Download to read offline
![This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme
Spending in local government (and austerity)
Derived from data constructed by Amin-Smith et al (2016) Real-terms change in local
government service spending by LA decile of grant dependence, 2009-10 to 2016-17
[https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/8781]
under grant agreement No 727058](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/slidesforsharing-190405132956/75/Economic-Forum-1-March-2019-University-of-the-West-of-England-Bristol-79-2048.jpg)
![So what is the storyline here?
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
• There is unevenness in the production of
wealth (and there is no reason to think this
is different in 2019)
• This is associated with a complicated
context of:
– spatial disadvantage across Provincial England [ie
the problems are different]; and,
– The fiscal means of tackling this unevenness are
also unevenly spread – and being made less
progressive since 2010?
• We are asking whether 'territorial cohesion'-
like approach can deal with this...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/slidesforsharing-190405132956/75/Economic-Forum-1-March-2019-University-of-the-West-of-England-Bristol-85-2048.jpg)
![Territorial cohesion is…..
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
• A policy concept that means many things
• We are exploring ‘territorial cohesion’ as:
– A [joined-up] way of ‘doing’ sub-national policy
– A outcome of policy that (attempts to
explicitly) reduce spatial unevenness
– ‘One Size’ is unlikely to fit all](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/slidesforsharing-190405132956/75/Economic-Forum-1-March-2019-University-of-the-West-of-England-Bristol-86-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byOffice for National Statistics
Economic Forum, 1 March 2019 University of the West of England, Bristol
The document summarizes recent economic statistics and analysis from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) relevant to the West of England region. It presents data on regional gross value added (GVA) growth rates showing the West of England LEP had average annual growth of 1.3% from 1998-2017, below the UK average. Sub-regional productivity analysis is shown comparing NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 and LEP geographies. New service exports data by NUTS1 region is also highlighted.
More Related Content
Similar to Economic Forum, 1 March 2019 University of the West of England, Bristol
More from Office for National Statistics
Economic Forum, 1 March 2019 University of the West of England, Bristol
- 1. Economic Forum -Bristol 01 March 2019 Twitter: @ONS #Econstats 01 March 2019
- 2. Agenda 12:30 – 13:00Registration with tea and coffee 13:00 – 13:10 Welcome and introduction – Felix Ritchie 13:10 – 13:30 Introducing the Office for National Statistics – Ed Palmer 13:30 – 13:50 Some examples of ONS analysis – Mark Chandler 13:50 – 14:00 Question and answer session 14:00 – 14:15 Refreshment break 14:15 – 14:35 Economic Statistics for the West of England – Cecilia Campos 14:35 – 14:55 University of the West of England: Making sense of sub-regional data – Dr Ian Smith 14:55 – 15:10 Question and answer session 15:10 – 15:30 Networking
- 3. Welcome and Introduction Directorof Bristol Centre for Economics and Finance Professor Felix Ritchie - UWE 01 March 2019
- 4. Introducing the Office forNational Statistics Deputy Chief Economist, Economic Advice and Analysis Office for National Statistics economic.advice@ons.gov.uk Ed Palmer
- 5. To discuss today UKStatistics Authority and the Office for National Statistics: • Our status and role • What the ONS does • Understanding the UK economy: our latest economic statistics
- 6. The status androle of the UK Statistics Authority An independent statutory body Operating at arm’s length from government as a non-ministerial department, reporting directly to the UK’s Parliaments and Assemblies In law (the Statistics and Registration Services Act 2007) our objective is: “promoting and safeguarding the production and publication of official statistics that serve the public good” And that public good includes: • informing the public about social and environmental matters • assisting in the development and evaluation of public policy • regulating quality and publicly challenging the misuse of statistics
- 7.
