Oregon Seismic Safety Policy

Oregon Seismic Safety Policy
As new scientific information becomes readily available to those tasked with insuring the safety of
infrastructure, economy, and social wellbeing, state agencies assess and produce the most reasonable
course of action that best represents the concerned parties. The function of the Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries embodies this statement as it provides regional–specific
information on the resource potential and vitality of the state's ecosystems. Within there focus lays
the identification and assessment of natural hazards. This ongoing scientific assessment of state
concerns that center on the potential of a geologic and/or climate variant event occurring in the near
future. From this perspective, Oregon Seismic Policy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oregon's current building code, or Oregon Structural Specialty Code, outlines that new buildings
will be seismic resilient, but roads, bridges, electrical and telecommunications, water and septic
lines were assessed as not being able to withstand a 9.0+ magnitude earthquake. These sensitive
areas, called "lifelines", can severely hamper recovery efforts if damaged. Notably, Oregon's
"lifelines" where constructed to a quality below current seismic safety standards. Currently Oregon
is working to understand lifeline locations and their relationships and interdependencies to create a
more robust earthquake safety policy that will positively affect towns, cities and outlining
communities such as the Sandy River and Hood River corridors. Coastal geologists regularly revise
tsunami inundation data, via computer models, to provide better advisement to the communities
along the state's 362–mile coastline. Currently, a multi–year program funded by the National
Tsunami Hazard Mitigate Program and overseen by the National Oceanic Atmospheric
Administration, called TsunamiReady. It provides further assistance and resources to established
local social programs focusing on awareness and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Valdivia Earthquake
Earthquakes, also referred to as temblors, are one of the world's most powerful occurrences. The
Earth has four layers: the crust, mantle, inner and outer core. Earthquakes occur in the crust and
upper mantle (Refer to Figure 1). The mantle is made up of semi–molten rock called magma. The
upper mantle rock is hard. The crust is the outer layer of the earth. Together, the crust and upper
mantle make up the lithosphere. The lithosphere is 20–50 km thick and is cracked. The
asthenosphere sits below the lithosphere. The lithosphere consists of tectonic plates (lithospheric
plates). Tectonic plates is the theory that the Earth's outer shell is divided by slabs of solid rock.
When these two tectonic plates make frictional contact the outcome may be deadly.
Sometimes there can be smaller shocks that occur, one's before called the foreshock, and one's after
called the aftershock and the main earthquake called the main shock.
The richter scale, developed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Megathrust earthquakes are the most powerful earthquakes in the world and can produce tsunamis
through a variety of structures. The Valdivia earthquake, in theory, is a convergent the earthquake
was caused by the Nazca plate releasing tension and descending underneath the South American
Plate.The Great Alaska earthquake also appears to be a convergent boundary earthquake as the
Pacific Plate lurched underneath the North American Plate causing the earthquake.
Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers as a result of earthquakes.
During an earthquake, the waves released may be "P" or "S" depending on the way and speed of the
wave (Refer to Figure 3 and 4). P–waves, or primary waves are longitudinal waves. Their vibrations
are along the same direction as the direction of travel. P–waves are faster than S–waves. S–waves,
or secondary waves are transverse waves. They travel at right angles to the direction of

Earthquakes On May 22, 1960 In Chile
According to Brillinger (2011), earthquakes were recorded after happening to get an earthquake
statistics. Earthquakes may be large or small, serious or trivial; however, the higher the magnitude,
the greater the damage to a particular location and the surrounding area. Earthquakes can also create
other natural disasters, like tsunamis and volcanic eruptions, which bring more dangerous disasters
than earthquakes. Statistics of earthquakes can be extremely important for it can give governments
plans to do rebuilding after earthquakes, can help scientists better detect and anticipate earthquakes,
and can provide more information to public to learn about earthquakes. It is helpful to take a look at
existed statistics; from the website of US government, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Magnitude of the earthquake was 9.5 out of 10, with a rupture zone of about 1,000 km. About 1,655
people were killed, 3,000 wounded, 2 million homeless, and about $550 million lost in southern
Chile. The volcano actually triggered a tsunami that killed 61 people and caused extensive damage
in Hawaii, the Philippines, Easter Island, Samoa, and California. Residual damage caused landslides
and volcanic eruptions after two days and lasted for several weeks. There were four foreshocks with
magnitudes of seven or upper, five aftershocks with seven or upper levels, and some volcanoes. The
first tremors and aftershocks began on May 21, 1960 and lasted until November 1, 2016.
The second strongest earthquake in history and the strongest in the United States occurred in Alaska
on March 27, 1964, about 5 pm and lasted about five minutes in size with a magnitude of 9.2. 131
people were killed, resulting in 311 million (2.3 billion today after inflation–adjusted) US dollar
losses because of this earthquake. Local tsunami and transoceanic tsunamis crossing the Pacific
Ocean was also due to the earthquake. This earthquake was particularly important because it helped
to confirm the tectonic plate

Research Paper On Chilean Earthquake
"THE GREAT CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE" The Chilean earthquake was the earth's biggest
earthquake ever recorded in the twentieth century. This earthquake took place near Valdivia,
southern Chile, on May 22, 1960. The magnitude (the measurement of the peak of the movement)
recorded by a seismograph (a device used to find and record vibrations that comes from an
earthquake) was 9.5. It is possible that other earthquakes were larger; however, the Chilean
Earthquake is the largest earthquake since precise estimates of magnitude were made possible in the
early 1900s. What is an earthquake and why do they happen? : An earthquake is vibrating of the
ground caused by the rapid breaking and motion of large parts of the earth's rocky outermost crust.
Earthquakes

Chile Earthquake Research Paper
The Valdivia Earthquake occurred on the 22nd of May 1960 in Valdivia, Chile. It is the most
powerful earthquake ever recorded with a magnitude of 9.5. The earthquake resulted in many
natural disasters not only in other parts of Chile but in other countries as well. A sequence of strong
earthquakes hit the country of Chile between 21st of May and the 6th of June with first recording
was the Conception Earthquake with a magnitude of 8.1 on the Richter scale. Then the most
powerful of them, the Valdivia earthquake hit; affecting all of Chile more than 400,000 square
kilometers with devastation point in magnitude between 9.4 and 9.6 on the Richter scale. The United
States Geological Survey would later confirm that the magnitude of the earthquake ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most landslides occurred on the forested mountain slopes around the Liquine–Ofqui Fault. The
landslides cause any fatalities nor significate economic damage due to being uninhabited. However,
one landslide caused destruction and alarm following the blockage of the outflow of Rinihue Lake.
The water level of the lake quickly rises, causing floods near other lakes and towns. About 100 km
(62 mi) south of the Rinihue Lake, landslides in the mountains around Golgol River cause the river
to dam up; when the dam burst it create a flood down the Puyehue Lake. The Golgol landslides
destroyed many routes include Route 215–CH which connects to Bariloche in Argentina. On 22nd
of May, Cordon Caulle erupted just 38 hours of the Great Chilean Earthquake. While the volcano
did erupt, people were too occupied with the serve damage caused by the

