonatal Period. Infant are held with a number of abilities that become the foundation of future
growth. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They would more involve in attachment relationships. The infant begins to shift away from the
focus on objects or figures to an external environment at about six months. The infant's confidence
in the attachment is established and developing internal 'schemas' or representations of the parents
and the attachment relationships that allow him to 'keep the parent in mind' even when he is not
interacting with her (Stern, 1983). When the infant wakes in the morning, they might not cry
immediately for the parent to come but they would play with the object for the first 30 minutes
before become fussy and started to cry.
Conclusion
As a conclusion, there are four stages of infant development. Which are birth to 4 weeks, age 1 to 3
months, age 3 to 6 months and age 6 to 12 months. Different stages of month discussing difference
type of behaviour. It shows how the way to develop attachment for maintaining the baby or infant.
There are also several steps that should be taken by the parents as to know their infant's behaviour
better. The infant has different types of behaviour as they were grown up and these behaviour should
be acknowledged by all parents in order to raise up their children in a good

Infant Eye Development Book Report
Growing up we use our key senses to understand and live in the world around us. After birth
newborns eyes are still developing and cannot make out fine details far away. Newborns vision is
around 20/240, but by 6 months their vision clears up to around 20/40. At birth infants are
genetically programmed to know who their mother is and by three months they can match voices
with their gender and ethnic groups. Along with being better to distinguish voices, newborns sense
of colors also enhances with age. Perceptual vision is very important for infant eye development.
This is necessary because without this ability they would see an "object at a different distance or in a
different orientation, they would perceive it as a different object" (Santrock 161). There are two
main factors for this size constancy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The book uses the example of how infants were placed on a surface with just glass and the
appearance of a drop off. They then would put their mother on the other end calling the babies
names, but none would crawl to their mothers. In childhood, the child's ability to see more colors
increases. Along with a color increase perception, young children start to develop the ability to
overcome gravity bias. After childhood, vision no longer increase, but starts to actually decrease
around the age of 40 to 59. Presbyopia happens because there is a decrease of blood supple to the
eye and the retina becomes less sensitive to different stimulus. Because the retina is not as active as
previous years, it becomes hard for older people to see that well in the dark, and especially driving
at night becomes especially dangerous. Color and depth perception also decrease with age. Older
adults have a harder time distinguishing closely related colors, especially the green–blue–violet
colors (Santrock 163). As you age, your eyes become more susceptible to different

Effects Of Breastfeeding On Infant Development
Balcom 1
Adreanna Balcom
Professor Alex G.
English 101
May 4, 2015
The Effects of Breastfeeding on Infant Development as Opposed to Formula Everyday about
353,000 babies are born and there are about 255 babies born globally per minute according to
Babycenter.com . Once a baby enters the world they instantly need love, care, and nurturing. Studies
show that babies need love and care from their mother figure in order to survive. One way mothers
show their love and care towards their brand new baby is to nurture them. This can be done by the
natural way of breastfeeding or by baby formula. Both are very common here in the United States.
Some women say they prefer breastfeeding over formula because it not only helps the baby but also
helps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Breast milk contains the perfect type and amount of proteins and nutrients for a growing baby.
Unlike formula, breast milk 's composition adjusts over time to meet the child 's needs at every stage
of development (American Academy of Pediatrics , 8). The AAP says that the first milk produced is
low in volume and high in protein. This make it easier for a new born to digest the milk. The first
milk from the mother is called Colostrum. This can not be found in any formula. This first milk is
crucial to an infants development . After birth, the colostrum gradually gives way to make milk with
greater volume, lower protein, and higher in lactose and fat in accordance with an infants growing
needs (American Academy of Pediatric, 8). There are many important ingredients found in breast
milk and one of them is fatty acids. These fatty acids, unique to human milk, are responsible for the
baby 's ability to facilitate optimal brain development . Along with nutrition and development, the
infants immune system is dependent on the type of nurturing they receive. It is simple really, if the
mother gets a cold while breastfeeding, chances are her baby will also get that cold. That sounds bad
but following the cold are antibodies that are produced by the mother 's body in order to fight the
cold. Now the baby not only has a cold but also has the tools in order to fight it and because of this
process the babies immune system

