Signs And Symptoms Of Sickle Cell Anemia

Signs And Symptoms Of Sickle Cell Anemia
Signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia may be determined at birth. Some infants though, do not show any signs until the age of four months.
Other infants, might show some signs at birth that have to deal with the anemia part of the illness. Babies' special hemoglobin protects their red
blood cells which is why some of them are not diagnosed at birth. Some people have severe symptoms and others could just be mild. There are
many different symptoms or signs of sickle cell anemia, there are signs that have to do with just the anemia part and other signs that have to do
with the disease part of the illness. Many different symptoms have to deal with the anemic part of the illness. Some of the most commonly
diagnosed symptoms are; shortness of breath, dizziness, jaundice, pale skin, headaches, and coldness in the head and feet. The hands and feet of
sickle cell patients could be swollen which is the first sign of sickle cell sometimes. A fever is usually side by side with the swelling. Red blood
cells carry oxygen through our bodies and delivers it throughout our systems. With sickle cell, those red blood cells tend to form a crescent moon
shape and often get stuck together in the blood vessels. This will cause swelling and pain in which ever body part the blood is sickling in. Blood is
carried to each body part, which also means for sickle cell patients sickling can happen almost anywhere in their entire body. Pain would have to be
one of the most common symptoms of sickle
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What Is Priapism?
I choose to research the male system and give a little insight on Priapism; meanwhile, this condition is defined as prolonged erection of the penis.
There is no connection to sexual stimulation or arousal, but can be painful. If this condition is not taken care of in a timely matter priapism can cause
tissue damage that could result I n inability to even get and maintain an erection. Priapism is most common in ages 5 to 10 in boys and 20–50 in men.
There are two kind of priapism one is Ischemic which is also called low–flow; therefore, results in blood not begin able to leave the penis. Here are a
few signs: having erection that last more than four hours, even having and erection that comes and go for many hours, rigid penile shaft, usually

Causes Of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease is a hereditary blood disorder most common in the African American community. Many people are carriers of the sickle cell trait,
however in order for a person to develop sickle cell disease both parents must have passed on the trait to their child. Sickle cell disease causes a
mutation in normal red blood cells resulting in decreased tissue perfusion and organ damage. This causes partial or complete replacement of normal
hemoglobin with abnormal shaped sickled cells. An abnormal shaped sickled cell may become lodged to a blood vessel where other cells then bind
to it and begin to form a clump. The blood vessels continually attach to each other and result in a blockage of small blood vessels eventually resulting
in organ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The short life span of RBCs and the damage they cause to tissues can result in the following signs and symptoms: severe abdominal pain, priapism,
tissue engorgement, painful swelling of joints and feet, fever, shock, profound anemia, and hypovolemia. Many organs can be affected to include the
brain, eyes, bones, liver, spleen, kidneys, penis, extremities, and skin (Ball, J., & Bindler, R., 2015). Pain from sickle cell crises is the most common
reasons for hospitalization in children with sickle cell disease. Pain typically affects the joints, chest, back and abdomen. Children may also experience
acute chest syndrome (ACS), a life threatening complication requiring hospitalization. ACS is characterized by chest pain, fever, tachypnea, cough,
shortness of breath, crackles and

The Impact Of Sildenafil Citrate On The Drug Industry
John Jayasankar
AP Biology
Mr. Cross
Drug Paper
October 5, 2014
Viagra
History: Viagra also known as sildenafil citrate was originally synthesized at Pfizer headquarters in Sandwich, Kent, England by a group of
pharmaceutical chemists in 1989. The two people who are attributed with creating sildenafil citrate, and who were consequently the most important in
doing research and development on the drug were chemists Peter Dunn and Albert Wood. They originally composed this drug, sildenafil citrate, to
help treat angina and high blood pressure, two symptoms that are usually indicative of coronary heart disease. The drug is classified as UK–92480.
Later, in 1991, when the drug is patented by Dr. Nicholas Terrett, who is also referred to as "the father of Viagra", sildenafil citrate received its
modern name, Viagra. A few years afterward, in the early 1990s, Pfizer compiles several early test in order to prove Viagra's capabilities in reducing
angina and treating high blood pressure. These trials, however, prove that Viagra is not effective at treating this symptoms at all, although the trial
patients were reporting ongoing erections after consuming Viagra. This got Pfizer thinking, and in March of 1998, Pfizer re–patents Viagra and the
FDA approves it, and instead markets it as a drug to help people who are suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED), and this time Pfizer has research to
back their claim. In the first year alone, over 40,000 prescriptions were written

Sickle Cell Paper
Sickle Cell Disease (Anemia) Child and Adolescent Development (PSC 1246A) Sickle Cell Disease, commonly referred to as Sickle Cell Anemia, is a
blood disease which red blood cells form an abnormal sickle or crescent shape. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body and are normally shaped
like a disc. This disease is genetically inherited from both parents. If you inherit the sickle cell gene from only one parent, you will have sickle cell
trait. People with sickle cell trait do not have the symptoms of sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell disease is much more common in people of African and
Mediterranean descent. It is also seen in people from South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. Sickle cell... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
People with the sickle cell trait can never get the disease. They don't have any of the symptoms except anemia which is usually treated with
vitamins with extra iron. On a personal note, I have the Sickle Cell trait. I have been known all my life about the trait and the disease. I inherited
the trait from my mother's side of the family. My father's side does not carry the trait. My mother's family is also from the West Indies, and my
father's family is not. When I married my first husband, (whom I remarried a few months ago after twenty years), I realized that that he that had
the sickle cell trait as well as myself. We tried and did not have any children. Twenty years later, we have decided to have a child. With the
advancements in science, we discovered that with in vitro fertilization, we can take my eggs and his sperm and fertilize them and since every one in
four has a 25% chance of having the disease, we will take the one healthy egg and produce a healthy child and discard the three infected with the
genetic trait. It is an expensive, yet healthy choice for our child to live a normal, healthy, happy life disease free. In conclusion, genetics make us who
we are. If not for the different diseases, and other traits we receive from our parents, and their parents and many generations before,

