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Dr. Stefanie Panke
Director of E-Learning
Ulm University
Germany
A little history…
Learning Machine (Skinner ,1950ies),
The Evolution of Classroom Technology,
New York Times (Sept. 2010)
Distance Learning Material 1900,
Zawacki-Richter (2011)
“Education over the Internet is
going to be so big it is going to
make e-mail usage look like a
rounding error."
John Chambers, CEO, Cisco
Systems, 1999
Expensive, complex, time-
consuming, hardly finished
and already out-of-date
Publications on E-Learning 1999 to 2010
Google Scholar (excl. patents /citations)
727 1200
2660
5570
7330
10400:
E-Learning 2.0
12700
14900
17100
19200
20500
19200
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ADDIE
Pepple-in-the-Pond
Constructivist Learning Environments
ADDIE
Pepple-in-the-Pond
Constructivist Learning Environments
Theoretical Perspectives
• Cognitive Information Processing
– Mayer‘s Theory of Multimedia Learning
– Cognitive Load Theory
• Sociocultural Perspective
– Social Constructivism
– Connectivism
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Digitization: Lecture Recording
Services
http://electure.uni-ulm.de/playlists/O4PZEfOgC1
User Generated Content
• 3.75 million articles in Wikipedia (English)
• 4 billion pictures in Flickr
• 146 million weblogs worldwide
• Up to 3000 Tweets per second on Twitter
Complaint Blog: Tell us!
https://sagsuns.tu-braunschweig.de
http://www.pixton.com/de/
E-Comics
Mindmaps (cmap Tools)
http://cmap.ihmc.us/
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Metadata is king! (Weinberger, 1999)
SCORM-Editors: eXe Learning
http://exelearning.org/wiki
Tagging & Folksonomies
• Definition: "A folk taxonomy of important and
emerging concepts within the user group" (Marlow et
al., 2006).
• The effort of creating metadata is spread out amongst
several users
• Personal information management and social
interactions
• Collective Intelligence ("wisdom of the crowd"): The
allocation of tags to similar resources becomes stable
over time (Catturo, Loreto & Pietronero, 2007)
• "Digital information does not have to be structured the
way our socks are!" (Weinberger, 2007)
Marlow, C.; Naaman, M., Boyd, D. & Davis, M. (2006). HT06, tagging paper, taxonomy, Flickr, academic article, to read, Hypertext06 Proceedings.
Weinberger, D. (2007). Everything Is Miscellaneous: The Power of the New Digital Disorder. Times Books, Ney York NY.
Cattuto, Loreto & Pietronero (2007). Semiotic Dynamics and collaborative tagging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Metadata is king! (Weinberger, 1999)
Content is King, Infrastructure is God! (Kelly,
2000)
Learning Management Systems
https://moodle.uni-ulm.de/
Learning Management Systems
https://testdrivesakai.com/portal
Web Conferences
https://webconf.vc.dfn.de
Electronic Whiteboards
http://www.scribblar.com/
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Metadata is king! (Weinberger, 1999)
Content is King, Infrastructure is God! (Kelly,
2000)
Learner is King – All Hail the Learner! (Wilson,
2002)
If Content is King, Context is Queen! (Duval et al.
2009)
XERTE
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/toolkits/play_264
XERTE
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/toolkits/play_264
Personal Learning Environment
• “tools, communities, and services learners use to
direct their own learning and pursue educational
goals” (Educause, 2009)
• “management of learning migrates from the
institution to the learner” (Downes, 2007)
• “a metaphor to describe the activities and milieu
of a modern online learner" (Martindale &
Dowdy, 2010).
• “the tools, artifacts, processes, and physical
connections that allow learners to control and
manage their learning." (Couros, 2010).
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Metadata is king! (Weinberger, 1999)
Content is King, Infrastructure is God! (Kelly,
2000)
Learner is King – All Hail the Learner! (Wilson,
2002)
If Content is King, Context is Queen! (Duval et al.
2009)
Open Educational Resources
“OER are teaching, learning, and research
resources that reside in the public domain
or have been released under an intellectual
property license that permits their free use
or re-purposing by others. Open
educational resources include full courses,
course materials, modules, textbooks,
streaming videos, tests, software, and any
other tools, materials, or techniques used
to support access to knowledge.”