Development Of Infants And Toddlers
INTRODUCTION
I. I'm sure we can all relate to the moment when you first meet a new–born, infant or even toddler
and all you can say is "Awh how cute he or she is", and how much you just want to pinch those
chubby cheeks or tickle those little toes.
II. Whether you've had a child of our own, have a younger sibling, or even may have never been
around young children before, we all have our own experiences and unique ways of interacting with
them.
III. These little cute bundles of joy, or maybe occasionally not so "joyful" at times have much more
than just cute looks. From birth to five years of age they are actually going through a critical period
of development that is a complex and vital to their growth for years to come.
IV. Ever since I was a young girl I have always had a great interest in learning about the
development of infants and toddlers. Now, as I enter my senior year in the Family and Child
Sciences Department at Florida State University, I have gained great one–on–one personal
experience working with children ranging from zero to ten years old.
As we all might know the obvious physical developmental signs an infant goes through known as
growth. What many may not know is the stages a child moves through known as, child
developmental stages or milestones. This includes how the child becomes able to do more complex
things as they get older. Such as Gross and fine motor skills, Social and Language skills, and lastly
Cognitive Skills.
BODY
To begin, I will first

Infant Learning: Brain Development Essay
INFANT LEARNING Infant learning and brain development is fragile and contingent upon
numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most critical time frame for infant brain development
is from the second trimester to the first three months of life (Marshall, 2011). During this time,
neural pathways are forming, areas of the brain are maturing, and brain development is rapid. From
infancy until the age of 3 years, neural pathways are still being formed in response to stimulation
and for this reason, it is extremely important for caregivers and parents to be aware of the many
factors that can influence brain development in infants (Marshall, 2011).
Popular Psychology Common beliefs regarding infant learning tend to focus on the issue of ... Show
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Therefore, the rapidly developing cognitive functions of infants necessitate even more rapid and
consistent sleep cycles to foster their learning. Sleep plays a role in the memory consolidation
process when the baby is awake. It has not yet been determined if infants can learn while asleep
(Tarullo, Balsam & Fifer, 2011).
Environmental Factors Among the many environmental factors that can affect infant learning,
prenatal cigarette exposure has proven to be a topic of interest in behavioral teratology due to the
large number of health effects it is associated with. Some of the health effects of prenatal cigarette
exposure include: lower birth weight, smaller head circumference, lower IQ, attention dysfunction,
hyperactivity and other conduct problems, as well as school failure (Mezzacappa, E., 2011, p. 881–
891). There are some human studies that investigate the cognitive deficits related to prenatal
cigarette exposure which include: auditory, visual attention, and working memory issues.
Social Development Gazing plays a central role in the social and cognitive development of a child.
It is documented that from the age of 3 months, a child will begin to develop perceptual learning. An
example of this hypothesis was tested with an actor holding a stuffed kitten in front a 1 year old.
The 1 year old stared at the kitten longer, therefore the infant's desire for what the actor was holding
caused the infant to interpret the actor's behavior as

Characteristics And Challenges Of Infant Development
Infancy Exploration There are many characteristics and challenges of infant's development. The
following topics describe and explain the different stages of development, the reason why
attachment is so important, what it means and the different styles of attachments, the different
reflexes, Piagets's theories and why breastfeeding it's so important and why it's not practice as much
today which I believe are the most important factors of child development.
Reflexes are involuntary responses or moments we get when we are born. There five main reflexes
we're born with which are Grasping, rooting, sucking, startle and stepping reflexes. Grasping
reflexes is basically an automatic respond to grasp onto an object that stimulates the palm. For ...
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Attachment is the emotional relationship between the child and the caregiver. Attachment is
important for several reasons. A child that has a good emotional bond with their parent is more
likely to have better copping skills with negative emotions in stressful moments; they are more
independent and more confident to go out in the world and explore their options. There's two
particular theory of attachment id agree with which would have to be Bowlby and Harlow theory.
Attachment I believe comes from early age and it's based on how the caregiver takes care of their
child and the emotional connection they share with their child. Harlow's theory states that babies are
more attached to theirs mothers for the simple reason it's the parent that feeds them and shows
protection, once they find that in a parent they become more in order to survive.
There are different styles of attachments for example secure, insecure, avoidant, and anxious–
ambivalent. Secure attachment is when a child its upset when their caregiver leaves but once the
caregiver returns they are able calm down. This shows how they feel secure enough that they can
count on the parent to come back. Another type of attachment is insecure attachment is when the
child shows no emotions towards their caregiver and they don't really care whether their caregiver
comes back or not. Which for a baby it's not a good sign, this style of attachment