A Study On Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease, SCD, is an inherited autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects 1 in 500 Americans of West African descent with one in 12
African Americans and one in 100 Hispanics being carriers ("Learning." 2014). SCD is prevalent in individuals with origins in equatorial countries,
such as central Africa, Near East, Mediterranean area, and in parts of India (McCance, 2010). Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell–thalassemia, and sickle
cell–Hb C are all forms of sickle cell disease with sickle cell anemia being the most severe. Within the general population there is a 0.7% chance of two
African American parents having a child with sickle cell anemia, a 1 in 800 birth risk for sickle cell–Hb C, and 1 in 1700 birth risk for sickle– cell
thalassemia (2010). The incidence of sickle cell trait carriers can range from 7% to 13% in blacks and up to 45% in people from Eastern Africa. In
comparison to the other forms of SCD, sickle cell anemia is present in a homozygous form. Individuals are considered to be sickle cell trait carriers
when they inherit Hb S from one parent and normal hemoglobin from the other parent, these individuals rarely present with any clinical manifestations
(2010).
Individuals with SCD inherit the sickle globin gene (HbS) from one parent and a normal (HbA) from the other parent. The allele for individuals with
a sickle cell trait would be HbAS or AS and HbSS for those with SCD (2010). When two individuals are carriers to the defective gene

Sickle Cell Disease Analysis
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) sickle shaped red blood cells are abnormal in size and function; compared to the Thalassemias red blood cells appear
normal in appearance but there are not enough of them being produced for the body to sustain homeostasis. The two diseases have basic similarities
within their diagnosis and treatments. They differ in the way of which, SCD complications exceed Thalassemias, with Thalassemias epidemiology
reaching more ethnic backgrounds and numbers affected over a greater geographical area. Ablood test can determine if a person may have either of
these diseases. It is ideal to find out if you are a carrier of a genetic trait, being each is an inherited disease, before deciding to have children. In doing
so, you can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SCD mostly affect African Americans, 1 in 13 are born with the trait, 1 in 365 are born with the
Parks 2
Disease. SCD is also found in smaller ratios within the Hispanic, Southern European, Middle
Eastern, or Asian Indian ethnicity. Thalassemias is diagnosed more so relating to the Greek or Italian race with a large ratio of 150–300 out of 1000
persons verses the 50 – 100 of 1000 persons affected in Southeast Asian. African American are 50–100 out of 1000 as well. The National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute states that "Approximately 100,000 Americans have SCD." Whilst, a different web page, characterizes Thalassemias as "Most
common genetic disorder worldwide." (Clinical Key) The site also states that "Currently, approximately 1000 patients with severe Thalassemias in the
United States." Once diagnosed, this is a life long treatment, which include; blood transfusion to treat the mild to severe anemia of Thalassemias, as
well as transfusions for the treatment of mild to moderate anemia pertaining to Sickle Cell Disease. There are several medications given; antibiotics,
pain, and vitamins, as well as other procedures. Blood transfusions may cause one of the complications of these diseases, iron build up in the

Sickle Cell Disease And Cancer
Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassemias Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Thalassemias are similar blood disorders with some important differences. Sickle
Cell Disease is a disorder where the red blood cells are sickle–shaped, which causes them to stick to vessel walls preventing much needed oxygen from
traveling through the body. Thalassemias has normal looking redblood cells, but the body does not make enough healthy cells or hemoglobin. This
means there is a lack of oxygen because the body does not produce enough blood or hemoglobin to carry it throughout the body. The two diseases
have basic similarities reflected by the concepts regarding diagnosing and treatment plans. They also differ in many ways; for example, Sickle
Cell consist of more complications than the Thalassemias disorder. Thalassemia, however, affects more ethnic backgrounds and numbers of the
afflicted are spread over a greater geographical area. Sickle Cell and Thalassemia can be diagnosed by a blood test that checks for certain genetic
markers. Generally a person will have two hemoglobin genes. If testing determined you are missing one, or both, then you are either a carrier or
you have Thalassemia. Sickle Cell testing does not look for missing genes, as in testing for Thalassemia, it is looking for an abnormal hemoglobin
gene. If you have one or both of these genes, the result is the same as Thalassemia, you are either a carrier or you have the disease. Being a carrier of
either of the
Parks 2
genes

Male Enhancement Drugs At The United States
We've all seen the commercials of men using male enhancement drugs to better their sex lives. In the commercials the couples always seem to be as
happy as can be as if they were on cloud nine. During the commercials the voice of the announcer can always be heard advising users of the risk of
taking these drugs. Also during the commercial its advised to seek help from a physician. Seeking the help of a physician is crucial because they'll be
able to tell you which supplement is better for you. But too often these warnings go unheard and sometimes that mistake can be deadly. People put
themselves at risk by taking substances that can affect their health. Those who suffer with heart disease, diabetes, and blood pressure issues should
definitely be careful and are most affected.
In 2011 5.3 million prescriptions for male enhancement pills were written in the united states. In the United States prescriptions tripled between 2000
and 2011 with sales as high as 1.6 billion dollars. Men who used testosterone therapy had a 30 percent increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, or dying.
The Food Dug Administration or for short the FDA is responsible for making sure products are safe to be on the market. If not there taken off the
market. An increasing trend of over the counter products represented as male enhancers may be laced with prescription drugs, controlled substances
and untested and unstudied ingredients. With how vast the drug market is the FDA connote test all of the

Erectile Dysfunction ( Ed )
I have selected erectile dysfunction (ED) as my topic of discussion this week. ED is such a prevalent health issue, there are so may myths regarding
the issue. One of the most common myths that I think we may all have heard of from our elderly patients "I can get it up because I am just too old".
I hope to further explore this health issue and be able to provide knowledge information to our patients in the future. Below is a helpful link that can
assess how much we know about the facts of ED. I scored very low the first time before exploring further marterials regarding the topic. Give it a try,
and then read the information below afterwards. http://www.webmd.com/erectile–dysfunction/rm–quiz–erectile–dysfunction ED is a very common
sexual dysfunction, is occurs in men. The chances of ED increase with age, however, it is not an unavoidable part of aging. ED can be inability,
inconsistent ability or able to maintain brief period of erection that is firm enough for sexual intercourse (Arcangelo, 2013). ED can increase stress,
decrease self–confidence and leads to relationship problems. It could be the initial signs and symptoms of other health issues (Mayo Clinic, 2016).
Causes and pathophysiology ED is any disruption during the sequence of events: nerve impulses from the brain travel through the spinal column
stimulate the muscles, veins, arteries and fibrous tissues. The combination of physical and psychological put one at risk for ED (Arcangelo, 2013).
Physical causes