- 8. Who are we? Economic,public policy and population statistics Other government Departments also provide statistics, e.g. energy, health, environment Our responsibility is for coherence of system as a whole Census provider in England and Wales Office locations in Newport, Titchfield, London UK Statistics Authority Other government stats producers Office for National Statistics Office for Statistics Regulation
- 9. Our principal outputs GDPgrowth Inflation (Un)employment Wages Trade Public finances Regional and country economic data Crime Births, deaths and marriages Population Migration Health and social care Personal income and wealth Well-being Environment …and more
- 10. Latest data fromthe ONS • GDP • Personal and economic well-being • Inflation • Employment • Productivity
- 11. GDP growth: 0.2%in Quarter 4 2018 Gross domestic product growth, quarter-on-quarter and quarter on same quarter a year ago growth rate UK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2008 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2018 Source: ONS
- 12. UK growth comparedto other G7 countries Source: OECD and ONS
- 13. Latest data fromthe ONS • GDP • Personal and economic well-being • Inflation • Employment • Productivity
- 14. Personal and economicwell-being dashboard, February 2019 Source: ONS
- 15. Latest data fromthe ONS • GDP • Personal and economic well-being • Inflation • Employment • Productivity
- 16. Measures of inflation:input producer prices, output producer prices, consumer prices 12-month growth rates for input Producer Price Index (PPI) (left-hand side), output PPI (left-hand side), and Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) (right-hand side) Source: ONS
- 17. What is drivinggrowth in consumer prices? Contributions to the CPIH 12-month rate: January 2018 to December 2018 Source: ONS
- 18. Latest data fromthe ONS • GDP • Personal and economic well-being • Inflation • Employment • Productivity
- 19. Labour market headlinefigures Source: ONS UK employment rates (aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted January to March 1971 to October to December 2018 UK unemployment rates (aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted January to March 1971 to October to December 2018
- 20. Latest data fromthe ONS • GDP • Personal and economic well-being • Inflation • Employment • Productivity
- 21. Labour productivity performanceremains a key weakness Output per hour and output per worker. Seasonally adjusted, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 1994 to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2018, UK Source: ONS
- 22. 01 March 2019 SomeExamples of ONS Analysis Senior Economic Adviser Economic Advice and Analysis Mark Chandler
- 24. UK Trade - NewFrontiers in Trade Analysis
- 25. What have ourusers told us were their priorities for improving trade statistics? • More granular detail • More timely and frequent publications • Wider coverage and more dimensions • Easier ways to access data • More insightful analysis • More, more, more…
- 26. ITIS sampledoubled in size to 2.2k businesses Quarterly country by service type data 67 countries by 31 service types Chained volume measures Implied deflators Trade in services improvements we have delivered in the past 12 months
- 27. Monthly countryby commodity data 234 countries by 125 commodities Annual industry by country and by commodity Chained volume measures Implied deflators Trade in goods improvements we have delivered in the past 12 months
- 28. Interactive global mapsto explore UK trade
- 29.
- 30. 0 10 2030 40 50 60 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. 47 Retail trade except of motor vehicles and motorcycles 29 Manufacture of motor vehicles trailers and semi- trailers 30 Manufacture of other transport equipment 46 Wholesale trade except of motor vehicles and motorcycles EU Non-EU Top five UK trade in goods exporting industries, 2016 £ billion, current prices
- 31. £ billion, currentprices 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Non-EU EU ImportsExports Industry SIC 29 ‘Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers’, 2016
- 32. Exports by industrySIC 29 ‘Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers’, 2016 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Germany United States inc Puerto Rico China Italy Netherlands Spain Belgium France Australia Turkey £ billion, current prices Non-EU EU
- 33. Annual Business Survey(ABS) Industry SIC 29 Turnover £74bn aGVA £17bn Number of enterprises 3,235 % of enterprises that export 27% Number of people employed 159,000 Industry SIC 29 ‘Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers’, 2016