Infant Development
Life. Without life there is no existence. Starting from the zygote to the embryo and then the fetus,
this is a critical time for the development of the soon to be infant. Studies have shown that the
prenatal period is the most important period for neurodevelopment in the womb. For many years the
aim to promote a healthy pregnancy stemmed from the pregnant woman maintaining a balanced
nutrition, low to moderate exercise, and staying away from stress. Pregnant women are also
encouraged to protect themselves against harmful toxins and common life stressors to lower the risk
of the child being under developed physically and cognitively. According to the National Institute of
Health, "maternal consumption of essential fatty acids during pregnancy ... Show more content on
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"Cognition represents a complex set of higher mental functions subserved by the brain, and includes
attention, memory, thinking, learning and perception" (as cited in Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster,
Oddy 1). The building blocks of nutrition include enzymes and neurotransmitters that are necessary
for optimal growth and development. Many studies have shown that the lack of micronutrients such
as folic acid, vitamin B12, iron and zinc, just to name of few, are leading causes of malnutrition.
"There is evidence that malnutrition can impair cognitive development, whilst breastfeeding appears
to be beneficial for cognition. (Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster, Oddy

Child Development : Infant And Toddler Development
This research paper is written on infant and toddler development from birth to three years of age. I
chose this topic to research because I am an aspiring Neonatal Intensive–Care Unit (NICU) Nurse.
Neonatal nursing is a subspecialty of nursing that works with newborn infants that are born with a
variety of problems ranging from prematurity, birth defects, infection, cardiac malformations, and
surgical problems. The neonatal period is defined as the first month of life; however, these newborns
are often sick for months. To successfully pursue this career, I must understand the process of birth,
and how the infant develops.
Pregnancy lasts for approximately 40 weeks, but it is possible to have the baby sooner or even later
than the due date. When a woman is preparing to give birth, a Midwife, Family Doctor,
Obstetrician, Nurse, Respiratory Therapist, and Anesthesiologist may be available to make sure the
delivery goes as smooth as possible. Some women do not go into labor on their own, sometimes
there are complications with the fetus and the labor needs to be induced. An induction of labor may
be required if the pregnancy has gone past 42 weeks, if the mother has high blood pressure,
diabetes, an uterine infection, or if the water has been broken but contractions have not began.
Labor can be induced by ripening the cervix, which includes inserting a small tablet into the vagina
that helps start the process of labor. Medications such as oxytocin are given to start uterine

Physical activity is vital for the healthy growth and...
Physical activity is vital for the healthy growth and development of toddler and infants. For
toddlers, play is an essential part of learning. It's how they develop physical skills, confidence and
life skills for the future. There are many available options for infants to go and play and develop
those skills, like GymbaROO or Kids Aquatic Survival School (KASS) that provide lots of
opportunities and benefits for the kids.
The GymbaROO provides many benefits for young infants as they offer a range of physical activites
and appropriate exercises that enable toddlers aged 0–5 to explore, develop and practice skills that
will aid them into a healthy lifestyle. All the activities are focused on nurturing children who are
progressing through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a child I young and between the ages of 0–5, they are very shy and reliant of their parents, so
not allowing them in the water to hold their hand, help them or encourage them is consequently
letting the infant not reach it's full potential.
Physical activity can also be identified in dancing, which is what OZ TOTS tries to embody whilst
still making it fun and enjoyable for the toddlers. OZ TOTS embraces all the elements of music &
movement whilst incorporating preschool skills, it is a fun and playful environment that integrates
specially tailored classes in different dance styles coached by older students. The program not only
encourages your child to develop their coordination through music and dance. It also makes
significant contributions to, developing creativity, building social skills and enhancing their physical
development. On the other hand, there are many faults to the physical activity that OZ TOTS
provides including the fact that the staff members are older students, not specially trained
professionals who can deal with very young children. Older students cant provide the learning
capability and techniques needed to teach the young students, control them behavior wise as well as
provide them with a healthy and active activity.
To conclude, I believe that there are many sufficient options provided for this age group that will
help the toddlers