Reaction Paper On Cialis
Cialis keywords : cialis, Generic Cialis
Cialis – The Newest ED treatment for Men
Erectile dysfunction is more of an emotional setback rather than a physical disorder for men. In layman terminology, it means the persistent inability of
men to get or maintain an erection throughout the intercourse and inability to attain sexual fulfillment. Erection requires an accurate sequence of
physiological processes. If any of these processes get interrupted, it leads to erectile dysfunction or ED. Medical field has seen lots off revolutionary
inventions and Cialis is one of them. It is a recently devised treatment for erectile dysfunction in men. Psychotherapy, vacuum pump, injections and
behavioral techniques were used in olden times to get rid of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recommended dosage is 2.5 mg in the starting and then increasing it to 5 mg if required. It should not be taken by patients who are allergic to
any ingredient in Cialis. If the patients have severe kidney problems, taking Cialis daily is not a very good idea. Patients who have severe hepatic
disorders or hereditary degenerative eye problems like retinitis pigmentosa should avoid taking Cialis. Do not use Cialis if you have certain heart
problems like severe heart failure, low blood pressure or uncontrolled high blood pressure. Patients with the history of a heart attack within the past
90 days or a stroke within the past 180 days. Patients who are on nitrates in any form should not take Cialis. These medicines include isosorbide,
nitroglycerin and nitroprusside. If you have been advised not to indulge in sexual activity because of heart problems, do not take Cialis. If you are
using certain recreational drugs known as poppers, contact your doctor. Do not forget to inform your doctor if you have allergies to medicines, foods
or other substances. Patients who have a deformed penis, hematological disorders like sickle cell anemia, leukemia and multiple myeloma should
inform the doctor beforehand about such conditions as it can lead to prolonged erection or priapism. Some medicines may interact with generic Cialis.
Alpha blockers, azole antifungals and Rifampin are some of these medicines. Patients

Sickle Cell Anemia Research Paper
Did you know that 70,000 to 80,000 alone in the United States of America are affected by sickle cell anemia alone? Stated from The United States
National Library of Medicine. Also said by the United States National Library of Medicine 1 in 500 African Americans and 1 in 1,000 to 1,400
Hispanic Americans have the disease. Sad to say but my brother is a part of that 1 in 500 African American. Which one of the prime reasons I choose
this topic. This disease is very severe and can cause excruciating pain and harm to someone's life.
What is sickle cell anemia? Sickle cell anemia is a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated forms of hemoglobin (a red protein
responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When this happens, oxygen can't reach nearby tissues. According to United Heart, Lung, Blood Institute. The sickle hemoglobin forms stiff rods inside
the red blood cell forcing it to become a crescent shape cell.
Figure A shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross–section of a normal red blood cell with normal
hemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells blocking blood flow in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross–section of a
sickle cell with abnormal (sickle) hemoglobin forming abnormal stiff rods.
From real life example my brother has blood clot that he got three years ago in his leg. Due to him being sickle cell anemic is had yet to go away
because of the lack of blood flow in his body. Also his leg has imploded.
As you can see his left leg doesn't have a blood clot but his right legs does. It is suppose to look identical to his left legs but because he has the sickle
cell anemia disease his right leg has gotten so much bigger. This photo was taking 3 years ago. I don't have a current photo as of yet but his leg but
due to the fact that the swilling never went down his left leg became worst as well. He his now schedule for

Cell Anemi The Common Genetic Disorder Essay
SICKEL CELL ANEMIA
Sickle Cell Anemia or (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder across the entire world it is an inherited genetic condition giving to you by both
your mother and father that affects your hemoglobin. There is a mutation in the gene that tells your body to make hemoglobin (a red iron rich compound
that gives blood its red color). There are over 600 million hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell (Brown, M. (2012)). The purpose of
hemoglobin is allow red blood cells to carry carbon dioxide, and oxygen from your lungs to all parts of the body. People with sickle cell disease
inherit the s gene from abnormal hemoglobin from both parents, you usually find out you have this disease at birth. A blood test is giving to all
newborns to look for the s gene known as the sickle cell gene.
Children and adults can also have this test done. Young children's blood is usually taken from a finger or heel prick for this test. Adults can have
their blood drawn from a vein in the arm. Pregnant woman who want to know if there baby will have sickle cell disease can have their unborn
baby tested by the amniotic fluid surrounded by the fetus to look for the s gene. In people with sickle cell anemia the abnormal hemoglobin causes
red blood cells to become rigid, sticky and crescent shaped. The crescent shape is why they call it the s gene. Both of your parents must carry the s
gene. If only one parent has the s gene and passes it

Sickle Cell Essay
What is Sickle Cell Anemia? Sickle Cell disease is a blood disorder that is inherited. By inherited I mean passed down from parents to their children.
Babies are usually born with sickle cell disease. When they inherit two abnormal genes, one from each parent. Abnormal genes cause the body's red
blood cells to change shape. This being the effect of having sickle cell disease.
Normal red blood cells are shaped likes discs or donuts. Normal red blood cells are soft and flexible so they can move easily through very small blood
vessels throughout the body and deliver oxygen to the body. Sickle cells are much different than normal red blood cells. Sickle cells are stiffer, also
instead of disc shapes they're curved like crescent moons, or an old ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jaundice can cause a person's skin and whites of the eyes to develop a yellowish tint. It is also common for people with sickle cell anemia to have
a hard time fighting infections. Teens with sickle cell anemia grow more slowly and reach puberty later then other normal teens and people.
Having sickle cell anemia can cause people to feel severe pain at times in their stomach, arms, legs, or other parts of their body. Periods of pain are
referred to as pain crises. Depending on the person you never will know how severe the pains are, how long they last, or even how often they
happen. Some people can have the crises happen more often than others. The crises can either be brief or last for hours, days, or even weeks.
Sometimes the pain can be so intense to require hospital treatment. Sickle cell shaped blood cells block blood vessel. Blocking blood vessels can
include the cause of leg ulcers, bone or joint damage, gallstones, kidney damage, painful long–lasting erections in males that is known as priapism, eye
damage, and delayed growth. Also if they block blood vessels in the brain it puts people at risk of having a stroke. Signs of stroke include headache,
seizures, weakness of the arms and legs, speech problems, a droop on one side of the face or body, and loss of consciousness. It is possible for some
people to be ill enough to die from the disease, though that doesn't happen to young people or

Cialis Research Paper
Cialis is a prescription drug for the remedy of erectile dysfunction (ED). Cialis is the company title of the drug tadalafil. This medicine is famous
technically as a "reversible phosphodiesterase sort 5 (PDE5) inhibitor". PDE5 inhibitors increase blood go with the flow to the genitals. Cialis features
the identical manner as different PDE5 inhibitors in the therapy of ED. Viagra, Levitra and Cialis are all PDE5 inhibitors. As with different ED
medications, Cialis is simplest amazing for the period of sexual stimulation. The mere act of taking Cialis will not rationale an erection in men. Cialis is
the first joint fabricated from Lilly, an Indiana centered pharmaceutical organization and ICOS, a biotechnical firm located in Washington state.