Atkins, Brown & Hammond (2007). A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and
New Opportunities. http://www.oerderves.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/a-review-of-the-open-educational-resources-oer-
movement_final.pdf
“With open learning, people have greater access to
higher education material than ever before, at
their pace and time and from anywhere in the
world” (Scott & Tomadaki, 2007).
“Open courseware is a classic example of disruptive
technology […] an innovation that comes along
one day to change a product or service” (New
York Times, 8. April 2010).
“Opening educational resources is an action that
will take education to a new place” (Beck, 2007).
Key Trend or Problem Child?
• “Open Content is a key trend, expected to reach
mainstream within the next twelve months” (Horizon
report 2010).
• In fall 2010, the UNESCO initiated an international online
discussion “Taking OER beyond the OER community”.
• Shift from resources to Open Educational Practices:
„Although open educational resources (OER) are high on
the agenda of social and inclusion policies and supported
by many stakeholders, their use in higher education (HE)
and adult education (AE) has not yet reached the critical
threshold” (Ebner, 2011).
Massive Open Online Course
http://connect.downes.ca/
Open Courses: P2PU
http://p2pu.org/en/groups/prototyping-the-innovation-ecology/
Textbook Project L3T
http://l3t.tugraz.at/index.php/LehrbuchEbner10
Conclusion
• E-Learning is trend-driven – emerging
technologies shape instructional design practice.
• At the same time, we accumulate instructional
design expertise through best practices, case
studies and emprical data on the design of
learning material.
• Open Learning and Personal Learning
Environments are emerging trends that support -
and require - self-reliant, life-long learners.
Instructional Design Trends: The King Is Dead, Long Lives The King!

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Instructional Design Trends: The King Is Dead, Long Lives The King!

Editor's Notes

  1. Was steckt eigentlich hinter dem Begriff E-Learning? Nun, Vorläufer des E-Learning sind die programmierte Unterweisung durch so genannte Lernmaschinen und der Fernunterricht, in dem natürlicherweise der Medieneinsatz eine zentrale Rolle für zeit- und ortsunabhängige Lernsettings spielt. Die Entwicklung des technologiegestützen Lernens kann als Abfolge medientechnologischer Innovationen beschrieben werden – von den Printmedien, über die Telekommunikationsmedien hin zu E-Learning, wie wir es heute kennen, nämlich mit Computer und Internet. So definiert das Autorentrio Euler, Schön & Nagler in einem aktuellen Lehrbuch: „Der Begriff des E-Learning wird häufig dann verwendet, wenn Computer und Internet zum Einsatz kommen und diese Technologien die technische Basis für die Lern- und Lehrhandlungen bilden.“
  2. Though some people „den neuen Medien“ gesprochen wird, ist E-Learning wirklich nichts Neues mehr. Mitte / Ende der 90er, so zu sagen als Schaumkrone auf der Dot.com-Welle tauchte der Begriff „E-Learning“, erstmals auf. Und natürlich wurde großes Markpotential vorhergesagt. Interessanterweise allerdings auch dann noch, als weltweit die New Economy schon wieder zusammenzubrechen begann. Paradigmatisch für das Vertrauen in den E-Learning Markt ist die Aussage von John Chamber, CEO bei CISCO aus dem Jahr 1999. “Education over the Internet is going to be so big it is going to make e-mail usage look like a rounding error." John Chambers, CEO, Cisco Systems, 1999
  3. Im gleichen Zeitraum, ebenfalls Ende der 90er Jahre prognostizierte ein Expertengremium der Bertelsmannstiftung, die traditionelle Hochschule sei im Begriff zu verschwinden. Im Jahr 2005 sollten Bildungsbroker durch den Markt der Online-Studiengänge führen: „Was findet ein typischer Studienanfänger – nennen wir ihn Thomas S. – in naher Zukunft vor? Wird sein erster Gedanke sein, sich eine Hochschule nach ihrem allgemeinen Renommee auszusuchen? Wird er sie lieber in einer Großstadt oder eher in einem Städtchen besuchen wollen? Soll seine erste Alma Mater eher in der Nähe (wegen der Freundin) oder doch lieber weiter fort (wegen der Eltern) liegen? Nichts dergleichen wird ihn beschäftigen. Stattdessen wird Thomas S. das Internet absuchen, um sich – mit Hilfe verschiedener Online-Bildungsbroker – über die weltweit angebotenen Kurse und Abschlüsse zu informieren. ... Seminare und Vorlesungen, Kurse und Betreuung werden als multimediale Websites angeboten.“ (S.18).