Infant´s Psychosocial Development
Your psychosocial development question, I believe, is an essential matter regarding an infant's
development. Likewise, I found all of your questions to be articulated and thoughtful. Back to the
question at hand regarding an infant's psychosocial development. In your hypothetical question, it
seems that the infant is displaying two forms of an emotional reaction to the nature of social
environments: stranger anxiety and social referencing. Both of which are normal emotional
reactions to strange surroundings and the strangers found within it. To begin with, stranger anxiety
is an emotional state an infant experience in which he or she is apprehensive towards unknown
individuals and thereby inducing a fearful emotional reaction in the

Essay on The Psychoanalytic Perspective on Infant Development
Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was the first to develop a theory of human
development with a focus on unconscious processes and instincts. Freud believed unconscious
conflicts in early childhood can determine who a person will be in adulthood. He also believed that
the mind contains three parts known as the id, ego, and superego, which govern a person's judgment
(Frank, 2013). The id, which Freud believed to be present at birth, is viewed as the childlike part of
the unconscious. It is pleasure seeking and represents a person's wants, instincts, and drives. The
ego, which is both conscious and unconscious, is the adult part of a person's mind as well as the
compromising component between the id and the supergo. It serves as a ... Show more content on
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During the latency stage of development, a person's energy is sublimated into activities such as
school, sports, and friendships. Finally, in the genital stage the person reaches adolescence and
sexual energy is focused onto others, and it is at this stage that all prior conflicts may once again
arise (Maheshwari, 2013). Freud's theory of the unconscious sparked an interest in a man named
Carl Jung. He followed Freud to America, but later began his own theories on the mind. Carl Jung
was another major traditional psychoanalyst. Jung's theory of the unconscious differs slightly than
that of Freud's in that he divided the unconscious into two parts; the personal unconscious and the
collective unconscious. The personal unconscious contains all of a person's unconscious thoughts,
ideas, and memories, including those that have been repressed. Jung believed the collective
unconscious contains an innate knowledge about ways of reacting that have been inherited by
human ancestry in what he called archetypes (Cherry, n.d.). Studies that support Jung's theory found
that there are a variety of emotions which correspond to every infant and are relevant to all cultures.
Accordingly, a well–known Jungian analyst named Anthony Stevens found that attachment in
infancy is proof of archetypes by the way this characteristic can be seen across the world and all
cultures (p. 235). However, critics of Jung's theory argue that the emerging field of epigenetics puts
a

HPAAxis Role In Infant Development
This article hit home for my research, start at the beginning explaining some concerns with the early
life of an as a foster child. The significant period in an infant growth is programmed of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA axis is vital for managing a homeostatic balance
in the face of stressors(Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar &Heim, 2009). According to ( Lupien et al.,
2009), the social environment operates as a critical role in HPA axis of development during the
infants period of heightened plasticity. Noteworthy, there is evidence that in infancy and childhood,
the social environment typically comprises of a primary caregiver, which is the important external
regulator of HPA axis activity. The caregiver regulates the "Social buffering