Viagra-Sildanafil Citratate?
Viagra– Sildanafil citratate – is without doubt one of the fastest developing medications in terms of sales and it has set many files for the number of
prescriptions written. Whilst, it has spawned a host of city legends. At present Viagra stands on the function essentially the most noted title of
medicines among erectile dysfunction and grew to become the primary option of guys everywhere the globe. It is a subject of fact that in the
beginning, Viagra was readily a byproduct of pharmaceutical experiments and used to be initially used as a therapy for top blood pressure. The giant
majority of guys taking Viagra do not need issues with side effects. The long–established part results observed incorporate complications, a flushing
phenomenon

Prescribing Drugs And Its Effects On Children
Last year, I wrote about a scary trend in which doctors are prescribing powerful ADHD medications to minors, whether they meet the ADHD
diagnostic criteria or not. In that article, I noted that more than 70 percent of the children receiving ADHD medications in my home state,
Oklahoma, do not meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Why, then, are so many young
people being medicated with these drugs? As I noted in the above piece, some doctors are prescribing ADHD drugs to kids simply to help them get
better grades in school. These study drugs, common for years among the college set, are now being demanded by parents who want their kids to get
top scores, even at the elementary school level. But what are the risks? Well, besides the many well–known side effects, including stunted growth, sleep
problems, personality changes, suicidal thoughts, heart attacks and strokes, doctors have now added priapism and the possibility of permanent erectile
dysfunction to the list. ADHD drugs and priapism According to this press release from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, many ADHD drugs,
including those containing methylphenidate products, atomoxetine, and even those containing amphetamine products have been reportedly linked to
cases of priapism. What is priapism? That is a painful erection that will not go away on its own and requires emergency medical treatment. Left
untreated, priapism can lead to permanent damage to

Annual Isp Essay
This is an Annual ISP. Ned is a pleasant and friendly Caucasian male. He communicates his wants and needs verbally and is fully ambulatory. Ned is
relatively quiet and does not initiate conversations with peers or staff. However, he will interact with others and engage in conversation. Ned enjoys
community outings such as, bowling and swimming, watching TV and listening to music. Ned resides at Maranatha Human Services' 79th Street IRA
located at 153–10 79th Street in Howard Beach, NY. He shares his room with another peer and gets along with his other housemates. Ned is
independent in self–care tasks but requires assistance with shaving. He dresses and undresses independently but needs prompts to choose weather
appropriate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ned attends Maranatha Human Services' Day Habilitation Without Walls program managed through the 79th Street IRA residence. He enjoys the
program and participates in all offerings. Ned continues to work on the same valued outcomes with no changes at this time. His valued outcomes
are: to become more safety aware and independent in the community, to improve his overall health through exercise and to improve his academic
skills with reading and writing. Staff will provide Ned support to become more confident by traveling safely in the community. They will also
encourage Ned to take walks for 15 minutes sessions in the community, play sports such as, basketball, soccer, or catch during the week. Ned has a
fair understanding of math (addition) and likes working on problems from his workbook. Ned is satisfied with programming and enjoys the staff and
his peers. There were no changes to his Day Habilitation Plan. Ned is diagnosed with Moderate Intellectual Disability, Autism,
Schizophrenia–Undifferentiated, Psychogenic Polydipsia. He also has a history of drug related retinopathy, Diabetes Mellitus, Osteoporosis
Priapism, a history entry of a 3.2cm Echogenic Lesion in lobe of his liver, Hypertension, and Hypothyroidism; treated with medication. His Diabetes
requires daily finger sticks where staff assists him. Ned has a history of mild to moderate hearing loss but has good hearing despite of loss. He is on a
high fiber, double portion of

A Brief Description of Sickle Cell Anemia
Adams 1
Dwayne Adams
Instructor: Croshaw
Medical Terminology 1
18, April 2013
Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle–cell Anemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin molecules in which the
red blood cells loose their disc–shape and become crescent shaped. The shape also known as "hemoglobin S". unlike normal red cells which are
usually smooth and malleable, tend to collect after releasing oxygen, and cannot squeeze through small blood vessels. The organs are then deprived of
blood and oxygen. The basic life–span of an affected cell is generally from 1.5 to about 3 weeks, which represents approximately 10% to 20% of a
normal cell's life. Because they cannot be replaced fast enough, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adams 4
There is no cure for Sickle–cell Disease and adults with the trait are wise to thoroughly consider the possible effects of procreating with another person
with the disease.
As in other areas of modern healthcare, advances in technology have facilitated its early detection. Prenatal tests include Amniocentesis, and chorionic
villus sampling. Fortunately some countries require newborn screening for hemoglobin problems, including Sickle–cell Anemia making the early
detection and preventive measures possible
There exists much research and numerous clinical trials to examine possible causes. There unfortunately seems to exist somewhat of a hesitancy by the
generally affected groups to participate in any abative efforts. The general consensus is one of feelings of mistrust of government and science in
general. Furthering the knowledge of, and finding funding are at present the focus of several major organizations. Further information can be found in
literature, and on the websites of organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the American Sickle Cell Anemia Association
(ASCAA), the American Society of Hematology, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLB), and many other groups.
Adams 5

Works Cited
National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Blood Disease and Resources, The Management of Sickle Cell
Disease,

Thesis Statement For Sickle Cell Disease
DO TEENAGERS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE EXPERIENCE TRUE PAIN OR ARE THEY SIMPLY DEPENDENT ON PAIN
MEDICATIONS? Salve Aguilar West Coast University Pathophysiology Dr. Isabelle Tardif July 31, 2015 Topic: Do teenagers with sickle cell disease
experience true pain or are they simply dependent on pain medication?I.Thesis statement: In order to comprehend teenagers' pain levels, we must
understand thesickle cell disease itself. By recognizing the signs, symptoms, and pain management of sickle cell disease patients, education on pain
management can be improved in regards to patients, their families, and health caregivers.II.Understanding and identifying the cause of sickle cell
disease.A. Sickle cell disease is a serious... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carlton, MA. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Phoebe T. Berman BioethicsInstitute, Johns Hopkin
University. Sickle Cell Related Pain: Crisis and Conflict:Legal, Ethical and Social Considerations from www.med.umich.edue/anes/mpost//pub01
/todd2006jpain.pdfDorman, Karen. Sickle Cell Crisis: Managing the Pain (Dec 2005) from www.modernmedicine.com./modern...
/sickle–cell–crisis–managing Fletcher, Cynthia (2002). Managing Pain with Teenagers with Sickle Disease. Topics inAdvance Practice Nursing, 2(2),5
from www.medscape.com/viewarticle/430536Solomon, Lawrence R., Treatment and Prevention of Pain due to Vaso
–occlusive Crises in Adults with
Sickle Cell Disease: an Educational Void from www.bloodjournal.org Westerdale, Neill, MSC, RSCN, RGN (March 2004). Managing the Problem of
Pain in Adolescents with Sickle Cell Diseasefrom www.nursingtimes.net/managing–the–problem–of–pain–in–adolescents–with sickle–disease
/199864.article Taking Control: Teens with Sickle Disease (2012). St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Department of Hematology. Patient Education,
and Biomedical Communications from https:/www.stjude.org/content/dam/en_US/Shared/www/patient–support/hematology–