  4. Jetzt habe ich ja lang und breit erzählt, wie gut es an der Uni Ulm im E-Learning läuft. Dennoch gibt gegenüber E-Learning natürlich auch viele Vorbehalte und Frustrationen: Teuer, aufwändig, kaum implementiert, schon wieder veraltet, Nachhaltigkeit Fehlanzeige… So lauten weit verbreite Einschätzungen.
  5. Um mir die Entwicklung der Publikationen zu E-Learning in den vergangenen 10 Jahren genauer anzuschauen, habe ich eine Übersicht aus den in Google Scholar verzeichneten Artikeln von 1999 bis 2010 zusammengestellt. Wir sehen, dass sich die Publikationen von 2005-2010 fast verdoppeln. Diese Dynamik macht es gerade für die Praktiker natürlich schwierig, immer auf dem Laufenden zu bleiben.
  6. Besonders relevant für Praxis sind aus meiner Sicht daher Vorgehensmodellen für E-Learning. Das heißt, wenn wir E-Learning-Konzeptionen erstellen möchten, gibt es bereits mehr oder weniger ausdifferenzierte Vorlagen und reichlich Erfahrungswerte, nach denen sich das Design richten kann. Ich habe hier mal drei Modelle, die weit verbreitet sind und paradigmatisch für einen bestimmten Ansatz stehen, herausgesucht. Das wohl generischste Modell ADDIE hat einen unklaren Ursprung, obwohl es extrem weit verbreitet ist. Hier wird die E-Learning-Entwicklung als ein fünfschrittiger, interativer Prozess gesehen mit den Stufen. Analyse-Design-Develop-Implement-Evaluate.
  7. Das Pepple in the Pond wurde von David Merrill einem Prof. an der Utah State University entworfen, Ausgehend von einem konkreten Problem wird Vorwissen aktiviert, dem Lernenden werden die für die Problemlösung nötigen Fertigkeiten demonstriert, die Anwendung der Fertigkeiten wird eingeübt und schließlich in eine reale Situation übertragen. Viele Web Based Training Module funktionieren nach diesem Prinzip. Ein konstruktivistischer Ansatz stammt von David Jonassen. Prof. Jonassen leitet ein Zentrum für Problemlösung an der University of Missouri. Ich finde, das sieht man dem Komplexitätsgrad des Instructional Design Modells auch an. Die Grundannahme des konstruktivistischen Ansatzes, dass Verstehen ein Prozess ist, in dem Hypothesen gebildet, getestet und neues Wissen durch aktive Auseinandersetzung generiert wird, spiegeln sich in diesem Modell wieder. Wichtige Schritte in diesem Ansatz sind Modeling, Coaching und Scaffolding.
  8. Also: Es gibt durchaus Arbeit für Forschung und Praxis. Denn E-Learning hat mit der Musikerin Madonna gemeinsam, dass es in der Lage ist, sich immer wieder neu zu erfinden! Nun sind wir in der zweiten Hälfte meines Vortrags angekommen, dem Überblick zu E-Learning-Trends. Die Dynamik wird begünstigt durch technische Neuerungen. Aber es werden vor allem auch immer wieder neue Ideen in den Mittelpunkt gestellt- ganz nach dem Motto: "Der König ist tot, es lebe der König!".
  9. Ich habe ein wenig recherchiert und für Sie eine Zusammenschau der E-Learning Thronfolge erstellt: Beginnen wir mit dem Ausspruch Content ist king, von Bill Gates aus dem Jahr 1996. in den Anfängen des E-Learning galt die Aufbereitung der Inhalte als zentrales Anliegen. Das betraf beispielsweise die Digitalisierung von Printprodukten.