A Research Study On Infant Memory Development
"Infant memory development" is one of the topics of PSY103 lectures, and is also one of the
significant issues in Psychology. Dr. Jane Herbert was the lecturer of this topic and she drew my
attention and interest to infant memory development and infantile amnesia. Infantile amnesia is the
failure to recall events from babyhood and early childhood (Hayne & Jack, 2010). In other words,
according to Henri & Henri (1898 cited in Hayne, 2004), most of the children and adults can only
recollect the earliest memory between 2 and 4 years old. Early experience is a crucial element in
understanding human development as psychologists stated its influences would last for long (Hayne
& Jack, 2010). The early experience plays an important role in brain, social, behavioural
development (Hayne, 2004). Many scholars and psychologists at or beyond the University of
Sheffield has conducted numerous research in this field, and they aimed to study infant memory
ability and age–related changes in various kind of aspects with their research impacting society in
many ways. In this essay, the academic impacts of psychological research in connection with infant
memory development will be discussed first. This will be then followed by the discussion about the
social and economic impacts, which benefit the society.
Firstly, the academic impacts of psychological research will be discussed. Psychological research in
infant memory development has further developed the existing theory and expanded the

Infant Development Research Paper
In a previous course, I learned about infant development the stages of a baby grows from the fetus
to birth. The video added to my understanding that infant development stats inside the womb. All of
the baby's sensory information comes through the umbilical cord. I have read articles and watched
videos that states it is important for mothers to be calm during their pregnancy. Stress on the mother
can affect the child. The mother should also be making healthy eating choices. Whatever she eats
and drinks will be given to the child. During pregnancy and right after pregnancy, it is important
that mothers maintain good health. If not, they may end up putting their child at risk for
complications. During the fifth week of pregnancy, this is where

Developmental Development : Characteristics Of Human...
Physical:
Infants in this stage get all that they require from their mom in the placenta, which is basic to fetal
survival. Our bodies are comprised of cells, each loaded with chromosomes and DNA. Cells in our
bodies experience mitosis, which makes developing conceivable. Chromosomes given from the
mother and the father decide the youngster's physical improvement. The qualities in our bodies
"provide a blueprint or code to the cell for how to produce proteins" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010, p.
37).
Developmental:
The content associated with this course states that "humans will become at least partially channeled
even before birth" (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010, p. 68). Pre–birth mind improvements, and
additionally postnatal mental health are especially imperative components of formative learning.
Amid typical pre–birth improvement, even in the initial three weeks, when implantation happens,
vital advancements are happening; like the arrangement of the neural tube. From the fourth to the
eighth week is when most organ frameworks shape. From the ninth week until birth, improvement is
as yet happening with the development of reproduction system and the greater part of alternate
system likewise proceeding to develop.
Spiritual:
Profound convictions of the mother does not influence the child in spite of the fact that, studies have
shown that some meditation methods have influenced the well–being of the embryo. Intellectual:
There have been many research to the impact of

A Research Study On Infant Motor Development
Introduction It is believed that infants who are earlier active tend to be proactive later in life. Many
studies have suggested that it is acceptable for infants who are stimulated earlier in life to remain
stimulus in early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. It is also understood that
perceived competence of physical activity within early childhood determine whether or not a child
will remain physically active in their adolescence years. Within the Adolescence, it is common to
see boys and girls stop participating in sports. It is believe that the discontinuation may be caused by
the body going through changes, lost of interest in sports, unable to compete at the same level as
their friends, peer–pressure and many other facts. When a child continues to be physically active in
their late childhood and into adolescence, it is concluded that they would live an active adult life.
Summary
In 1966 at 'Northern Finland Birth Cohort', Ridgway et al. (2009) performed a study to demonstrate
the association amid the timing of infant motor development and consequential sports participation
during adolescence. Ridgway et al. (2009) argued that motor proficiency is positively associated
with physical activity levels. There were 9,009 partakers whose motor development was evaluated
by parental report at age 1, walking with support and walking unaided (Ridgway et al., 2009). A
follow up also took place at the age of fourteen years. Ridgway et al. (2009) study