- 34. 10 20 30 40 50 60 2009 2010 20112012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total Imports Total Exports UK trade in road vehicles fell in the latest 12 month period, the first fall in nine years £ billion, non-seasonally adjusted, current prices 12 months to November on a rolling basis
- 35. -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 12-months to Nov1712-months to Nov18 Germany Spain France Czech Republic Belgium Japan Slovakia Italy South Africa Hungary £ million, non-seasonally adjusted, current prices Change in the value of total UK imports of road vehicles by top 10 contributor countries 12 months to November 2017 and 12 months to November 2018
- 36. More granulardetail More timely and frequent publications Wider coverage and more dimensions Innovative tools for accessing data More insightful analysis with more to follow…
- 37. Exploring Recent Trendsin the London Housing Market
- 38. 12-month growth rateof the UK House Price Index and Index of Private Housing Rental Prices London, January 2012 to July 2018 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12 Jan-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Sep-13 Nov-13 Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 Jan-18 Mar-18 May-18 Jul-18 HPI IPHRP %
- 39. 12-month growth rateof the House Price Index London, GB and GB excluding London, January 2012 to July 2018 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12 Jan-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Sep-13 Nov-13 Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 Jan-18 Mar-18 May-18 Jul-18 London GB GB excluding London %
- 40. 12-month growth rateof the House Price Index Inner London and outer London, January 2012 to July 2018 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12 Jan-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Sep-13 Nov-13 Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 Jan-18 Mar-18 May-18 Jul-18 Inner London Outer London %
- 41. Average growth rateof House Price Index London boroughs, 12 months to July 2018 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 %
- 42. Economic statistics for the Westof England Economic Advisor ONS Centre for Subnational Analysis Cecilia Campos 01 March 2019
- 43. Contents Devolution Programme Some recentoutputs Regional GVA Sub-regional productivity Service exports Developments
- 44. Regional Balanced GVA Regional& Sub-Regional Household Final Consumption Expenditure Regional Short Term Indicators Country and Regional Public Sector Finances Exports of Services Data Productivity Small Area Data Flexible Geographies Investigating Uses of Administrative Data Regional Prices Stakeholder Engagement Devolution Programme link A programme to improve ONS regional and local statistics
- 45. ONS Regional EconomicOutputs Outputs 2018 and 2019 GVA Publication With balanced GVA, more industry detail, more flexible geographies Productivity by NUTS1 regions by Industry With real labour productivity estimates on an industry-by-region basis Regional and sub-regional productivity With real labour productivity for NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 regions and LEPs Economic Review: April 2018 Articles on regional GVA growth, firm level regional productivity analysis for the business economy, and international comparisons of regional productivity Service Exports With new product-level analysis by NUTS1 area NUTS2 and NUTS3 geographies and 15 combined authorities and city regions
- 46. by gross valueadded (balanced) Regional economic activity
- 47. 1998 - 2007 2010-2017 UKUK -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Northern Ireland Scotland Wales South West South East London East of England West Midlands East Midlands Yorkshire and The Humber North West North East Northern Ireland Scotland Wales South West South East London East of England West Midlands East Midlands Yorkshire and The Humber North West North East % Average growth rate of gross value added (chained volume measure), by NUTS1 regions • At national level, the average growth rate dropped from 2.8% to 1.9% • There was a turnaround in the average annual growth differential of some regions / countries of the UK • There was an increase in the gap in the intraregional growth rates Link to publication
- 48. • Only asmall number of areas were able to keep above national average growth in both periods (top- right quadrant). • Most of the areas growing above or close to the UK average in the pre- economic downturn period fared poorly in the post- economic downturn period (shown in the top-left quadrant). • All NUTS2 areas in the South West region have experienced an average growth rate below UK average since 2010. -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 1998-2007 2010-2017 Real GVA average growth rate by NUTS2 areas North West Yorkshire and The Humber East Midlands West Midlands East of England London South East South West Wales Scotland Northern Ireland UK (1998-2007) UK (2010-2017) Link to publication