Erectile Dysfunction Research Paper
Erectile dysfunction in general known as impotency has been consistently troubling guys the world over seeing that time immemorial however after the
entry of Cialis and different ED medications in the market, the suffering of erectile dysfunction troubled men has radically lessened. Indeed, Cialis and
other FDA authorised anti–impotency medicinal drugs are ushering in a form of revolution on guys's sexual wellbeing and for this subject; these drugs
are to be absolutely credited. However have you ever ever wondered what secret lies underneath the extraordinary success of erectile dysfunction
medicines?
Why are these drug treatments extra nontoxic to the ED patients than the opposite replacement therapies of male impotency such as penile prosthesis (a
particular erectile dysfunction surgery), vacuum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cialis inhibits the PDE5 enzyme in erectile dysfunction patients and ensure tender blood drift to the penis. The functioning approach of Cialis is
wholly dependable for the uncommon success confirmed off by the remedy available in the market. Different ED medicinal drugs like Levitra and
Viagra operate within the similar manner and relieve folks from the clutches of erectile dysfunction.
FDA Approval Tag
The approval granted by way of the food and medicines Administration to erectile dysfunction [http://www.Buy–cialis–online–now.Com/ed_notes
/study_evaluates_cycling_ed.Html] medicines location them at a a long way advanced role in assessment to different medicines. Impotency troubled
patients bestow their self belief more on these medicines as they're amazing and have the least side–effects. Again, as these drug treatments are
clinically confirmed by means of the meals and medicines administration, a enormous chunk of people suffering from impotency decide upon them.
Circular The Clock

Priapism Research Paper
Priapism
Priapism is an unwanted erection of the penis that usually develops without sexual stimulation or desire. There are three types of priapism:
Recurrent acute priapism. With this type, erections are painful and last less than 3 hours. The erections come and go.
Acute prolonged priapism. With this type, erections are painful and last hours to days. This type can lead to erectile dysfunction.
Persistent priapism. With this type, erections are usually painless and can last weeks to years. The penis gets erect but not rigid. This type can lead to
erectile dysfunction.
Priapism affects males of all ages.
CAUSES
This condition develops either when blood has difficulty leaving the penis (low–flow priapism) or if too much blood ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Recurrent acute priapism is often managed at home. Acute prolonged priapism is usually treated at a hospital. There treatment may involve:
Getting fluid and medicines for pain through an IV tube.
A blood transfusion.
A procedure to drain blood from the penis.
Surgery to make a passageway for blood to flow in the penis (surgical shunting).
No standard treatment exists for persistent priapism.

HOME CARE INFORMATION
General Instructions
Avoid sexual stimulation and intercourse until your health care provider says it is okay.
Avoid drugs or alcohol if they caused the priapism. Avoiding them can help keep the condition from coming back.
Drink enough fluid to keep your urine clear or pale yellow.
Empty your bladder as much as possible.
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider.
Do not take any medicines during an attack without getting approval from your health care provider.
Managing Recurrent Priapism
Try taking a warm bath or exercising.
Keep track of how long your erection lasts. If it does not get better in 3 hours, seek medical care.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE

Sickle Cell Anemia Research Papers
Sickle Cell Anemia/Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia is a fatal hereditary illness, in which there is insufficient amount of red blood cells to to carry the right amount of oxygen
throughout the body. In the United States people with Sickle Cell Anemia is that of an African Descent or would classify themselves as black.
Approximately 1 in 13 African American babies will be born with the trait of Sickle Cell Anemia
1 in 365 black newborns will be born with Sickle Cell Anemia.
1 in 16,300 Hispanic Americans are born with Sickle Cell Anemia
This disease is also common in Hispanic, Indian, Middle Eastern and Southern European backgrounds, also roughly 100,000 Americans have Sickle
Cell Anemia. Approximately 2000 babies will be born with... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When children are born; for about 6–12 months they shouldn't have any problems with their health, this is because they have a special hemoglobin that
protects the hemoglobin from sickle problems. This hemoglobin releases oxygen to any hemoglobin under stress preventing complications. This
medicine works the exact same, as the blood when the medicine is used, looks the same of that of a baby.
It is not a cure, but if taken regularly, it can make a massive impact on health.
In conclusion,
Sickle Cell Anemia is a fatal hereditary illness with a range of signs and symptoms. A person can go years without having symptoms while some
don't survive childhood. The life span of a person with Sickle Cell Anemia is 50 years above, however female counterparts live longer than the men.
It is common in African and Black individuals. The only cure for Sickle Cell Anemia is a bone marrow transplant, which reverses the illness.
Hydroxycarbamide can also help lessen complications, but is not a cure. It is an illness that results in early deaths, that's why it is important to get
treatment as soon as

Male Cancer
Cancer– Cancer can occur in many parts of the female reproductive system. The uterus, ovaries, and cervix. This can occur in all ages. The treatments
are certain medications, surgery, and chemotherapy.
Menstrual Cramping– Severe pain that happens during the period that can last for 1 to 7 days. The treatments for this painful disease include
pairelivers, hormonal birth control, and surgery. This can occur in females who are ages 11 to 20 and have not given birth.
Endometriosis– When the normal lines that are inside of the uterus are outside of the uterus and end up in the ovaries causing severe pain in the lower
abdomen. This disease has many many treatments from hormone therapy to several different types of procedure and surgeries. This... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seminal Vesicles– They secrete fluid that partially composes semen to make it sticky.
Prostate– Secretes the fluid that makes up 30% of semen to reduce the acidity of the vaginal cavity and prolong the lifespan of spermatozoa.
Vas Deferens– Tubes that carry sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory glands.
Urethra– A tube which connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of fluids.
Cowper's glands– a gland which contributes 5% of an ejaculation and reduces the acidity of urine in the urethra.
Penis– the primary sexual organ used to inseminate mates.
Fun Fact
The male makes 1,500 sperm every second
Women are born with approximately two million eggs in their ovaries, but about eleven thousand of them die every month prior to puberty.