Essay On Chilean Earthquake
People tremble when they hear the word; destruction, and tragedy: all words that come to mind
when "earthquake" is heard. Earthquake is a natural calamity that has the power to destroy human
lives in a few seconds; it is responsible for the huge damage to living and non–living things. It
occurs without warning and can cause millions of money in destruction and deaths and also it is one
of the most unpredictable and devastating occurrences Mother Nature dishes out. There is a sudden
slip in the earth's crust, which makes the earth shake causing mass destruction to buildings and
people in the surrounding areas. These areas in the earth's crust are called faults; the ground bends to
a certain limit until the point of breaking, when it finally snaps, it sends vibrations up to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The world's largest earthquake occurred on May 22, 1960 near Valdivia, in southern Chile. It was a
magnitude of 9.5; it is refereed to as the "Great Chilean Earthquake" and the "1960 Valdivia
Earthquake". Before the Great Chilean earthquake, three earthquakes stuck Chile which were a
fore–shock to the main event and are known as the "1960 Concepción earthquakes"; the first
earthquake struck on 21st May 1960 it had a magnitude of 8.1 and lasted for about 35 seconds
which destroyed a third of the buildings and city of Concepción in Chile. The second happened the
following day with a magnitude of 6.8, while the third was a 7.9 magnitude on May 22, just 15
minutes before the Valdivia earthquake (Anirudh, 2016). In the case of this enormous earthquake,
the subduction (downward movement) of the Nazca plate under the the South American continent is
what caused the major quake back in 1960. In fact, the Nazca plate continues to dive down below
the continent and it's this constant slow movement (with some occasional rapid shifts leading to big
jolts) that creates earthquakes throughout that region (Extreme

Earthquake In Chile Essay
Chile suffers from natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic activity. This is
because Chile is in the "Ring of Fire" which is where many pieces of the earth, called tectonic
plates, rub together causing earthquakes, volcanic activity, and tsunamis, which are a product of
earthquakes. Chile has had to change and adapt to these deadly events for many years. They have
become more advanced in ways to endure these natural disasters. Chile has adapted to the presence
of natural disasters by being prepared in a natural disaster, investing in earthquake–proof buildings,
and by evacuation procedures. Being prepared has been a crucial factor for the Chileans to adapt to
the natural disasters. In 2010 Chile suffered an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.8 out of ten on the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2010 there was an earthquake that affected many cities and a Chilean firefighter said that, "The
earthquake was 8.8 and there were 6,000 buildings in the affected area – yet only six were seriously
damaged, and of those, only four had to be demolished"(Soichet, Romo). An 8.8 is outstanding and
the fact that only a small amount of buildings were damaged is jaw–dropping. Insurance is also a
very crucial in earthquakes. People invest in earthquake insurance and this helps because even if
homes are destroyed, nobody will be displaced within their own country. "In Chile, an estimated 10
percent of residential properties and 60 percent of commercial properties are insured against
earthquake damage"(). Another way chile has adapted with their buildings is the new building
codes. The building codes are very strict and any and every commercial building has to be able to
manage an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0. "The building can crack, tilt and even be declared
unfit for future use – but it must not collapse"(Franklin). This ensures that people will be safe in
buildings if there is an

Compare And Contrast Earthquake And Chile Earthquake
The Chile and the Haiti Earthquakes of 2010 had different effects on the health sector. Various
differences are evident in the health outcomes of these disasters. In the Chilean earthquake, the
magnitude of the quake reached a scale of 8.8 while that of Haiti reached a scale of 7.0. However,
the number of deaths that were experienced in Haiti was a number almost 200,000 while in Chile it
was only 200 people (Huus, 2010). Despite the high magnitude of the quake, Chile experienced a
low number of lost lives. The major reason for the difference in the number of casualties are the
differences in the building codes. The building codes provide rules that specify the standards of
construction of buildings. In Haiti, there are no building codes, hence ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the people succumbed to diseases that arose from the sanitation, infections, and other health
related issues that occurred after the disaster. This is because they lacked their own mechanisms of
combating infections, sanitation issues, and post disaster mental issues (Huus, 2010). They also
lacked response plans for a disaster of a higher magnitude. For example, there was no disaster
management system that showed the various protocols of managing a large–scale disaster.
Therefore, health issues such as sanitation, comfort, and management of communicable diseases
was a major problem (Farmer et al 2011). Other factors responsible for this problem is the high level
of poverty, lack of infrastructure, and the large population. In Chile, there were established
mechanisms of managing the disaster. There were health interventions that were available, including
rescue teams, preventive techniques, sanitation and other disease management protocol. For
example, organisations such as AmeriCares delivered about $730,000 in medical aid that included
2,000 hygiene kits. This enabled the effective management of the health concerns, hence
management of comorbidity from the disaster itself (Candia,

Research Paper On Chile Earthquake
Good morning Mr Corney and fellow students. Today I will be talking to you about the devastating
Chile earthquake that occurred on 27 of February, 2010, off the coast of south–central Chile. The
epicentre was located 325 kilometres southwest of the Chilean capital of Santiago, and the focus of
occurred at a depth of about 35 kilometres below the surface of the Pacific Ocean. The 2010 Chile
earthquake was a magnitude 8.8 mw earthquake on the Richter scale, making it the most powerful
earthquake to strike Chile since the magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake which is the most
energetic earthquake ever measured in the world. The deadly earthquake struck at 3:34am in the
morning of the 27th February 2010, causing significant impacts upon the society, ... Show more
Firstly, the social impacts. There is no doubt that the 2010 Chile earthquake had a huge impact upon
the social life of Chile. The Chilean National Emergency office – initially responsible for
documenting the casualties – estimated that more than 800 people had died. However, as the Interior
Ministry reviewed the data in the following weeks, official tallies ultimately attributed more than
500 deaths to the disaster. 150 of those casualties were caused by the tsunami. Further to this, the
disaster injured at least 12,000 people and destroyed at least 400,000 homes across Chile. The
earthquake generated a blackout that affected 93% of the Chilean population and went on for several
days in some locations. Chilean government officials estimated that two million people had been
directly affected by the earthquake. In Concepcion the limited availability of food and gasoline led
to widespread looting, and the Chilean president arranged for food retailers to distribute necessities
free of charge by the next