- 49. 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 1998 1999 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 = 100 Gross value added growth, chained volume measure, West of England Local Enterprise Partnership1998-2017 UK West of England (LEP) Bristol, City of (NUTS3) Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire (NUTS3) Link to data source
- 50. 17.9% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% Gross value addedgrowth by combined authority, from 2009 to 2017 (%) Link to publication and data
- 51. 1998 - 2007 2010- 2016 UK UK -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Low-tech Manufacturing Medium-High Tech Manufacturing Medium-Low Tech Manufacturing Other Production Other KIS Less Knowledge Intensive Market Services High- tech Manufacturing Real Estate Knowledge Intensive Financial Services Knowledge Intensive Market Services High-tech KIS Low-tech Manufacturing Medium-High Tech Manufacturing Medium-Low Tech Manufacturing Other Production Other KIS Less Knowledge Intensive Market Services High- tech Manufacturing Real Estate Knowledge Intensive Financial Services Knowledge Intensive Market Services High-tech KIS % Annual growth rates of real gross value added by industry groups, UK, 1998 to 2007 and 2010 to 2016 Link to publication
- 52. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1998 1999 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Location Quotients: Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath NUTS2 area, 1998 to 2016 KIS & High Tech Services LKIS & Other KIS Low to Medium Tech Manuf Medium to high tech manuf Other Production Real Estate Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath NUTS2 area has a relative specialisation in medium to high technology manufacturing type of sectors. Link to publication
- 53. by labour productivity Regionaleconomic performance
- 54. 101.9 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 UK=100 Nominal (smoothed) GVAper hour worked indices by local enterprise partnerships, 2017 Link to publication and data
- 55. West of Englandrelatively unchanged productivity during period 2010 to 2017, with 12% increase in hours worked and 11% growth in GVA. Overall, 12 of the 38 LEPs experienced a decline in productivity over the 2010 to 2017 period. Gross value added growth compared with hours worked growth for local enterprise partnerships (LEPs), 2010 to 2017 Link to publication West of England
- 56. • All NUTS1regions and NUTS2 subregions in Great Britain have a mix of high and low labour firms • In the South East, and particularly in London, there is a greater share of high productivity firms in comparison with other regions and countries of Great Britain.. Source: Annual Business Survey GVA per worker in the non-financial business economy, NUTS1 regions, 2015 Link to publication
- 57. A region’s industrystructure appears to only play a relatively small role in productivity differences between regions. Instead, it is the differences between average firms’ productivity within industries that has the most significant effect on aggregate regional productivity differences Source: Annual Business Survey -40 -20 0 20 40 60 North East North West Yorkshire and The Humber East Midlands West Midlands East of England London South East South West Wales Scotland Industry Mix vs Firm Productivity Effect (non- financial business economy) 2015 Industry Mix Effect (pps) Firm Productivity Effect (pps) Link to publication
- 58. Labour productivity byNUTS1 regions in 2014 UK and selected EU countries, Index UK=100 Link to publication
- 59. Labour productivity byselected NUTS2 and NUTS3 subregions in 2014 Link to publication
- 60. 2011 to 2016 Regionaland sub- regional analysis of service exports
- 61. Source: UK Balanceof Payments - The Pink Book; International Trade in Services Service exports and functional category by NUTS1 area of Great Britain, 2016 Link to publication and data
- 62. Source: UK Balanceof Payments - The Pink Book; International Trade in Services Service exports estimates for the South West NUTS1 area, 2016 Link to publication and data
- 63. Service exports forselected product subcategories Link to publication and data
- 64. Total value ofexports of services by NUTS3, 2016 Link to publication and data
- 65. Total value ofexports of services by NUTS3, 2016 Link to publication and data
- 66. Service exports bycity regions and combined authorities by functional category Link to publication and data
- 67.