The reproductive system contains the largest and smallest human cells
The average penis size is less than 6 inches long
The Vagina and Tomatoes have the same PH value of about 4
Citations
Castro, Joseph. "11 Surprising Facts about the Reproductive System." Live Science. Live Science, 13 Mar. 2014. Web. 29 Sept. 2016.
"Save to My Human." BioDigital Human: Explore the Body in 3D! BioDigital, n.d. Web. 29 Sept.

Massive Splenomegaly
Splenomegaly is a common finding in a wide spectrum of diseases. Massive splenomegaly, however, always indicates underlying pathology. Massive
splenomegaly is usually defined as a spleen extending well into the left lower quadrant or pelvis orwhich has crossed the midline of the abdomen.
Massive spleens weigh at least 500 to 1000 g. the most common disorders associated with splenomegaly were hematologic, infectious, hepatic,
congestive, and inflammatory.1,2 Among patients with massive splenomegaly, 31% had a hematologic disorder, 17% had hepatic disease, and 8% had
infectious disease. Chronic leukemias were associated most frequently with massive splenomegaly. The hallmark of CML isthe presence of a balanced
translocation between thelong arms

Pedophilia In Ancient Greece
Item #1: I was surprised to learn that the ancient Greeks practiced pederasty and were not considered pedophiles. I never heard of the term pederasty,
so I was unaware of the difference. Ancient Greek pederasts were adult males, usually socially prominent, who have an erotic attraction to adolescent
boys. These men would take on an adolescent male pupil as a lover. Many pederasts were bisexual because many were married while in homosexual
relationships with adolescent boys. These sexual relationships with adolescent boys would not interfere with the boy's future heterosexual social role.
What was really interesting to learn was pedophilia in Ancient Greece was illegal. Pedophilia are paraphilic adults who have sexual interests in children.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I thought someone could get syphilis by contacting a surface that an infected person touched. Syphilis is almost always transmitted by unprotected
vaginal, oral, anal sexual activity, or from mother to newborn during delivery. It is usually transmitted when open lesions on an infected person come
into contact with the mucous membranes or skin abrasions of the partner's body during sexual activity. It may also be contracted by touching an
infectious chancre. In the primary stage of syphilis, a hard, round, ulcer–like lesion appears at the site of infection two to four weeks after contact. A
few months later, the secondary stage begins. A skin rash develops that darken after a while and burst, oozing a discharge. The spirochetes continue to
multiply and burro into the circulatory system, central nervous system, and bones and may lie dormant for decades. Lastly, in the tertiary stage, large
ulcers may form on the skin, liver, digestive organs, muscle tissue, lungs, or other organs which can be

in these days Cialis is regularly fitting the drug of option for men with erectile dysfunction and is a medication that addresses this growing quandary, it
is clinically validated to work up to 36 hours after taking it offering men with flexibility in terms of sexual family members. Most curiously, this
medicine does no longer need to be taken when the time may not be right, even though it will possibly work in as little as half–hour. As a consequence,
whether you need the consequences proper now or in 12 hours time, this may be the pill for you. That you would be able to take this wonder drug
whilst you get up in the morning and it'll nonetheless be effective later in the night when that correct second comes alongside. And you probably have

Reproductive System Research Essay
Reproductive System Research Essay Between the two reproductive systems, each contain their own function to provide for the human body. In the
female reproductive system, the different parts include: the ovary, ovum, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vulva, and the vagina. These different parts
contribute to the female reproductive cycle. The ovaries are two oval shaped organs that contain the ovas. The ovum are female sex cells that unite
with male for fertilization. The fallopian tube releases the eggs. The uterus allows the baby to grow within it. The cervix forms a barrier between
the uterus and the vagina. It expands allows a baby to pass through it. The vagina is a muscular canal that enables copulation. The structure of the
female ovary is an oval shaped organ that sits above the fallopian tube and the ovum is covered by a thin membrane. The fallopian tube is a tube
extended from the uterus. The uterus is basically the womb that is hollow in the female reproductive system. The cervix is the lower part of the
uterus. The vulva is the external parts of the female organs that is the opening for the vagina. The vagina is the elastic tube connecting the cervix of
the uterus. To go in more detail, other parts of the female organs include the labia, hymen, urethra, clitoris, estrogen, and progesterone. The labia is the
inner and outer folds of the vulva. The hymen is a membrane the closes the opening of the vagina. The urethra is where urine comes out of the body
from the

Impotence And Untimely Ejaculation
Whilst untimely ejaculation is a that influences guys far and wide the arena there are other conditions that maintain men from pleasurable females and
attaining pleasure for themselves within the bed room.
Impotence
The curse of impotence is affecting men now greater than ever before. This condition is the 2nd most fashioned condition affecting the sexual
performance of men. Quantity one among course is untimely ejaculation. Male impotence can have a severe outcomes on not best a person's
performance in bed, but additionally his self esteem and deeper psychological aspects of his manhood. The ability of a man to depend on his "little
partner" to do what he's purported to do has a high–quality deal to do with the habits of the man in bed, on the job and in lifestyles. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Impotence often referred to as erectile dysfunction or ED could be very complicated for a person to face up to and even more elaborate for him to
search aid for. Less than 10% of the a hundred and fifty million guys on the earth who undergo from impotence search medication.
Stories have proven that a routing of having intercourse each two days enhances sperm count which, to many men implies that they don't seem to be
impotent. Including lovemaking as a form of sexual bodily endeavor guys typically emerge as extra physically healthful and full of life main him to
think that his impotency would not topic. Unluckily, forgetting the predicament of impotency will not be a remedy either. There are a lot of reasons
that make a contribution to impotency together with physical motives, psychological motives and culture.
Bodily

