tropical disease

1. Prepared by jaber ghzwani

2. Definition
Dracunculosis or Guinea Worm(GW) parasite disease
caused by the nematode Dracunculus medinensis
A person becomes infected when they drink water
that contains water fleas infected with guinea
worm larvae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_Byzhe9Gss

3. *Poor communities in Africa with unsafe drinking water Chad,
Ethiopia and South Sudan. Cases have gone from 3.5 million per
year in 1986 to 19 cases in 2018.
*WHO had reported globally only 15 cases in 2017
was in Ethiopia and chad
Latest situation as of 30 September (2018 ) .19
cases were reported from 16 villages (8 villages in
Chad, 7 in South Sudan and one in Angola).

4. Mapping Data

5. Countries with confirmed cases from 2015‐2017 and rumour reporting in 2017

6. No. of casesYear
3.5 million cases1986
892,0051989
10,0002007
5422012
1482013
1262014
252016
302017
19- until now2018

7. 1- It is a round worm
2-Adult parasite inhabits subcutaneous
tissue mainly of legs but other parts
are also included like head and neck.
3- Female worm is 55 to 120cm long as
compare to male 2 to 3cm long

8. LIFE CYCLE OF DRACUNCULIASIS

9. The adult female emerges from the skin
(90% legs and feet)
*Person with protruding worm enters
water, and female releases larvae
*cyclops ingest larvae and within 10-14
days they reach the infective stage

10. Once ingested, larvae travel to the small intestine
Penetrate wall of small intestine and pass into the
body cavity Over 10-14 months, the adult females
grow to full size (2-3 feet)
The mature female then migrates to site where she
will emerge (usually lower limbs) A blister will
develop at the emerging site, and within 1-3 days it
will rupture *Worm will emerge from ulcerated skin

11. Skin blisters and ulcers create a burning
sensation and those infected often immerse
affected limbs in water
When infected individual enters water, female
will release
larvae Female is capable of releasing larvae for
several days whenever in contact with water

12. *Symptoms occur approximately one year after infection.
*A few days to hours before the worm emerges, a person may
experience the following :
1-fever
2-swelling
3-itching
4-nausea
* Often, the wound caused by the worm develops a secondary
bacterial infection , and person maybe unable to work up to 3
months

14. Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis of guinea –worm disease is so typical and well
known to local people in endemic areas that it is sufficient to make
diagnosis.
Examination of the fluid discharged by the worm can show
rhabditiform larvae.
No serologic test is available.
PCR is a technique used for detecting the presence or absence of a
gene to help identify pathogens during infection

15. PREVENTION
1-Health Education
2-Provision of safe drinking water
3-Vector control using a chemical larvicide
4-Prevention of contamination of drinking water by
advising the patient to avoid going into the water
5- Unsafe water can be boiled or treated with an
approved larvicide to kill cyclop

16. Treatment
1-There is no successful drug
2-Remove worm by wrapping the
worm around a, small stick.
3- Worms may also be surgically
removed before ulcer formation
4- Analgesics (asprin and ibuprofen)
are used to reduce swelling
5-Antibiotic ointment may be used
to prevent bacterial infections

17. Eradication campaign
Dracunculiasis is the first parasitic disease set for
eradication
Dracunculiasis is an eradicable disease for the following
reasons: diagnosis is easy , there is no known animal
reservoir
*several countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East have
successfully eliminated the disease;