  10. Und auch heute ist die Umwandlung von Analog zu Digital nach wie vor eine Aufgabe. Stark nachgefragt ist bei den Studierenden der Service der Vorlesungsaufzeichnung. In Umfragen erzielt dieser E-Learning-Dienst immer wieder Akzeptanzwerte von 80 Prozent. An der Universität Ulm steht das E-Lecture-Portal vilea zur Verfügung mit dem die gesamte Prozesskette von der Aufnahme über die Bearbeitung und das Rendering verschiedener Formate hin zur Distribution und Integration ins LMS abgebildet werden kann.
  11. Seit Februar 2009 betreibt die TU Braunschweig den Beschwerdeblog „sag‘s uns“. Eine Kommunikationsplattform zur Diskussion von Beschwerden, Problemen und Ideen. Pro Woche gehen ca. ein bis zwei Beiträge ein, pro Beitrag werden wiederum mehrere, im Schnitt sieben Kommentare generiert. Die Initiatorin, Prof. Susanne Robra-Bissantz, habe ich vergangenes Jahr zu Ihren Erfahrungen interviewt. „Es Ist ein sinnvolles Tool zur Diskussion von Problemen, Lob und Ideen von Studierenden. Es ist sinnvoll die Studierende proaktiv zu motivieren, dass Sie Beschwerden in einem Blog öffentlich mit anderen Kommilitonen und Mitarbeitern diskutieren. Dadurch werden gemeinsame Ziele generiert.“
  12. Inhalt allein nicht alles – schließlich muss der Wald vor lauter Bäumen auch noch erkennbar sein. So wurden Ende der 90 er Fragen der Standardisierung, Austauschbarkeit und vor allem Auffindbarkeit problematisiert – hier verdeutlicht am Beispiel der Aussage David Weinbergers „Metadata is king“. Das führte im Jahr 2000 zur Veröffentlichung des „Sharable Content Object Reference Model“ kurz SCORM genannt.
  13. Es existieren diverse Autorenwerkzeuge, um SCORM-kompatible Lernmodule zu erstellen, die flexibel in verschiedenen Settings einsetzbar sind.
  14. 19
  15. . Nun müssen die einzelnen Lernmodule verwaltet werden und gleichzeitig Kommunikation und Interaktion organisiert werden. Hier kommen wir zum Tom Kellys Wahlspruch: „Content is King, Infrastructure is God!“ – im E-Learning war ca. zwischen 2000 und 2003 die Auswahl des geeigneten Lernmanagementsystems DIE Aufgabe schlechthin.
  16. Infrastructure is God! Das scheint an der Uni Ulm besonders zutreffend zu sein, denn hier haben wir gleich zwei Lernmanagementsysteme im Einsatz – zum einen ILIAS, seit einigen Jahren. Zum anderen, neu eingeführt zum Wintersemester die Plattform Moodle 2.0. Interessierte können sich beim Zentrum für E-Learning melden und am 11. bzw. 13. an einer Schulung teilnehmen.
  17. Infrastructure is God! Das scheint an der Uni Ulm besonders zutreffend zu sein, denn hier haben wir gleich zwei Lernmanagementsysteme im Einsatz – zum einen ILIAS, seit einigen Jahren. Zum anderen, neu eingeführt zum Wintersemester die Plattform Moodle 2.0. Interessierte können sich beim Zentrum für E-Learning melden und am 11. bzw. 13. an einer Schulung teilnehmen.
  18. 2006 schließlich proklamiert der österreichische Erziehungswissenschaftler Peter Baumgartner „Context is King“ und betont soziale Lernformen und die Beachtung der individuellen Lernsituation. Aktuell wurde das Thema in einem Aufsatz von Eric Duval und Kollegen aufgegriffen, in dem unter anderem das Peer2Peer Lernen betont wird.
  19. 2006 schließlich proklamiert der österreichische Erziehungswissenschaftler Peter Baumgartner „Context is King“ und betont soziale Lernformen und die Beachtung der individuellen Lernsituation. Aktuell wurde das Thema in einem Aufsatz von Eric Duval und Kollegen aufgegriffen, in dem unter anderem das Peer2Peer Lernen betont wird.
