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Physiology-19-jan image based questions ppt
- 1. Image Based Questions (IBQ) Dr. Soumen Manna MD Physiology (AIIMS)
- 2. NEET 2022 Which of the following cell signaling is shown in the following picture: a. Autocrine secretion b. Paracrine secretion c. Merocrine d. Endocrine
- 3. MCQ A model cell with three different transporters (X, Y, and Z) and a resting membrane potential of −75 millivolts is shown in the above figure. Consider the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of all three ions to be typical of a normal cell. Which of the following best describes transporter Y? a) Facilitated diffusion b) Primary active transport c) Secondary active transport d) Simple diffusion
- 5. NEET 2022 The following diagram shows the change in hypothalamic set points to body temperature. Which change will be seen at A as compared to B. a. Sweating b. Increased blood flow to skin c. shivering d. shutdown of chemical thermoregulator
- 8. MCQ The diagram below illustrates the single isometric twitch characteristics of two skeletal muscles, A and B, in response to a depolarizing stimulus. The delay between the termination of the transient de- polarization of the muscle membrane and the onset of muscle contraction observed in both muscles A and B reflects the time necessary for which of the following events to occur? a) ADP to be released from the myosin head b) ATP to be synthesized c) Ca++ to accumulate in the sarcoplasm d) G-actin to polymerize into F-actin e) Myosin head to complete one cross-bridge cycle
- 9. MCQ Graph below is showing simple muscle twitch recorded in frog gastrocnemius muscle. Calculate tetanising frequency of this muscle. a. 25Hz b. 20Hz c. 10Hz d. 5Hz
- 10. MCQ The electron micrograph of human gastrocnemius muscle has been given below. The protein marked “A” in the Z-disk in the following diagram helps in binding of actin to Z line is: a. Titin b. Nebulin c. Myosin d. Alpha Actinin
- 11. MCQ The figure below showing the axon of a spinal motor neuron giving a recurrent collateral that synapses on an inhibitory interneuron that terminates on the cell body of the same and other motor neurons. This is an example of: a. Positive feedback inhibition b. Negative feedback inhibition c. Feedforward inhibition d. Presynaptic inhibition
- 12. MCQ The receptive fields (shown as red areas on fingertips) of four different types of mechanoreceptors supplied by FA1, FA2, SA1 and SA2 afferent are shown here. The figure marked with B is: a. Pacinian corpuscle b. Meissner’s corpuscle c. Merkel’s disc d. Ruffini’s ending
- 14. MCQ The following diagram is firing rate of individual tactile receptor with a fixed stimulus intensity. The recording C is obtained from which of the following receptor? a. Pacinian corpuscle b. Meissner’s corpuscle c. Merkel’s disc d. Ruffini’s ending
- 15. Point to remember Accommodation: Refers to a gradual increase in threshold caused by prolonged slowly rising sub-threshold nerve depolarization, resulting from the inactivation of sodium channels. Adaptation: If a supra-threshold (NOT sub-threshold) stimulus persists unchanged for several minutes without a change in position or amplitude (NOT slowly rising), the neural response diminishes and sensation is lost, a condition called receptor adaptation.
- 16. MCQ In the following diagram, which best illustrates the status of a person who received 1 L of drinking water. (solid lines represent original conditions and dashed lines the final steady-state situation). a. A b. B c. C d. D
- 17. MCQ Which curve describes the alanine profile along the nephron? a. Curve A b. Curve B c. Curve C d. Curve D
- 18. MCQ Which curve describes the paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) profile along the nephron? a) Curve A b) Curve B c) Curve C d) Curve D
- 19. Ganong Medical Physiology 26th edition
- 20. MCQ At which nephron site is the tubular fluid/plasma (TF/P) osmolarity lowest in a person who has been deprived of water? a. Site A b. Site B c. Site C d. Site D e. Site E
- 21. MCQ At which nephron site does the amount of K+ in tubular fluid exceed the amount of filtered K+ in a person on a high-K+ diet? a. Site A b. Site B c. Site C d. Site D e. Site E
- 22. NEET 2022 Cystometrogram in a normal human is given below. The flatness of segment Ib is a manifestation of: a. Bernoulli's principle b. Law of Laplace c. Boyle’s law d. Henry’s law
- 23. MCQ A 55-year-old overweight male patient’s estimate GFR is 150 ml/min. His plasma glucose is 400 mg/dl. His renal transport maximum for glucose is shown in the figure below, what would be the approximate rate of urinary glucose excretion for this patient? a. 0 mg/min b. 150 mg/min c. 225 mg/min d. 300 mg/min
- 24. MCQ In a scientific research, large group of non-hypertensive individuals (systolic blood pressures < 120 mm Hg) were studied every 2 years throughout their adult lives. Effects of age and sex on arterial pressure components (systolic and diastolic BP) in the study are given below. Fall of diastolic pressure after the middle age is due to: a. Increase stiffness of arteries b. Decreases stiffness of arteries c. Decrease in contractile force of heart d. Decrease in total peripheral resistance
- 25. MCQ Cardiac responses to moderate supine exercise in normal humans and a patients with transplanted hearts are recorded and given below. The slow rise of heart rate in transplanted patient is due to: a. Sympathetic reinnervation b. Circulating catecholamine c. Bainbridge reflex d. Anrep Effects
- 26. Points to Remember: • Patients with transplanted hearts are able to increase their cardiac output during exercise in the absence of cardiac innervation through the operation of the Frank-Starling mechanism. • Circulating catecholamines also contribute. • Venous return also increases by the pumping action of the muscles and the increase in respiration. • In addition, because of vasodilation in the contracting muscles, peripheral resistance, and, consequently, afterload are decreased. • The end result in both normal and transplanted hearts is thus a prompt and marked increase in cardiac output.