The Chile Of Peru And Chile
For the fault zone that I chose to research for this project, I chose the Peru–Chile Trench, also
known as the Chile Subduction Megathrust and as the Atacama Trench. It is called that because the
area between Peru and Chile is called "The Atacama", and such was the plate named. The Peru–
Chile trench is located along the western coast of Peru and Chile. It marks the zone where the Nazca
plate is being subducted beneath the South American plate and is approximately 3,666 miles long.
(Britannica, p.1)
Located on the fault are sediments, amongst them are turbidites. Turbidites are areas of sediment are
deposited in the deep ocean. There are also oceanic deposits, volcanic ash, siliceous oozes, and
primary dolomites, which are a formation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, there are many seismic events that have taken place on our geologic timeline and at the
same time shaped our historic timeline.
The most recent large–scale earthquake along the Peru–Chile Plate was the 16 September
earthquake, which happened in 2015. It measured an M 8.3, one of the largest on record. 5 were
killed, and over 1 million were evacuated from greatly affected areas. However, compared to other
earthquakes that have taken place in Chile, this one was moderate.
In 2010, an 8.8 Mw earthquake shook Chile. It was approximately 200 miles southwest of Chile and
was approximately 375 miles long. A 2014 study attributed the quake to immense water pressure
located between the two plates. The region was stricken by strong aftershocks for months after the
quake, many of a magnitude of 5.0 Mw or greater.
The Tsunami that took place after the initial quake was caused by a portion of seabed rupturing
upwards, and displacing a large portion of the water being displaced. This water traveled at 450
miles, at 8 feet tall, to the Chilean and Peruvian coast. Early viewers of the tsunami later reported
waves being up to 10 feet tall. This rupture was believed to be caused by 2 unusually dense pieces of
seabed that had been previously undetected by scientists, and consequently caused a large
displacement of water. There were also small ruptures of seismic

The Great Chilean Earthquake : An Earthquake
The Great Chilean Earthquake An earthquake is the shaking of the earth by seismic waves radiating
away from the disturbance, most commonly fault movement. The great Chilean earthquakes origin
was of the coast of Chile at a subduction zone, referred to as a hot spot for seismic activity. A
subduction zone is a region on the crust of the earth where two tectonics plate meet one another. The
area where the two plates meet is called a plate boundary. When two plates meet at a subduction
zone, they converge towards each other, and one these tectonic plates come into contact with each
other, one bends and slides underneath another, resulting in one curving down to the mantle. In this
circumstance when subduction is taking place the denser plate is the one that sinks beneath the
other. On the earth's surface there are two main types of crust; the oceanic and the continental. The
continental isn't as dense as the oceanic making it slide above while the oceanic subducts down, in a
convection motion to recycle itself then be remade when it pushes itself up. The place the denser
medium goes towards is the mantle that consists of molten rock and it accounts to 84% of earths
volume. Subduction only takes effect when two plates of different density collide, for if two
continental crusts converge and push together neither will subduct, so it will be like a car crash
where the two mediums smash into each other but neither subducts, as an example of this event look
to the Himalayas that were

The Earthquake In Chile
Currently, Chile is experiencing very intense wild fires, and some cities are still trying to rebuild
their lives after the earthquake in December. Amidst these natural disasters, Chile is also getting
ready for its 2017 precedent election in November. Currently, most news reports claim that the left–
wing party in Chile is being favored, but Chile is also experiencing a decrease in the citizens
participation in voting. There are many theories about why this may be happening, and the most
popular seems to be that the Chilean people are losing trust for their government. Because I will be
in Chile during the semester that the election will take place, I feel like this will be most significant
challenge between protests and speeches. There

The Great Chilean Earthquake On Chile
Earthquakes throughout the world have devastated certain areas of the world, some places more than
others. One area of the world that has been absolutely devastated by many earthquakes throughout
time is the South American country, Chile. While there have been many very substantial earthquakes
in Chile, one stands out most, The Great Chilean Earthquake. On May 22, 1960, The Great Chilean
Earthquake hit Chile. This is the largest earthquake ever recorded with a magnitude of 9.5 out of
10.0. It absolutely traumatized the country of Chile and surrounding areas. Just the earthquake itself
wasn't the only thing doing damage, the quake caused monstrous tsunamis across the coast of Chile
and it even caused tsunamis in Hawaii, Japan, and the Philippines. For an earthquake to not only
cause mass destruction to the area of the quake, but to strongly affect other places, just goes to show
how powerful The Great Chilean Earthquake was. Not only has Chile have to deal with this great
earthquake, Chile has been hit with almost 30 8.0 earthquake throughout time that we know of.
Chile also has 2 of the top 10 biggest earthquakes ever recorded. The Great Chilean Earthquake and
the the amount of big earthquakes Chile has to deal with, definitely affects how the Chilean people
live everyday, they have to live in fear that the next "Big One" could devastate their country again.
The Great Chilean Earthquake was caused when the Nazca Plate subducted under the South
American Plate. This exact

Chile Trench Research Paper
The Peru–Chile Trench, also known as the Atacama Trench, is an oceanic trench in the eastern
Pacific Ocean. It's a fault line that is 100 miles off the coast of Peru and Chile, and also happens to
be the fault line that we were assigned. The Peru–Chile Trench reaches a maximum depth of 26,460
ft below sea level in Richard Deep and is approximately 3,666 miles long, meaning that the width is
40 miles and it covers an expanse of about 228,000 square miles.
The trench marks the subduction of the Nazca plate under the South American plate. The Nazca
plate is conveniently named after the Nazca region of the southern part of Peru, and is an oceanic
plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean, right off the west coast of South America. The subduction
mentioned earlier is when Nazca plate is forced down and goes under the South American plate,
where it then digs into the mantle. The subduction of the Nazca Plate below the South American
Plate along the Chile–Peru Trench is associated with numerous earthquakes. Several of these
earthquakes are notable for their size, associated tsunamis or landslides. Nazca ... Show more
During the 20th century, the trench has been hit by 28 major earthquakes all of the forces was
greater than 6.9 on the Richter scale. The strongest ones happened in 1906 (8.4) and the 1960 (9.5
magnitude) it killed 1655 people and left 2 million people homeless.The tsunami that had occurred
also killed people in Hawaii, Japan, even people in the Philippines it also caused damage to the west
coast of the United States. The last one that had occurred caused a tidal wave that had hit several
villages in the south and had raised or lowered certain sections of the coast at least two meters. The
earthquakes are strong because Chile is located at the triple junction of three plates that makes the
surface vibrate more than when it is located at the boundary of 2

The Disaster Of A Earthquake
The year 2010 was an active year for earthquakes and other natural disasters, racking up a total of
four earthquakes ranked 7.0 or higher. Two of these quakes were merely a month apart, and started
the year in a very destructive way. The first was a 7.0 in Haiti, the second over 3,000 miles away in
Chile, an 8.8. Though both ravaged their countries, one was decidedly more devastating than the
other. Looking at the magnitudes of the quakes, you might think Chile received the worst of it, but
after further inspection, you may not be so sure. While the magnitude of a quake can be a big factor
in the corresponding effects, the infrastructure of the affected area plays an even larger role in the
number of casualties and the amount of devastation that is experienced. This devastation is further
increased in coastal areas due to the high likelihood of tsunamis shadowing high magnitude quakes.
The evening of January 12, 2010 was met with tragedy as a powerful 7.0 earthquake rattled the
coast of Haiti. The epicenter of the quake sat close to the town of Léogâne, a mere 15 miles from the
island nation's capital. (brittanica.com) Many buildings collapsed or were severely damaged,
including the national palace and the United Nations headquarters. The loss of life was
unfathomable and death tolls only seemed to grow as the injured struggled to find medical aid and
volunteer relief systems from other countries grappled with the country's lack of proper
infrastructure. Haiti's electrical

Chile 1960 Research Paper
In Valdivia, Chile 1960 an earthquake changed the lives of many. An earthquake is the violent
shaking of the ground that will destroy homes, buildings, landforms, historical monuments, and
lives. Earthquakes begin with the breakage of rock along a fault line. When two tectonic plates rub
against each other they create an earthquake. Earthquakes will ride along a fault line which will
determine how long the quake will go on. The larger and longer the fault like the bigger the
earthquake. Earthquakes send out waves, primary waves or, p waves and secondary waves or, s
waves travel along the interior of the earth. These two waves are called body waves. While detecting
the waves, the primary waves appear first then the secondary waves. Primary waves travel through
solids, liquids, and gasses, which means they are about to travel through the liquid center. Secondary
waves are only able to travel through solids which are why scientists have found that there is a loss
of these waves once they reach the center. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the quake hit the day before, there were a series of shocks that tipped off to people of Chile
that something was coming. The day that the earthquake hit, it was a rated a 9.5 on the Richter
Scale. The intensity of this caused thousands of buildings to be destroyed and 2,000,000 people left
homeless. The population of the city had greatly decreased and the city also needed to pay for the
damage to be repaired. It would be 800 million American dollars to complete the cleanup and
repairs of the city almost completely. This earthquake was called "The Great Chilean Earthquake"
because of the total destruction and because of the expansion of it where other countries received the
aftershocks and effects. Japan had received a tsunami a day later, killing 138 people and leaving
1600 homes destroyed. Japan was left to pay 34 million dollars for damage

The Great Chilean Earthquakes Origin
An earthquake is the shaking of the earth by seismic waves radiating away from the disturbance,
most commonly fault movement. The great Chilean earthquakes origin was of the coast of Chile at a
subduction zone, referred to as a hot spot for seismic activity.
A subduction zone is a region on the crust of the earth where two tectonics plate meet one another.
The area where the two plates meet is called a plate boundary. When two plates meet at a subduction
zone, they converge towards each other, and one these tectonic plates come into contact with each
other, one bends and slides underneath another, resulting in one curving down to the mantle. In this
circumstance when subduction is taking place the denser plate is the one that sinks beneath ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the 1960s when the Chilean tragedy struck scientist for the first time identified a subduction zone,
by locating descending crust (oceanic), and locating descending crust seems quite simplistic in
comparison to older methods for today we consistently are utilizing technology such as GPS.
Subduction zones occur around a particular area known as "the ring of fire", these countries that are
dramatically affected by this ring include: Washington, Canada, Alaska, Russia, Japan and
Indonesia. These continents are surrounded by the biggest subduction zones responsible for some of
the biggest global earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other natural disasters.
On the 22nd of May, 1960, the life of so many Europeans had changed and they could never go back
for this natural disaster that struck in the South of Chile, caused effects that where not only As a
result of the large shocks from the earthquake, a tsunami was produced that was damaging to
surrounding continents and islands, this tsunami was abnormal for it wasn't discreet, inhabitants of
continents and islands such as Hawaii could see the tsunami from the coastline. The surface wave
magnitude of the tsunami was an 8.6 with a focal depth of 33km, and an epicentre of 39.5° S, 74.5°
W. The inhabitants of Chile attempted to seek refuge on sea, however they were ignorant of the
tsunami that came around 10 to 15 minutes after the earthquake, the only structures that survived the

1960: The First Earthquake In Chile
1960, the first tremor of a series hits Valdivia, Chile. By the time they end, the quakes and their
aftereffects kill 5,000 people and leave another 2 million homeless. Registering a magnitude of 7.6,
the first earthquake was powerful and killed several people. It turned out to be only a foreshock,
however, to one of the most powerful tremors ever recorded.
3:11 p.m. the following afternoon, an 8.5–magnitude quake rocked southern Chile. The epicenter of
this tremendous shaking was just off the coast under the Pacific Ocean. There, the Nazca oceanic
plate plunged 50 feet down under the South American plate. The earthquake caused huge landslides
of debris down the mountains of the region, as well as a series of tsunamis in the coastal region

How Did The 2010 Chile Earthquake Affect Chile's Economy?
The 2010 Chile earthquake, 2010 Haiti earthquake, and 2015 Nepal earthquake each had varying
impacts upon each country's economy, society, and culture.
Haiti and Nepal's economics were both very different from Chili's economy post earthquake.
Although Chile experienced economic loss, due to the destruction of infrastructure, fishing
boats/ports, and vineyards they did not need to worry about money. Chile was one of the wealthiest
countries in South America and had money reserved for emergencies. Having money set aside meant
that when disaster struck the Chilean economy only went down for a few months and the economy
still grew the rest of the year. Chile could use its own money to start rebuilding right away and did
not entirely depend upon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As mentioned earlier Chile had money set aside to deal with disasters, this was a part of Chile's
culture of preparedness. Chile had dealt with earthquakes before the 2010 one and had a non–
corrupt government who fostered this culture of preparedness both within their government and
among the Chilean people through making sure all buildings were up to code, educating people on
what to do in case of an earthquake, and having funding for disaster relief efforts available. This
preparation paid off for Chile when they experienced far less death than typically expected for a
earthquake the size of their 2010 quake. Haiti and Nepal were both quite the opposite, with literally
zero culture of preparedness being fostered by their respective governments. The governments in
both nations were quite corrupt, doing little to make sure building codes were enforced and people
educated on earthquakes. This showed when after each of their quakes both Nepal and Haiti had
extremely high body counts in comparison to the size of the earthquakes that had

Chile Tsunami 2004 Research Paper
In May 1960, the strong earthquake happened on the seabed of central and southern Chile triggered
a huge tsunami, which causes tens of thousands of people dead and missing; coastal port completely
paralyzed; 2 million people are homeless. The maximum wave height is 20–30 meters. Near vertical
waves destroy houses and sweep away crowds. its influence in the world is largest. it is also one of
the most serious tsunami disasters.
??The Chile tsunami also hit Russia on the Pacific coast. In the Kamchatka peninsula and nearby
Sakhalin island, the tsunami waves up to 6 ~ 7 meters, causing various degrees of damage and loss
to houses, ships, docks and personnel
The waves from the Chile tsunami were also about 7 to 8 meters high near the Philippine

The Consequence Of Events In An Earthquake
Questions I want to ask:
What is an earthquake?
The sequence of events in an earthquake.
What are the effects earthquakes have on land and people? What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is when the ground violently shakes causing damage and harm to objects, people and
infrastructure around it. An earthquake occurs because our earth's crust is divided into big sections
called tectonic plates. The gaps separating different plates are called fault lines and plate boundaries
and this is where earthquakes are more likely to occur as well as existing plate fractures. A
convergent plate boundary often creates earthquakes. During the converging, two plates move
towards each other until they collide. When an oceanic plate and a continental plate collide with
each other they create a subduction zone. This is because the thinner, dense oceanic plate is over
ruled by the continental plate so it slides underneath and creates subduction. This means that a deep
sea trench appears near shore and a mountain range can begin to form due to the earth being pushed
backwards and building up.
An example of subduction between continental and oceanic crust.
When two oceanic plates collide a similar thing happens. The older plate will subduct to create a
trench of deeper water. The plate begins to melt as it lowers further into the higher temperature. This
leads to magma craters which can eventually find their way to surface and appear as a volcanic
cone. This plate boundary tends to ignite deeper

