This document discusses the process of expressing genetic information through RNA and protein synthesis. It begins by defining key terms like genes, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, transcription, and translation. It then explains the structures of DNA and RNA, the process of transcription which involves RNA polymerase copying DNA into mRNA, and the roles of introns and exons. The document further details the genetic code where codons on mRNA specify amino acids and the process of translation where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome to form a polypeptide chain. It concludes by discussing mutations that can occur and impact protein synthesis.

1. EXPRESSING GENETIC INFORMATION

2. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

3. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Key Terms
 Gene
 Messenger RNA (mRNA)
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
 Transfer RNA (tRNA)
 Transcription
 RNA Polymerase
 Intron/Exon
 Codon/Anticodon
 Translation
 Promoter

4. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Structure of RNA
 Long chain of nucleotides
 Three main differences between DNA and RNA
 Sugar is ribose (DNA has deoxyribose)
 Generally single-stranded
 RNA contains Uracil in place of Thymine

5. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA RNA
1. Double Helix
2. A=T
3. C=G
4. Role- Genetic Library
1. Single Strand
2. A=U
3. C=G
4. Roles- Protein Synthesis
1. mRNA- Copy
2. tRNA- Transfer
3. rRNA- Protein Assembly

6. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

7. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

8. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Transcription
 DNA is copied into mRNA
 Occurs in the Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells
 Requires an enzyme known as RNA Polymerase
 Three Stages
 Initiation
 Elongation
 Termination

9. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Initiation
 Enzyme RNA Polymerase attaches to a specific area of
the DNA known as the Promoter region
 The Promoter region is located just before the region of
DNA to be copied

10. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Elongation
 RNA Polymerase partially unwinds the DNA exposing
the coding strand of the gene
 A single complementary strand of RNA is made

11. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Termination
 RNA Polymerase reaches a terminator region
 Enzyme and mRNA transcript are released

12. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

13. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 RNA editing
 Introns- sequences of nucleotides that are not involved
in the coding of proteins
 Exons- sequences of nucleotides that code for proteins
 Occurs inside the nucleus

14. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

15. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Genetic Code
 Proteins are made by joining amino acids
 20 different Amino Acids
 The language of mRNA instructions is known as the
Genetic Code
 RNA contains 4 different bases (A, U, C, & G)
 Genetic Code is read three letters at a time
 Each “word” of the coded message is three bases long

16. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Codon
 Consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a
single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide
 Start codon- methionine
 Stop codon- three

17. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

18. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Translation
 Sequence of nucleotide bases in an mRNA molecule
serves as instruction for the order of the amino acids
 Takes place at the ribosome
 Begins with a start codon (methionine)
 tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome
 Each tRNA has three unpaired bases (anticodon)

19. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

20. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

21. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

22. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Termination
 Stop codon is reached
 Ribosome releases mRNA and polypeptide
 Translation is completed

23. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

24. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

25. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Roles of DNA and RNA
 DNA is the master plan
 RNA is the blueprint

26. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Genes and Proteins
 Genes contain the information for constructing proteins
 Enzymes
 Protein markers on cells- blood type
 Proteins that regulate size and growth

27. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Mutations
 Most Common- Point Mutation
 One base pair changes into a different one
 Most result in no change in phenotype
 Missense Mutation- A point mutation that changes an
amino acid that is important to protein structure or
function
 Nonsense Mutation- change the codon for an amino
acid into a stop codon

28. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Mutations
 Frameshift Mutation- one or two base pairs are inserted
or deleted thereby disrupting the pattern of three-base
codons

29. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Mutations
 Phenyketonuria- many different point mutations
 Sickle-cell anemia- point mutation
 Dwarfism- (Achondroplasia) point mutation
 Cystic Fibrosis
 Breast Cancer- brca 1/ brca 2 gene (deletion)
 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia – Translocation
between chromosomes 9 and 22

30. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

31. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

32. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

35. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Gene Regulation

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37. RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS