2. Pray Always
Luke 21:34-36 New King James Version (NKJV)
The Importance of Watching
34 “But take heed to yourselves, lest your hearts be weighed down with carousing,
drunkenness, and cares of this life, and that Day come on you unexpectedly. 35 For it will
come as a snare on all those who dwell on the face of the whole earth. 36 Watch therefore,
and pray always that you may be counted worthy to escape all these things that will come to
pass, and to stand before the Son of Man.”
3. Pray Always
Mark 14:32-42 New King James Version (NKJV)
The Prayer in the Garden
32 Then they came to a place which was named Gethsemane; and He said to His disciples,
“Sit here while I pray.” 33 And He took Peter, James, and John with Him, and He began to be
troubled and deeply distressed. 34 Then He said to them, “My soul is exceedingly sorrowful,
even to death. Stay here and watch.”
35 He went a little farther, and fell on the ground, and prayed that if it were possible, the hour
might pass from Him. 36 And He said, “Abba, Father, all things are possible for You. Take this
cup away from Me; nevertheless, not what I will, but what You will.”
37 Then He came and found them sleeping, and said to Peter, “Simon, are you sleeping?
Could you not watch one hour? 38 Watch and pray, lest you enter into temptation. The spirit
indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.”
39 Again He went away and prayed, and spoke the same words. 40 And when He returned, He
found them asleep again, for their eyes were heavy; and they did not know what to answer
Him.
41 Then He came the third time and said to them, “Are you still sleeping and resting? It is
enough! The hour has come; behold, the Son of Man is being betrayed into the hands of
sinners. 42 Rise, let us be going. See, My betrayer is at hand.”
4. Pray Always
Mark 13:32-37 New King James Version (NKJV)
No One Knows the Day or Hour
32 “But of that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the
Father. 33 Take heed, watch and pray; for you do not know when the time is. 34 It is like a man going
to a far country, who left his house and gave authority to his servants, and to each his work, and
commanded the doorkeeper to watch. 35 Watch therefore, for you do not know when the master of
the house is coming—in the evening, at midnight, at the crowing of the rooster, or in the
morning— 36 lest, coming suddenly, he find you sleeping. 37 And what I say to you, I say to all:
Watch!”
5. Pray Always
John 18:4-9 New King James Version (NKJV)
4 Jesus therefore, knowing all things that would come upon Him, went forward and said to them,
“Whom are you seeking?”
5 They answered Him, “Jesus of Nazareth.”
Jesus said to them, “I am He.” And Judas, who betrayed Him, also stood with them. 6 Now when He
said to them, “I am He,” they drew back and fell to the ground.
7 Then He asked them again, “Whom are you seeking?”
And they said, “Jesus of Nazareth.”
17. Viruses
Definitions:
Virus- acellular, infectious agent having one or more pieces of
nucleic acids, DNA or RNA but not both; wrapped in a protein coat,
+/- membranous envelope; obligate intracellular parasite
Bacteriophage (phage)- a virus that infects bacteria
Viral Replication
Lytic- replication involves use of the host cell’s organelles and enzymes
to produce virions resulting in the death and lysis of the host cell; results
in cell death
Lysogenic- viral DNA is inserted into the host genome; it is copied when
the cell replicates and passed to daughter cells; an external stressor can
induce the cell into the lytic phase
Transduction- transfer of bacterial genes by a phage
Prophage- insertion of phage DNA into bacterial chromosome
19. VIRUSES
Background History
Discovered in 1892 by Russian botanist Dmitri Ivanosky
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Hershey and Chase- in 1952 demonstrated that DNA is
the genetic material of a bacteriophage (T2) which
infects the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli)
23. Viruses
Characteristics of Viruses
Differences
Genetic Material
Classification based on type of genetic material in viral
genome
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)
Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
24. Viruses
Characteristics of Viruses
Differences
Hosts of Viruses
Most viruses infect only particular host’s cells
HIV- T helper cells
Rabies- humans to bats
Plant viruses- corn, sugarcane, tobacco, tomatoes, beans
Fungal viruses
27. Viruses
Characteristics of Viruses
Capsid Morphology
Composed of protein subunits- capsomeres
Viral Shapes
Helical, polyhedral, complex
Viral Envelope
Enveloped vs. Nonenveloped
Acquired from the host cell during viral replication or release
Plays a role in the recognition of host cells
33. Viruses
Retroviruses
RNA viruses, +ssRNA
Require reverse transcriptase to make a DNA intermediary
mRNA is transcribed from the DNA by RNA polymerase
DNA is incorporated into the host DNA (provirus)
Examples-
Rous Sarcoma Virus- infects chickens
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Feline Leukemia Virus
HTLV- 1st human retrovirus discovered
HIV
37. Viruses
References:
1. Bauman, R. W., & Timberlake, K. C. (2006).
Microbiology and chemistry: An integrated approach.
Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.
2. Campbell, N. A. (2009). Biology: Concepts &
connections. San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin
Cummings.
3. Kasper, D. L., & Harrison, T. R. (2005). Harrison's
principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-
Hill, Medical Pub. Division.
Editor's Notes
First described by Adolf Mayer 1886, 1898 Beijerinck