1960 Valdivia Earthquake In Chile
1960 Valdivia earthquake
Introduction
On the 21 May, 1960 a huge earthquake struck Valdivia, Chile. This earthquake had a magnitude of
9.5 leaving families broke. There was an estimation of about 5,000 people killed 2,000 left homeless
and 3,000 people injured.
Body Paragraph 1
The Valdivia earthquake triggered a massive tsunami that raced across the Pacific. Waves wrecked
coastal communities as far away as New Zealand, Japan, and the Philippines. In Hawaii, the tsunami
devastated the coastal town of Hilo, killing 61 people and all around where it struck equals up to
5,000 people killed. 1960 Valdivia earthquake struck southern Chile, at 4:20 p.m.
Body Paragraph 2
As the earthquake occurred just prior to a revolution in seismologic technology in the 1960s, these
figures are based mainly on post hoc analysis. The fault–displacement source of the earthquake
extended over an estimated 560–620 mile (900–1,000 km) stretch of the Nazca ... Show more
An earthquake is when the ground shakes (Tremor) and separates the earth's surface causing death,
injuries and people and also families broke. These types of earthquakes are usually caused because
of shift and movement of the tectonic plates which that is caused by friction and pressure.
Body Paragraph 3
When they reached the main Japanese island of Honshu 22 hours after their generation, the waves
had subsided to about 18 feet (5.5 metres) and laid waste to over 1,600 homes and killed nearly 200
people. The combined effects of the disaster left two million people homeless. Though the death toll
was never fully resolved, early estimates ranging into the thousands were scaled back to
approximately 5,000. About 3,000 people were injured.
Body Paragraph 4
When and Earthquake occurs it generates seismic waves in a pond by the ripples and the wind, but
also travelling downwards through the earth. Scientists can detect and measure the vibrational waves
at great

Earthquake : A Powerful Earthquake
A powerful earthquake occurred just off the coast of central Chile during Wednesday evening local
time and has produced a tsunami over the Pacific basin.
The quake is the third most powerful earthquake in five years to strike the South America nation.
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the quake registered magnitude 8.3, at
7:54 p.m. local time (4 p.m. PDT) on Wednesday. The quake lasted for approximately three minutes.
WATCH: Deadly 8.3 Earthquake Rocks Shoppers in Santiago, Chile
The temblor occurred 46 km (28 miles) west of Illapel, Chile, and 229 km (142 miles) northwest of
Santiago, Chile 's capital. It occurred as the result of thrust faulting on the interface between the
Nazca and South America plates in central Chile, the USGS said.
At least 10 people were killed as a result of the quake, according to the BBC. One million Chileans
were evacuated due to tsunami warnings. The tsunami warnings in the immediate area have been
canceled.
Jump to the tsunami risk for Hawaii and Southern California.
Rescue and Recovery Weather Ideal, but Aftershock Risk Continues
Officials are citing preparedness and strict building codes in many areas for the low number of
fatalities, despite the massive quake.
Dry conditions across much of Chile, including near where the earthquake occurred, will not hinder
cleanup and recovery efforts, AccuWeather Meteorologist Jordan Root said.
"Dry weather will continue for the next few days including Chile 's Independence Day on

Why The Earthquake Struck Chile
Have you ever felt the strongest earthquake happen? Well, the people in Chile had. An earthquake is
a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, causing great damage. The earthquake's magnitude
reached up to 9.5; a magnitude is the great size or extent of something. This earthquake was the
strongest and most powerful earthquake to ever exist, and to be fully recorded. The quake was
named 1969 Valdivia Earthquake. The reason why the earthquake had struck Chile was because the
Nazca Plate collided under the South American plate. (Richard Pallardy, Britannica), (Extreme
Science)
The quake struck Chile at 7.11 P.M, the speed going at 100 miles per hour. By the ending of this
powerful earthquake, the damage caused 2 Million people to become homeless and killed around
5,000–6,000 people. This was just the first day; the following day there was another earthquake with
a magnitude of 8.5. They were able to record the quake on a Momentum Magnitude scale. (Paul
Fairclough, TheGuardian) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The earthquake had Seismic Waves because the ground precisely outbreak open. It was also a
Primary Wave because the earthquake was traveling 100 miles per hour. (Casey Farrell, UWEC),
(Extreme Science)
The damage that was destructed by the Chile quake was major. The quake caused around 500
Million Dollars worth of destruction. Even though Chile has a lot of earthquakes, people's homes
weren't strong enough to go through the powerful quakes that were provoked. Of course, their
homes were destroyed and they became homeless in a flash. After the first and second earthquakes,
many people rushed to leave Chile quickly and safety, since they had no shelter. (Geology.com),

The Great Chilean Earthquake And Its Impact On Earth
Earthquakes have been around for longer than humans have roamed the Earth. Even though humans
haven't been around to record all earthquakes, they have been around to record many significant
ones in the past that have done damages to not only civilizations, but human lives and even the
economy. A prime example of an earthquake that wreaked havoc on Earth was the Great Chilean
Earthquake. This was the world's largest ever recorded earthquake which had a magnitude of 9.5
that hit near Valdivia, Chile on May 22, 1960 at 19:11. This was the largest earthquake of the 20th
century that triggered large tsunamis to occur all through the Pacific Ocean Basin. This earthquake
destroyed large amounts of buildings, killed many people, and had a significant impact on the
economy. The Great Chilean Earthquake was what scientists call a Megathrust earthquake.
Megathrust earthquakes occur at subduction zones at destructive convergent boundaries and are the
most powerful earthquakes in the world that can generally create tsunamis (Subduction Zone:
Tsunami Generated by Megathrust Earthquake n.d.). This megathrust earthquake occurred where the
Nazca Plate is subducting underneath the South American Plate and in doing so it produced a 500–
mile–long rupture zone from Talca, Chile to the Chiloe Archipelago (World's Largest Recorded
Earthquake, n.d.). The Nazca Plate and South American Plate are an example of ocean–continent
convergent boundary plates. The Nazca Plate is subducted underneath the