  20. Nun meine eigene Position in diesem Slogan-Wald möchte ich Ihnen natürlich nicht vorenthalten! Aus meiner Sicht wird es Zeit, der Thronfolge den Rücken zu kehren und sich mehr basisdemokratischen Metaphern zuzuwenden. Ich sage also: „Vive la république!“ und konzentriere mich im Folgenden auf das soziale Lernen, also Social Software, und offene Lernräume – so genannte Open Educational Resources.
  21. The term “open educational resources (OER)” was coined in 2002 on a forum held by the UNESCO as „the open provision of educational resources, enabled by information and communication technologies, for consultation, use and adaptation by a community of users for non-commercial purposes”. Leveraging ICT to equalize access to education has ever since been a core motivation for the OER movement (Pereira, 2007).
  22. In the last decade, the concept of OER has gained an undeniable momentum. In their report on OER achievements and challenges, Atkins, Brown & Hammond (2007) estimate a total of 68 million OER grants between 2002 and 2006. In 2010, the Horizon report, which identifies emerging technologies likely to have a large impact on teaching and learning, described “Open Content” as a key trend, expected to reach mainstream within the next twelve months. However, despite the considerable momentum of the OER movement, its impact on everyday teaching and learning practices is still limited.
  23. Ein OER Experiment, an dem ich selbst teilgenommen habe, ist der im Herbst 2010 durchgeführte Massive Open Online Course „Personal Learning Environments Networks and Knowledge“. Der Kurs wurde finanziert und organisiert von der kanadischen Athabasca University. Veranstalter waren die renommierten E-Learning und Social Media Forscher/innen George Siemens, Stephen Downes, Dave Cormier und Rita Kop. Über 1300 Teilnehmer weltweit nahmen an dem Kurs teil. Der Massive Open Online Course setzte bewusst auf ein Überangebot an Quellen. Individuell relevante Informationen zu filtern war Teil des Lernprozesses. Die Lehrenden und Moderatoren sollten lediglich Orientierung und Auswahlstrategien vermitteln.
  24. 2007 gegründet mit ca. 2000 monatlichen Zugriffen bietet die P2PU Lernenden Zugriff auf verschiedene Open Courses – auch zu ökonomischen Themen. Im Beispiel ein Kurz zu Innovationsmanagement.
  25. Zu guter Letzt möchte ich Ihnen ein Publikationsprojekt vorstellen – auch weil ich heute abend bereits mehrfach daraus zitiert habe. Der Titel des Lehrbuchs L3T ist ans Kürzel W3C für World Wide Web Konsortium angelehnt und steht für „Lehrbuch Lehren und Lernen mit Technologien“ 115 Autoren und 80 Gutachter/innen waren an dem Projekt beteiligt. Seit Anfang des Jahres steht das fertige Produkt als freie Bildungsressource im Netz - alle Texte sind unter creative commons Lizenz veröffentlicht, die sicherstellt, dass das Lehrbuch, samt aller Kapitel und Grafiken für nicht kommerzielle Zwecke frei weiterverwendet werden kann. Ich war selbst als Autorin und Reviewerin beteiligt und das Ergebnis jedem E-Learning-Interessierten zur Lektüre empfehlen! Open Journal Systems
  26. Zum Fazit: E-Learning ist in die Jahre gekommen – und schafft es dennoch, als Bildungstrend ein Dauerbrenner zu sein. Das liegt daran, dass immer wieder E-Learning Pioniere mit technologischen Neuerungen aber auch mit konzeptionell neuen Ideen aufwarten. Dazu habe ich Ihnen hoffentlich einige interessante Beispiel mitgebracht. An dieser Stelle sei angemerkt, dass ich Ihnen nur einen kleinen Teil der aktuellen Debatten im E-Learning-Bereich vorgestellt habe. Der gewählte Ausschnitt entspringt meinen subjektiven Vorlieben und Interessen. Außerdem zu nennen wären an dieser Stelle natürlich Cloud Computing, Mobile Learning und Ubiquitäres E-Learning. Auch hierzu ließe sich einiges berichten. Nun wurde ich aber ermahnt, die Vortragszeit von maximal 45 Minuten nicht zu überschreiten. Ich gehe also davon aus, dass die Kanapees wohl attraktiver ist als die von mir präsentierten Informationshäppchen und bedanke mich bei Ihnen ganz herzlich für die Aufmerksamkeit!