Erectile Wellness Research Paper
despite its sensitivity, the penis is a relatively resilient instrument. It must be, given the difficult cure it's subjected to on a usual basis. However, just
like the rest of the body, the manhood is just not invulnerable, and it could advance overuse accidents and other problems that lead to soreness.
Most of these disorders, comparable to chafing, dryness and infection, have an effect on simplest the outer layers of skin and are relatively routine.
However, when erectile suffering occurs, clinical awareness is warranted, as underlying wellbeing issues may be at stake that require specialised penis
care. The most long–established causes of painful erections are outlined right here for informative functions; guys who develop these stipulations
should search official scientific advice from a trained physician. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phimosis – guys who're uncircumcised whose foreskin is notably tight across the head – a often called phimosis – may just experience erectile
affliction when the penis becomes engorged. Minor tears may boost in the epidermis that reason a difficult, dry look, as well as soreness, and in
some cases, the foreskin may just become trapped in the back of the crown for the duration of an erection. If this happens, on the spot remedy is
advised, as this (referred to as paraphimosis) can avert the flow of blood and outcome in everlasting damage.
2. Priapism – injury to the blood vessels leading from the penis can cause a sustained erection that can final for several hours without subsiding. This
quite often happens with out sexual arousal. Priapism is regarded a medical emergency and should be dealt with by using a informed urologist to
avert everlasting harm and lack of operate. This situation is also brought on through blunt drive trauma to the field; specified scientific stipulations
might also lead to priapism. Medication usually involves repairing or bypassing broken blood vessels in order that the trapped blood can flow out of the

Sickle Cell Disease And Its Effects
Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease affects approximately 100,000 Americans and millions across the globe (Sobota, 2015). The three most
common types of sickle cell disease are Hb SS (sickle cell anemia), Hb SC, and Hb S beta thalassemia, with Hb SS being the most common type
(Harris, 2001). Sickle cell disease occurs in individuals who inherit the mutated hemoglobin gene, from one or both of their parents. The mutated
hemoglobin, known as Hb S, crystalizes and join together "into many small cords, which form chains that look like twisted wires" (Harris, 2001, p.
20). Stretched to contain the Hb S crystals, the red blood cells take on spike and sickle shapes; this is how the name for the disease came about
(Harris, 2001). Deformed, the sickled cells have a hard time moving through the blood stream and can eventually pile up in the blood vessels, having
life–threatening consequences. Although oxygen can reverse the sickling process in cells, turning Hb S back into a liquid, after a few sicklings the
red blood cells' membrane is permanently damaged and the cell will remain sickled. The History of Sickle Cell Disease American physician James
Herrick was the first to describe sickle cell disease. In 1910, Herrick observed "peculiar elongated and sickle–shaped red blood corpuscles" in the blood
film of a West Indian student suffering from leg ulcers, shortness of breath, and jaundice (Chakravorty & Williams, 2015, p. 48). In 1922, three more
similar case were observed and

The Death Of Sickle Cell Disease
The purpose of this essay it to determine whether or not Jonathon Jackson, a 30 year old air traffic controller whom has been faithful to his
company and job for over eight years that has recently discovered he has sickle cell anemia, should be dismissed from his job regarding his genetic test
results. Sickle cell anaemia is the most severe form of sickle cell disease and is a genetic disease of the red blood cells (Gibbons, 2015). Red blood
cells have a disk like form which allows them the ability to travel through blood vessels. Although in people with sickle cell, the red blood cells
form an abnormal crescent shape which makes them rigid and sticky as shown in Diagram 3 below. This causes the sickled cells to get trapped in
small vessels which blocks blood from reaching different parts of the body leading to pain, tissue damage and many more symptoms (University of
Utah, 2015). The term anaemia comes from having a shortage of red blood cells in your blood which occurs because sickled cells only last up to 10–
20 days while normal red blood cells last approximately 120 days. The name 'sickle' comes from an old farm tool known as a sickle as shown in
Diagram 4 below which represents the same shape as curved sickled cells (Petch, 2012). Sickle cell disease affects millions of people worldwide and
is most common in those who have ancestors from Africa, the Mediterranean, The Arabian Peninsula and Spanish speaking areas in South America.
People with sickle cell anaemia on

Sickle Cell Anemia And The Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia LaToya R Walker American Public University Systems Abstract This paper will discuss Sickle Cell Anemia. It will describe what
the disease is as well as how its contracted. The paper will go on to on to discuss the symtoms risk and statistics of sickle cell aniema. The paper will
end with discussing treatment for the disease. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a passed down blood disorder
that attacks and destroys the red blood cells. This Disease was first discovered back in 1910. The disease was first described as a clinical entity by
Herrick1 in 1910 (Anderson & Ware 1932). Sickle cell sickness is brought about by a change in the hemoglobin–Beta quality found on chromosome
11. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body. Red platelets with typical (hemoglobin–An) are smooth and round and
coast through veins. Typical red platelets are round like doughnuts, and they travel through little blood tubes in the body to convey oxygen. Sickle
red platelets turn out to be hard, sticky and molded like sickles used to cut wheat. At times these blood cells can become crescent shaped and have a
hard time passing through small blood vessels, this keeps red blood cells and the oxygen they carry from getting to all parts of the body. This causes
less blood to reach the body at this point the tissues that have not received a normal blood flow will become damaged. Individuals who have sickle cell

Sickle Cell Disease : A Blood Disorder
Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a hereditary blood disorder caused by an abnormal hemoglobin in the red blood cell. Hemoglobin is a type of
protein that carries oxygen in the body. In order for someone to have sickle cell disease they would need to have been passed down from at each one
of their parents, by inheriting a total of two hemoglobin genes. The fact that this is a hereditary disease means that it is not considered to be
contagious. This disease comes in about six different forms, but the most severe of them all is sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell is an inherited disease
that affects the red blood cells causing debilitating symptoms, however, with treatment people with this disease can quite possibly live an otherwise ...
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(NHLBI, 2015) There are a few scenarios of the passing of the disease or trait from the parent to the offspring. If one parent has the gene it can be
passed to the child, causing the child to be a carrier of the trait. In other words, the child will be able to produce normal hemoglobin as well as the
sickle shaped hemoglobin. They will also be able to pass it to their offspring. If both parents carry the trait the child has a 50 percent chance of
being a carrier, percent chance of not getting the gene at all, and 25 percent chance of having sickle cell anemia. In most cases, people with sickle
cell begin experiencing symptoms at the age of 4 months' symptoms include fatigue which happens due to the loss of red blood cells after they
rupture as they are extremely fragile. Another symptom will be the pain, it develops when other is a blockage within the blood vessels in your chest,
abdomen, and joints. Intensity varies and can even lead to hospitalization. Delayed growth and vision problems of blood cells blocking areas of the
body. You are more prone to infections and will also experience swelling of the hands and feet. The gene is most common in countries such as Africam
India, Mediterranean countries, Sauda Arabia, the Caribbean islands, South and Central America, and also in the United States. According to American
Society of Hematology, the United States, sickle cell is mostly in the black community.