Chile Santiago Research Paper
Santiago is one of the most largest cities located in South America, plus it's the capital of Chile on
the map. Chile is surrounded with many mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Chile was discovered in
1520 by Ferdinand Magellan. His name is placed on the southern tip of latin america for this
discovery. Chile Santiago's flag may seem red white and blue which are just colors, but these colors
have more meanings to them. Chile is represented with a shield divided in two equal parts. The top
is blue and the bottom is red. A five pointed white star is located at the top left of the shield. This
five pointed star represents the Province of Santiago. Here are some interesting facts about Chile
Santiago.
Chile is a land of amazements such as, soaring snow–capped peaks, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They have a lot of Archipelagos, Mountains, water, and the world's driest deserts. It's a place that
will welcome you no matter what your past may be, or who are you are. It's a place where anyone
can call home. They are very Godly people with a lot of Architect. Their three features are very
important to them, because it shows what they present, offer, and it benefits them. They gain Wealth,
Population, Land, a Title, Food, Water, and many fun activities. The most important feature is, their
history and background. Their History shows their bravery, hard work, persistence, love, and
dedication towards their city and people. When three earthquakes hit Chile and destroyed half of the
land, they got back up and raised even more than it was before. They welcomed immigrants and
Indians, and even built a railway line for transportation. They put so much persistence and
dedication to the city, until Santiago become the capital. They put so much love into the land until it
became the nation we all know today. This is all about Chile Santiago and why it the amazing city it
is...Thank

Natural Disasters, A Study Of Events
Natural Disasters, A Study of Events 1
Natural Disasters, A Study of Events
Micheal Boor
GO125DL Natural Disasters
Park University
Ms. Jill Lockard
02 May 2017
Natural Disasters, A Study of Events 2
Abstract
The intent of this paper is to describe three natural disasters; for this paper we will describe a
hurricane, an earthquake and a mudslide. We will briefly discuss how, or if, our ancestors were able
to predict and therefore mitigate loss of life or damage to infrastructure for these types of disasters
100 years ago. Then we will look at how our modern society is able to accomplish this in current
times. Finally, we will cover how we could better predict future events and plan accordingly. We
will explore the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a storm first begins to form over the ocean, meteorologists are now able to provide early
warning on weather systems that could develop into tropical depressions with the potential to
become a tropical storm or stronger. These meteorologists are better able to predict storm track and
severity in order to allow county or state officials to make informed decisions. Following along the
same idea, as it pertains to meteorologists and their ability to monitor weather activity, comes their
increased ability to track non–tropical
Natural Disasters, A Study of Events 4 system related weather events in order to provide advanced
warning for in the event of flooding or mudslide events caused by flooding. Tsunami warning has
also improved in large part to previous incidents where there has been a significant amount of
destruction and loss of life. In August 1992 a tropical wave formed off the coast of Africa, traveling
west across the Atlantic before forming into a tropical storm that quickly grew into a strong category
5 hurricane, named Hurricane Andrew. Hurricane Andrew made landfall in Miami–Dade County in
the city of Homestead, Florida causing catastrophic damage in the area from the strength of the wind
from the storm. The accurate wind speed from this storm is unknown due to the majority of
measurement tools being destroyed in the storm, but sustained wind speeds of 140 were recorded by
some of the systems that remained (University of

Causes Of Haiti Earthquake
Despite the fact that the 2010 Haiti Earthquake had a magnitude of 7.0, it caused 316000 deaths,
destroyed over 105000 buildings and left the whole country in rubble. Human contribution
contributed greatly to the casualties and the severity of the earthquake.
A social factor that influenced the severity of the earthquake was where people chose to live. Haiti is
located on fault lines, where the epicentre of the earthquake is and where the earthquake is most
severe. The earthquake's epicentre was estimated to be around a mere 25 km away from the Port–
au–prince, the capital of Haiti and home to ¼ of the population. The closer the area was to the
epicentre, the more intense the earthquake was and the greater the destruction. The area was also
urbanised with many buildings, due to the great number of people who resided there which meant
that many buildings were destroyed and many people were killed.
Poverty was an economic factor that greatly influenced how the earthquake affected the population.
In Haiti, 80% of the population was under the poverty line. ⅔ of Labor force employees relied on
agriculture and due to high unemployment levels, many did not have a job and the population
owned an average of under $2 a day. During the earthquake, Haiti's agricultural industries were
destroyed, leaving most of the county unemployed and unable to produce its main exports. This
further exacerbated the problem of poverty and left the population without resources, food and
water.
Lack

Cause And Effect Essay On Chilean Earthquake
1 Introduction:
A natural hazard is an extreme event that occurs naturally and causes harm to humans or other
things we care about, while a Geomorphic hazard is that originating from the lithosphere including,
volcanic eruption, earthquake and tsunamis. An earthquake is a sudden violent shaking of the
ground, typically showing great destruction. This report will focus on the Great Chilean earthquake.
I will report and examine the causes, details, effects including, social, environmental and
economical. I will also examine what has been done to prepare, prevent and minimise the hazard
and suggest ways to further minimise the effects of this hazard.
2 Information about the event:
2.1 The great Chilean earthquake; the largest earthquake ever recorded struck Valdivia, Chile (See
figure 2.1)
2.2 On May 22, 1960, at 3:11 pm origin time.
2.3 The 1960 Chile earthquake was caused by the Nazca plate releasing tension and descending 15
meters underneath the South American Plate. (See figure 2.3)
2.4 At 3.11pm an 8.5–magnitude quake rocked southern Chile. The epicentre being off the coast of
Chile was just under the Pacific ocean causing huge landslides of debris. At 4:20 pm a 26ft wave
came in hitting most structures and building, several minutes later a 35ft wave rolled in killing more
than 1000 people.
2.5 Casualties ranged between 1000–7000 people. Historians do not know for sure the exact
numbers but they estimate the numbers between 1000–6000 people died, many not

South American Earthquake In Chile
on may 22, 1960, the world's largest earthquake struck southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan,the
Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.due to
how widespread the earthquake and following tsunami was, the death toll is still unknown. This
earthquake was a megathrust earthquake, which was a result of the release of stress between the
Nazca Plate and the South American Plate, on the Peru–Chile Trench. The focus was relatively
shallow at 33 km, considering that earthquakes in northern Chile and Argentina may reach depths of
70 km. The earthquake's rupture zone was 800 km long, stretching from Arauco to Chiloé
Archipelago. The rupture velocity has been estimated as 3.5 km per second.
earthquakes are caused

