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1. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BCE III/I
Anand Panta
BE(Civil), MS (Geomechanics)
Lecturer and Deputy Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Kantipur Engineering College

2. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
OBJECTIVES:
 To be familiar with the basic concepts and tools used to
determine structure/ foundation/ soil interactions
 Analyze the behavior of geotechnical structures under
static loads, this includes:
 Soil Exploration
 Shallow Foundation
 Deep Foundation
 Retaining structures <<Gravity walls>>
 Retaining structures <<Flexible walls>>
 Soil arching
 Soil improvements
 Determine the behavior involved in these structures
 Present the design methods
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3. WHAT ARE THE GEOTECHNICAL STRUCTURES?
o Foundations
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4. RETAINING STRUCTURES
o Gravity walls
Gabion wall
Concrete wall
Reinforced concrete walls
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5. Sheet pile walls
Coffer dam
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RETAINING STRUCTURES
o Flexible Walls

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7. GENERAL OUTLINE
 Marks distribution
Full Marks
(125)
Theory
(100)
Final
(80)
Internal
(20)
Practical
(25)
Final (80) Final examination by IOE
Internal (20) Attendance & Tutorials(20%)+Class Test (30%)+
Assessment II(50%)
Practical (25) Report (Observation Tour of a site investigation
project)+Objective test
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8. GENERAL OUTLINE: SYLLABUS
 Syllabus
Chapter Title Lecture
Hours
Marks
1 Introduction 1 2
2 Soil Exploration 6 12
3 Lateral Earth Pressure Theories and
Retaining Walls
10 16
4 Arching in Soils and Braced Cuts 3 4
5 Flexible Retaining Structures and Coffer
Dams
3 4
6 Bearing Capacity and Settlement of
Shallow Foundation
6 12
7 Mat Foundations 3 6
8 Pile Foundations 6 12
9 Well Foundations 4 8
10 Foundation Soil Improvements 3 4
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9. GENERAL OUTLINE
 Reference Books
1. “Foundation Analysis and Design” Joseph E.Bowels. McGraw-Hill International Editions, Fifth
Edition, 1997
2. “Principles of Foundation Engineering” Braja M. Das, Fifth Edition, 2003.
3. “Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics” Gopal Ranjan and ASR Rao, Second Edition New Age
International Publishers, 2000
4. “Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering” K.R. Arora Standard Publisher Distribution 1997
5. “A Text Book of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in SI units” VNS Murthy UBS
Publishers Distributors Ltd. Fourth Edition 1993
6. “Pile Foundation Analysis and Design”, H.G. Poulos and E.H. Davis, John and sons 1980
7. “A Text Book of Foundation Engineering” Dr. R.K. Poudel and R. Neupane.
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10. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Foundation Engineering, Importance and purpose
 Foundation
 Substructure elements, used to transfer the load of a structure(self
weight +other actions) to the soil
 Correspond to either limited loads or good quality soil (strength and
stiffness)
 Different geometries
 Reinforced concrete
 Two main aspect of the behavior:
 Ultimate limit failure: bearing capacity
 Serviceability limit: settlement
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11. WHY FOUNDATION ENGINEERING IS IMPORTANT?
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12. Pile failure due to earthquake
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13. DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
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The Leaning Tower of Pisa leans due to a faulty foundation.

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18. 1.2 CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENT
 Classification
Foundation
Shallow
Spread or
Isolated
Footing
Strip or wall
Footing
Combined
Footing
Strap
Footing
Mat
foundation
Deep
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19. CLASSIFICATION
Strap
W
•Terzaghi(1943)
If D/B<1, shallow
•If D/B>1 & <15,
moderately deep
•If D/B>15, deep
Foundation
Strip Footing (L>>B)
Strap footing Raft foundation
Isolated footing
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o Shallow Foundation

20. DEEP FOUNDATION
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Pile Foundation
End bearing pile Friction pile

21. GENERAL REQUIREMENT
 Location and depth criteria
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26. SETTLEMENT CRITERIA
 Differential settlement
Example: Leaning Tower Of Pisa
 non-uniform, sponge-like
saturated clay soil
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The Leaning Tower of Pisaleans due to a
faulty foundation.

27. SETTLEMENT CRITERIA
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28. SETTLEMENT CRITERIA
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29. Shear failure criteria or bearing capacity
criteria
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30. 1.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF
FOUNDATION
Principal Factors:
•Function of structure
•Load on foundation
•Subsurface condition
•Cost
Other factors:
•Need of client or owner
•Type of super structure
•Environmental considerations
•Margin of safety
•Risk Level
•Service life
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31. 1.4 SELECTION OF FOUNDATION TYPE
Steps to select a foundation
1. Obtain information concerning the nature of the super-
structure and loads to be transmitted
2. Determine the subsurface condition
3. Engineering judgment for suitable type of foundation
4. Detailed study and tentative design of most promising
types of foundation
5. Prepare cost estimate of each promising type and
choose best with respect to performance and cost
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32. SAMPLE QUESTIONS
 Describe with sketches the various types of shallow
foundations. Explain under what circumstances they are
used.
 Describe various factors that affect foundation selection.
Explain the step by step procedure for the selection of a
suitable in a given situation.
 What are the fundamental requirements of foundation
selection?
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33. Thank you for your attention!
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