- 68. Background • Quarterly GDPfor the nine NUTS1 regions of England • Data sources: VAT, Monthly Business Survey, range of external suppliers • Will publish at a section level (A, B, C etc), growth rates with indices. Progress • Data sources have been finalised. There will be an emphasis on using VAT data ahead of other data sources. • System build is ongoing and nearing completion • Plan to publish in the first half of 2019 – publication date to be announced in the first quarter of 2019. • A user consultation will accompany the initial publication. Quarterly Regional GDP
- 69. In September 2018,we published experimental regional estimates of household spending across the whole UK for the first time. These were aimed at showing users what is possible; the production of these estimates has involved making some very broad assumptions using currently available data sources, some of which have limited sample sizes, and so strong caution is advised when interpreting the findings. Future work Over the next few years, we aim to identify and introduce new data sources that will allow us to improve the quality of these experimental figures and further understand how changes in sampling and the assumptions made can affect the results; we will use these initial results to consult with users on how best we can develop them in the future Regional household expenditure
- 70. Research funded byONS investigating the potential to use existing data sources to develop regional price indices was published in November 2017. This research demonstrated the limits of the currently available data: whilst measures could be created and over the long-term used to assess trend inflation by region, there was volatility in the short-term, driven by erratic changes in weights. Developments Further work is taking place to build on some of the findings in the first report, in particular exploring the potential for small-area estimation techniques to improve expenditure weights at the regional level. Regional Prices
- 71. England and Wales:tax year ending 2016 (link) • The admin-based income statistics (ABIS) bring together data from the Pay As You Earn (PAYE) and benefit systems to derive estimates of net and gross income. • Please note these statistics are work in progress and both the income measure and coverage are currently incomplete. • However, the ABIS do demonstrate the future potential of administrative data sources to produce detailed small area income statistics. Admin-based income statistics
- 72. This project hasreceived funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058 Understanding territorial inequality across and wit “regions” Ian Smith ONS Economic Forum Spring 2019- Friday 1st March
- 73. The COHSMO project Thisproject has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058 • EU funded under Horizon 2020 programme – Teams from: Greece, Denmark, Austria, Italy, Poland, Lithuania and the UK. – Mixed methods • Big questions: – Can we detect a ‘new European social model’ in the ways that “services of general economic interest” are designed and delivered within‘places’? – How are these processes geared up to reduce spatial/territorial inequality? • Context matters: – Institutional path dependency (between nationalcontexts) – Variability due to location within ‘urbanisation’structures (urban-rural differences) – Variability due to economic context/outcomes – Variability in collective efficacy in places
- 74. Measuring inequality –the context for a new social model This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058 • Some of the technical/ conceptual issues • Snapshots of territorial unevenness • What are the plausible means of reducing unevenness within ‘regions’ in Provincial England?
- 75. What is a‘region’ in England? • Sub-national administration in Provincial England 1996-now – Creeping, incremental boundary changes and experimentation – No ‘regions’ (as such) since 2010 – Patchwork of counties, combined authorities, unitaries, personal networks This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
- 76. Modifiable Areal Unit(Problems) • For what spatial units? What regions? This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
- 77. Productivity gaps…. andvariability Figure 4.1: AverageGVAper employee (NUTS3averagewithin region) 2001-15 Figure 4.2: Coefficient ofvariation ofGVAper employee by region 2001-2015 ONS: Regional Gross Value Added (Income Approach) by Local Authority in England This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
- 78. General increase inpolarisation (in incomes) Source:ONS This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
- 79. This project hasreceived funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme Spending in local government (and austerity) Derived from data constructed by Amin-Smith et al (2016) Real-terms change in local government service spending by LA decile of grant dependence, 2009-10 to 2016-17 [https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/8781] under grant agreement No 727058
- 80. Understanding spatial unevennessof outcomes This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
- 81. If this isthe right measure…. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
- 82. This project hasreceived funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme But if you are interested in “service deserts”? https://www.powertochange.org.uk/research/using-indices-multiple-deprivation- much-just-top-line-indicator/ under grant agreement No 727058
- 83. Sometimes disadvantage mightdisappear….? This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
- 84. If you getit wrong…..? This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058
- 85. So what isthe storyline here? This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058 • There is unevenness in the production of wealth (and there is no reason to think this is different in 2019) • This is associated with a complicated context of: – spatial disadvantage across Provincial England [ie the problems are different]; and, – The fiscal means of tackling this unevenness are also unevenly spread – and being made less progressive since 2010? • We are asking whether 'territorial cohesion'- like approach can deal with this...
- 86. Territorial cohesion is….. Thisproject has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058 • A policy concept that means many things • We are exploring ‘territorial cohesion’ as: – A [joined-up] way of ‘doing’ sub-national policy – A outcome of policy that (attempts to explicitly) reduce spatial unevenness – ‘One Size’ is unlikely to fit all
- 87. Plausible ways ofreducing territorial unevenne in Provincial England? This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058 • Neighbourhood Planning • “Asset” transfer (to community groups) • Promoting social business/ social entrepreneurship • Skills, training and employment • These are not without issues…. • There is a need to have locally specific (place-based) solutions
- 88. Questions (for theUK COHSMO team)? This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058 • Ian Smith – ian5.smith@uwe.ac.uk
- 89. www.cohsmo.aau.dk This project hasreceived funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727058