2010 Chile Earthquake Case Study
Earthquake Case History:
2010 Mw = 8.8 Mega–thrust Earthquake, Maule, Chile
5/2/13
By Travis Eddy
1. Introduction
In early 2010 central south Chile experienced a Mw = 8.8 earthquake and large tsunami waves that
devastated areas on the Chilean Pacific coast, nearby offshore islands, and areas near the epicenter.
In addition to the tsunami, the earthquake had many other geological consequences including
aftershocks, terrestrial and submarine land–sliding, elevation changes, and a gravity shift. The
purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the earthquake, its consequences, the resulting
damages, and mitigation.
2. Geologic Setting
Figure 1: Profile of area around the epicenter (Moscoso, et.al., 2011)
The site of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most severe impacts were observed on the Chilean coastline adjacent to the epicenter from San
Antonio – Tirua, and 670 km offshore on the Juan Fernandez Archipelago (Synolakis, 2011;
Yamazaki and Cheung, 2011). The tsunami hit many areas close to the epicenter within 30 minutes
of the main event, however due to bathymetry and coastline shape, tsunami directions, impacts, and
arrival times vary. (Synolakis, 2011; Yamazaki and Cheung, 2011). For example, Talcahuano Harbor
located in The Bay of Concepcion 100 kilometers south of the epicenter experienced an impact from
a resonated 129 minute period oscillating wave three hours after the main event (Yamazaki and
Cheung, 2011). Resonance such as this occurred in various areas along the Chilean coastline, and
was caused by standing and partial standing wave systems produced along the coast due to wave
reflection between the continental shelf and the headlands, resulting in radiated tsunami energy to
become trapped over the continental margin (Yamazaki and Cheung, 2011).
6. Land sliding
The main event caused both terrestrial and submarine land sliding to occur in the area. Around 30
slides were delineated, with a majority of them being submarine (Volker, et.al., 2011). These
submarine slides were confined to the walls of various submarine canyons, and were characterized
as thin transitional slides retrograding into open slopes adjacent to the canyons (Volker, et.al., 2011).

7. Ground Changes
Figure 6:

Earthquakes & Subduction Zones Lab Report
Earthquakes and Subduction Zones Lab
Amy Paret
Mrs. Igo
9th Grade
Periods 3 and 4 Even
Date: 2/14/13
Background Research:
This lab uses earthquake data to construct profiles of two convergent boundaries: the Tonga Trench
and the Peru–Chile Trench. Where two tectonic plates converge, if one or both of the plates is an
oceanic lithosphere, a subduction zone will form. When crust is formed at a mid–ocean ridge, it is
hot and buoyant meaning it has a low density. As it spreads away from the ridge and cools and
contracts, or becomes denser, it is able to sink into the hotter underlying mantle. When two oceanic
plates collide, the younger of the two plates, because it is less dense will ride over the edge of the
older plate. The density of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Going by intervals of 50 km, label zero at the top of the y–axis and 700 at the bottom of the y–axis.
14. On the left section of the graph paper (Tonga Trench) create a scale for the horizontal axis
(longitude) ranging from 173–180 °W. Going by intervals of 1°W, label the right end of the x–axis
173 and the left end of the x–axis 180.
15. On the right section of the graph paper (Peru–Chile Trench) create a scale for the horizonal axis
(longitude) ranging from 61–71 °W. Going by intervals of 1°W, label the right end of the x–axis 61
and the left end of the x–axis 71.
16. Plot the earthquake data from the region associated with the Tonga Trench from Table 1 on the
left section of the graph paper, using a dot to represent each data point.
17. Plot the earthquake data from the region associated with the Peru–Chile Trench from Table 1 on
the right section of the graph paper, using a dot to represent each data point.
18. Draw a best–fit line for the Tonga Trench data. A best fit line is a smooth line that shows the
trend of the data; the line does not have to pass through the data points.
19. Draw a best fit line for the Peru–Chili Trench.
20. On the left side of the graph (Tonga Trench) label the Pacific Plate (right side of the line of best
fit) and the Indian Australian Plate (left side of the line of best fit)
21. Draw an arrow to show the direction of motion of the Pacific Plate (subducting under the Indian
Australian Plate)
22. On the right side of the

Chile Earthquake Research Paper
(May 22, 1960, Valdivia, Chile, Magnitude 9.2) The largest earthquake ever recorded was in Chile
in 1960 and it was recorded at a magnitude 9.2. It's said that 1,655 people were found dead and over
3,000 were injured. Two million citizens were left homeless after this natural disaster. ( March 27,
1964, Prince William sound,Alaska,Magnitude 9.2) The Gulf of Alaska was devastated by the Prince
William Sound earthquake that of the 131 people killed during the earthquake, 119 died in the
tsunami. Most were killed by the tsunamis triggered by underwater landslides, not by the
earthquake–induced tsunami. (December 26, 2004, Northern Sumatra Indian) The giant earthquake
of 2004 in Sumatra ruptured the longest fault length that has ever been recorded ... Show more
All along the coast of Central America the tsunami was observed. (February 4, 1965, Alaska
Earthquake, Rat Islands, Magnitude 8.7) This earthquake was recorded at a magnitude 8.7 and
caused a big tsunami of over 10 m on Shemya Island. It barely caused any damage, though. Just two
months after the initial shock, an aftershock earthquake at a magnitude of 7.6 hit the same area.
(March 28, 2005, Sumatra Earthquake aka Nias Earthquake) Just off the coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia, was a devastating earthquake that killed 1,300 people. A majority of the devastation
occurred on the island of Nias. The massive earthquake sparked a panic around countries along the
Indian Ocean because there was a massive tsunami just three months earlier in December. ( August
15, 1950, Assam, Tibet Earthquake, Magnitude 8.6) There were at least 780 people who died in this
8.6 magnitude earthquake. Many buildings completely collapsed in areas of Eastern Tibet.
Landslides and ground cracks/fractures ended up washing away and entire village. The village of
Yedong collapsed into the Yarlung Zangbo River and literally washed

Colonial Influence On Chile
The Colonial Influence on the Modern Chilean Economy Chile is one the top growing economies in
the world right now. Currently Chile has a GDP of $409.3 billion with a 1.8% annual national
growth. Chile's economy has been ranked 7th in the world and 1st in its region. The top exports
from the GDP include copper (51%), produce (8.4%), and chemicals (5%) (Chile). Its major trade
partners, where these exports go, is China, The United States, and Japan (Chile). Some of the reason
that the Chilean economy is so strong is because its Free Trade practice, that allows trading
internationally without government barriers and tariffs (Chile). The Chilean economy has seen
exponential growth in the past century, and its success can be traced ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The discovery of these metals progressed the growth of Chile's international business. Copper soon
became the most important export of Chile, and still is. 52% percent of Chile's present day GDP is
composed of copper (Chile). In 1811, Chile started practicing free trade around the world. Limited
to no and tariffs were imposed on Chile's clientele. This was beneficial to both parties because no
tariffs meant that other countries would keep on buying from Chile because they didn't have to pay
for trade. In Chile, free trade was important then, and still is now. Free trade is an important reason
that the Chilean economy is so strong. Chilean's free trade allows its partners like China, the United
States, and Japan buy more without paying for