Cialis is an erectile dysfunction healing drug to let a male get out of it. The introduction of the drug within the metabolism raises the blood flow to
the penile tissues. The increase within the blood glide aids average sexual stimulation in preserving penile hardness and erection. As hardness of the
organ is critical in having a pleasant sexual come across, intake of Cialis drugs show it in a long way.
There are two types of Cialis ED therapy pills viz. Brand Cialis and regularly occurring Cialis. Each these type of Cialis helps a male participate in
throughout sexual come upon. Nonetheless, cost of generic Cialis is cut down than the fee of manufacturer Cialis. As such, intake of this drug means
availing a low price drug with a vigor to let the male perform his best in bed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a prescription drug hence availing prescription for the drug is indispensable before commencing its dosage. Anxiousness, stress, lack of interest in
sex, melancholy may also outcome in erectile dysfunction. Customary Cialis capsules are just for increasing the blood glide to the penile tissues and it
cannot help in assisting an character to broaden sexual stimulus.
The effectiveness of conventional Cialis is of same satisfactory as of company Cialis. It's also able to show its effectiveness for period of as much as
thirty–six hours after its consumption. However, sufferers with ED will have to be conscious of facet results that can come together with its
consumption. Headache, myalgia, again ache, nasal congestion, and dyspepsia are probably the most extra conventional facet results that may arise
due to the consumption of established

Chronic Leukemia Research Paper
A.Disease/ Disorder
Leukemia
B.Background Info
Leukemia comes from the Greek words for "white" and "blood" and is often considered a disease for children, but actually affects far more adults.
This disease is classified as a cancer that usually begins in the bone marrow provoked by an abnormal rise in the number of white blood cells. The white
blood cells crowd out other blood cell elements such as red blood cells and platelets. The body starts producing more white cells than it needs, and at
the same time many of them do not mature normally, and tend to live well beyond their normal life period. Even though the body develops a vast
numbers of cells this is not considered a benefit because these leukemia cells are not capable of battling infection the way they should. Also, they
interfere with vital organ functions such as the production of healthy blood cells. Eventually, red blood cells are unable to supply oxygen, platelets to
ensure correct clotting, normal white blood cells can't deal infection.
Leukemia can be classified as acute or chronic. The cells in acute leukemia start multiplying before they develop beyond their immature stage. Chronic
leukemia progress when the cells developing their full maturity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, doctors should practice a liver function test, which is a group of blood tests used to measure the amounts of certain enzymes released by
the liver in response to damage or disease, and if there are abnormal results indicating to the presence of leukemia. Additionally, doctors should check
for enlarged lymph nodes in your neck, underarm, or groin; also check for an enlarged liver or spleen. However the doctor's key to diagnose this
illness is through a bone marrow aspiration procedure, in which they practice a biopsy, and finally determine the presence of the

Acute Pain Case Study
Acute pain В· Extreme pain is due to the hypoxic environment that results from the occlusion of capillary beds within tissues by sickled RBCs. This
sickling is due to the polymerization of HbS in low–oxygen environments occluding tissues and causing local hypoxic environments. Inflammation is
indicated as the trigger for this process in many cases. Experimental studies in transgenic HbS homozygote mice using hypoxia and inflammatory drugs
showed occlusion of the postcapillary venules due to increased interactions between leukocytes, RBCs, and the vascular endothelium. In addition,
precapillary obstruction is observed in sickled RBCs with especially high [HbS] and increased interactions between the vascular endothelium and
RBCs. The tissue damage that results from the hypoxic environment leads to an increase in inflammation in the area once the tissue is repurfused with...
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Nitric oxide acts as a vasodilator and regulator of the adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to the endothelium. Its inhibition leads to the accumulation of
inflammatory cells and further oxidative damage to the tissue and endothelium. Additionally, the anemia due to hemolysis of sickled RBCs can lead to
mental deficiencies in addition to mental deficiencies due to silent infarcts. Those suffering from silent infarcts are also more likely to suffer a major
stroke later on. Acute chest syndrome В· Infection, occlusion of bone–marrow vasculature leading to formation of a fat embolus, and agglutination of
sickled RBCs in the pulmonary vasculature leading to occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature in at least one lung segment all contribute to the
incidence of acute chest syndrome. Pulmonary

The Namesake Meaning
In multiple cultures, the meaning or value of a name is not only significant to the individual, but also in life. Out of the millions of assigned labels,
every name has a different reasoning behind it. In the novel The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri, a young American Indian boy received a name from his
parents, specifically his father. Though in Indian culture, it is a custom that the grandmother name the child. Due to delayed communications, Gogol's
name does not follow traditional form. A name is not only something assigned to be damaged, it is to show empowerment when chosen. "Names are an
important key to what society values," says author David S. Slawson (Sunbury, n.p.).This quote expresses the distinction between the actual meaning of

The Sickle Cell Crisis
Sickle cell crisis is an acute form of sickle cell disease where pain and sickling are extensive (Byar, 2013). SCD is a genetic disease that
predominantly affects black people of African decent (Gersten, 2016). Abnormal hemoglobin chains are the main issue with SCD (Byar, 2013). Normal
hemoglobin chains are comprised of 99% hemoglobin A (HbA) however, in SCD an abnormal form of the gene, hemoglobin S (HbS) is present in
approximately 40% of total hemoglobin (Byar, 2013). In order for a person to be born with SCD, both parents must carry the abnormal gene, HbS
(Byar, 2013). HbS is extremely sensitive to the changes in oxygen amount of the RBC and when exposed to decreased oxygen the HbS cause the
RBC to distort and become sickle–shaped, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NH hospitalization record reveals a medical history of a non–injurious stroke, numerous episodes of sickle cell crisis, acute chest syndrome and chronic
asthma. NH is prescribed a daily regimen of medications including a daily dose of 15,00 mg hydroxyurea, 1 mg folic acid for his SCD and 44 mcg of
inhaled fluticasone for his asthma. Currently, while suffering from sickle cell crisis, NH is prescribed oxycodone 5mg, Toradol 21 mg IV solution,
acetaminophen, and morphine as well as a continuous IV drip of D5 ВЅ NS, KCL. Due to the opioids and level of pain NH has endured the last 4 days
(since beginning of crisis) he is exhausted and considered a fall risk due to his fatigue and reports that he naps off and on throughout the day and only
gets out of bed to use the

Signs And Symptoms Of Sickle Cell Anemia

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