Infant Physical Development
The infants physical development starts with the head and then moves to other parts of the body.
From the very beginning babies are very curious and are ready to start exploring. Infants necks are
unable to support the weight of the head when the baby is sat up straight. They are able to turn their
heads left to right when laying down. Infants are able to close their fist. At three months of age
babies are more flexible and become more stronger. At this age babies start to try to roll over. They
start to grab the edge of the crib and try to pull themselves up so that they can stand with the support
of the crib. The infants start to explore more and they are amused by little toys. An example would
be a toy that lights up when they touch it, when they discover this they realize that when they push
the toy the toy will light up. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is when parents need to be aware of where their child where about are. Infants are known to
start crawling at this age. They also grab things and pull things towards them. Parents need to be
very observant that their infants at this age do not put anything in their mouth that could make them
choke. The age of nine months to a year, the infants can do a lot of things without help. They can sit
up by themselves. Infants can stand up without the assistance of an adult. They can decide which
toys to pick up and they can pick up the objects they would like to entertain themselves with. Infants
can also sit unaided as well, they have built enough support for their neck to support their head
weight

Child Development Paper : Infant Development
Infant Development Paper
Denicia Bowers
OTA 1002 Human Occupation Through the Life Span
Summer 2017
Infant Development Paper
Infants go through different developmental stages. It is a part of the human life cycle. The beginning
stages of an infant's life is the most developing (Payne & Issacs, 2012). One of the stages that infant
go through is the Late Infancy Stage. During the Late Infancy Stage, infants between 7–9 months
reach many different milestones. As the infant grows and becomes aware of their surrounding the
more developed they become. Infants discover new things daily and it is important to support their
growth. Late Infancy stage involves the gross motor, fine motor, oral– motor, cognitive language,
personal and social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fine motor control allows infants to exercise their hand muscles which helps them to play with toys.
Some atypical behaviors are keeping hands closed without opening them and not grasping when
objects are placed in the palm of the hand.
While infants have a growing interest in the world around them, putting things in the mouth is
normal. Oral motor development is an important milestone, many foods are introduced during this
stage. Infant has more control over the tongue, lip, jaw, teeth, soft and hard palate, this permits
infant to eat soft and mashed up food like mashed potatoes and apple sauce. Mouth movement and
coordination is significant when eating and swallowing. A parent may give her infants a cookie and
the infant will eat it, biting off small pieces at a time. When spoon fed an infant can eat from a
spoon and when drinking from a bottle the seal is stronger which prevents less spillage (Koontz –
Lowman &Lane, 1999). Difficulty swallowing and chewing food is a sign of atypical behavior.
During late infancy stage, an infant's abilities to process, understand and produce language is
important and begins as soon as the child is born. Infants recognize sounds in their environment,
such as a mother's voice. Infants also become aware of their native language, those babbling sounds
become clear. "Ma–ma" or Da–da is usually heard and is often repeated. Babbling sounds may not
refer to anything specific, "Ma–ma" can be signified as

Infant Development Essay
How do smiles, tears, anger and fear change from birth to age 2? At 6 weeks infants develop a social
smile, at 3 month laughter and curiosity develop, at 4 months full responsive smiles emerge, from
4–8 months they develop anger, from 9014 months they develop a fear of social events, at 12
months the are fearful of unexpected sights and sounds, and at 18 months they are self–aware, feel
pride, shame, and embarrassment. In the first two years, infants develop from reactive pain and
pleasure to complex patterns of social awareness. Emotions in infants are produced from their body
as opposed to their thoughts. Therefore fast and uncensored reactions are common in infants. During
their toddler years, the strength of their emotions will increase. Does a baby 's temperament predict
lifelong personality? Temperamental traits are genetic. They are biologically based difference of an
individual. A baby's temperament does predict their personality later in life. Temperament is
measured on how the individual responds to the environment in which it is stable across time.
Temperament is not the same as personality. temperamental inclinations may lead to personality
differences What are signs of a secure attachment between parent and infant? Infants with secure
attachment feel comfortable and confident separating from their caregiver. In the toddler 's eyes,
their caregiver is a base for exploration that provides assurance and enables experiences of
discovery. Infants with secure

Development Of Infants

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