Lifestraw Essay
Lifestraw personal filter is a portable water purification tool that cleanses contaminated water and
makes it safe for human consumption. It requires no electrical power, batteries, or replacement parts.
Lifestraw contains no chemicals and filters at least 1,000 liters, which is enough to keep a person
hydrated for a year. With Lifestraw, a person can drink directly from streams, ponds, lakes, and any
other water source without the fear of getting sick. It removes 99.9% of waterborne parasites and
bacteria. Chile is the most competitive and fundamentally sound economy in South America. It is
the longest north–south trending country in the world, extending approximately 2,700 miles. Due to
its geographical location, Chile is has a remarkable climate and landscape, which attracts many
tourists. "Because of the country's extreme length it has a wide variety of climates , from the coastal
desert beginning in the tropical north to the cold sub–antarctic southern tip"(Johnson, 2015). Chile is
also prone to natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, violent earthquakes, and tsunamis. Since
Chile is prone to natural disasters, many would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The Costanera Center is one of the many tourist attractions"(Gilbert, 2010). The sale of Lifestraw
will flourish in the Costanera Center, simply because most tourist enjoy a little retail therapy.
Establishing a regional sales center within the Costanera Center will be a very productive decision.
Lifestraw will make a positive impact on the environment because of its simplicity. With Lifestraw
the adventure seekers will no longer have the need to pack an unnecessary number of bottled water,
which ranges from $2.50–$3.50 per bottle. Due to tourism of the area, Lifestraw should sell
remarkably well. "More than 3.6 million foreigners from all over the world visit Chile spending
nearly two billion dollars every year"(Ruble, 2010). Most of the tourist are higher educated and have
higher

The Earthquake Of The Valdivia Earthquake
"1.valdivia Earthquake
The 1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean Earthquake is to date the most powerful earthquake
ever recorded in Earth's history, rating 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale. It occurred in the
afternoon and its resulting tsunami affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern
New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.
About 1,655 killed, 3,000 injured, 2,000,000 homeless, and $550 million damage in southern Chile;
tsunami caused 61 deaths, $75 million damage in Hawaii; 138 deaths and $50 million damage in
Japan; 32 dead and missing in the Philippines; and $500,000 damage to the west coast of the United
States.
2. Great Alaskan Earthquake
The 1964 Alaskan earthquake was a powerful earthquake that began at 5:36 on Good Friday, March
27, 1964. Across south–central Alaska, ground, collapsing structures and tsunamis resulting from the
earthquake caused about 143 deaths. It was the most powerful recorded earthquake in U.S. and
North American history, and the second most powerful ever measured by seismograph. It had a
magnitude of 9.2, at the time making it the second largest earthquake in recorded history.
The shaking lasted about 4 minutes. Landslides caused heavy damage. Huge slides occurred in the
downtown business section and water mains and gas, sewer, telephone and electrical systems were
disrupted throughout the area.
3. Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was

A Brief Note On The Biggest Earthquake Ever
Mario Jurado
Professor Shawn Smith
English 363
June 8, 2016
The Biggest Earthquake Ever
May 22nd, 1960 this date will forever be in the records of history as one of the days when humanity
has witness the power of nature like never before and until today there hasn 't been anything similar
to this cataclysm. Earthquakes are known around the world for their destruction and its killing path
that in the most powerful situations they can provoke. An earthquake happens when two blocks of
the earth suddenly slip past one another and the surface where they slip is called the fault. The
location of the earthquake above the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes has foreshocks and
aftershocks this are these are smaller earthquakes that take place before and after the main shocks in
the same Area. Aftershocks can still taking place after the main shock for weeks and months and
create more destruction in the zones that have already been affected by an earthquake. The 1960
earthquake the biggest earthquake ever recorder had a foreshock magnitude of 8.1 and was followed
by a 9.5 earthquake that completely destroyed the city of Valdivia and affected many others part of
the world with tsunamis in almost all the pacific ocean it also caused the eruption of a volcano in
Chile adding more destruction to this country and costing more lives. This paper will give important
information above this big catastrophic event of nature and its effects on Chile and others part of the
world that

A Comparison and Contrast of Earthquake in Haiti and Chile...
Introduction There are about 15 tectonic or lithospheric plates on the earth's surface, which have
different size and move relative to one another over the earth's surface. As a result, the crust around
the boundaries of the plates bends or deforms, accumulating strong energy during these processes
(Briggs, 2006). When the strain becomes too great to bear by the crust in the future, the crust will
snap or slip causing earthquakes. As a type of geophysical hazard, earthquakes are inevitable for
mankind living on the Earth, which destroy tremendous buildings, and take human life away.
However, influences of earthquakes can be reduced if people take appropriate actions. This report
provide an overview of two earthquakes that happened in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Earthquakes cause this fault to slip an average of 8 millimeters a year, with the remaining 12
millimeters a year of the Caribbean Plate's eastward motion being absorbed by a parallel fault
system in northern Hispaniola (Bilham, 2010).
Precursor Pursuits
Earthquakes are inherently unpredictable. Even though many reports are published to illustrate the
relationships between earthquakes and other things, such as foreshocks, surface bulges, animal
behaviors. Reports about a variety of precursor signals are very hard to verify, because every
earthquake is unique. The following part will introduce some funds from scientist before these two
earthquakes.
Haiti
Sarkar, Choudhary, Sonakia, Vishwakarma, and Gwal (2012) indicates that electron density and
temperature variation in the ionosphere might be precursors of earthquakes; they have some
interesting founds about these two things during the Haitian earthquake. "There are several sensors
onboard DEMETER (Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake
Regions) to survey the ionosphere. The electron density and temperature variation are studied using
the Langmuir Probe Instrument (ISL)" (Sarkar et al., 2009, p.634). Based on the data from
DEMETER and ISL, Sarkar et al. (2012) conclude that the electron density of plasma in ionosphere
started increasing 5 days before the earthquake, and

Causes Of Earthquakes By The Movements Of The Earth
Cause of earthquakes:
Earthquakes are caused by the movements of the earth. Large blocks of stone called tectonic plates
are constantly moving creating friction and stress with each other. These earthquakes then cause
massive damage above the surface. There are three different types of earthquakes.
Convergent: This occurs when two plates crash into each other from separate directions, this sudden
crash lasts until one plates goes over the other, this is called a thrust movement. Over millions of
years this can cause mountains to form.
Divergent: This happens when plates are forced apart, this is common on ocean floors as it creates
deep sea trenches. It can also cause canyons.
Transform: This occurs when two plates slide past each other, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is used to classify the effect the earthquake will have on the surface. Unlike the Richter scale it
does not take the energy of an earthquake into account. The Mercalli scale has a scale from
I – XII (1 – 12) and the higher the number the more damage that earthquake will do to the surface.
Eg, a Mercalli scale of l is felt by very few people and causes no damage, while a Mercalli scale of
Xll it is chaotic, the ground is visibly moving in waves, objects are thrown into the air, most
structures are destroyed and people are fearing for their lives.
Example of recent event including damaged caused
In 2016, November 14th, 00:02 am, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck the south island of New
Zealand and lasted approximately 2 minutes. Two people died in the earthquake, both were crushed
in their homes. Many major roads were closed due to damage to the bridges and stayed closed in the
morning due to landslides, damaged infrastructure and risk of falling debris. It took months to fully
repair all the roads and allow the flow of traffic again. The earthquake also caused a 5 meter high
wave to form which struck Little Pigeon Bay on Banks Peninsula, the bay had one house and was
heavily damaged. At the earthquakes peak it reached a Mercalli scale of IX (9).
Example of significant event
In 1960, May 22nd, Chile suffered the wrath of the strongest recorded earthquake in history. This
earthquake scaled at 9.4 –

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