- 27. MCQ Recording of heart sound with phonocardiogram was done along with ECG recording. Second heart sound will appear at which point in the following diagram: a. Point A b. Point B c. Point C d. Point D e. Point E
- 28. MCQ Change aortic pressure with time is given below. At which point, baroreceptor firing is maximum? a. Point A b. Point B c. Point C d. Equal in all points A B C
- 30. MCQ Normal pressure volume loop of the left ventricle is recorded from an adult person and given below. Which of the following indicates isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricle? a. d to a b. a to b c. b to c d. c to d
- 31. MCQ A 40-year-old woman has a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute, arterial pressure of 130/85 mm Hg, and normal body temperature. When does the first heart sound occur in the ventricular pressure–volume relationship? A. At point B B. Between point A and point B C. Between point B and point C D. Between point D and point A
- 32. MCQ Compliance curve of the lung is give below. Curve A signify which of the following: a. Pulmonary Fibrosis b. Atelectasis c. Emphysema d. None of above
- 33. MCQ Static expiratory pressure–volume curves of lungs in healthy persons and persons with severe emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis shown here. Calculate the compliance of normal person. a. 50 ml/cmH2O b. 100 ml/cmH2O c. 200 ml/cmH2O d. 300 ml/cmH2O
- 34. MCQ Which of the points on the following figures represent arterial blood in a severely anemic person? a. Point A b. Point B c. Point C d. Point D e. Point E
- 35. MCQ Which of the points on the following figures represent arterial blood in a severely anemic person? a. Point A b. Point B c. Point C d. Point D e. Point E
- 37. MCQ Volume of gas expired by a normal adult man during a forced expiration, demonstrating the FEV1 and the FVC. Calculate the FEV1/FVC of this person. a. 60% b. 70% c. 80% d. 90%
- 38. NEET PYQ Serum level of one hormone X is recorded throughout the day. Identify the hormone X from the picture given below: a) Growth hormone b) Cortisol c) Estrogen d) Insulin
- 39. MCQ Concentrations of major ions in saliva as a function of the secretory rate is plotted in the curve below. Curve D indicate which of the following secretion: a) Na+ b) HCO3- c) Cl- d) K+
- 40. MCQ Effects of various agents on the membrane potential of intestinal smooth muscle is given below. Addition of which of the following substances produces the response labeled with B: a. Acetylcholine b. Cold c. Stretch d. Adrenaline B A
- 41. Points to remember • If epinephrine or norepinephrine is added: membrane potential usually becomes larger (more negative or hyperpolarization), the spikes decrease in frequency, and the muscle relaxes. • If acetylcholine is added: membrane potential decreases (less negative or depolarization) and the spikes become more frequent.
- 42. AIIMS 2015 Gastric muscle was isolated and electrical, mechanical recording were done. All of the following statements are true about the recording except: a. Tension developed proportional to frequency of spike potential b. Tension developed directly proportional to amplitude of spike potentials c. Threshold voltage is -50mv d. Frequency is around 6/min
- 43. AIIMS 2015 A small segment of mammalian small intestine was mounted over Dale's tissue bath and movement was recorded. A substance was added at point x. Which of the following will correspond to x? a. Acetylcholine b. Adrenaline c. KCl d. BaCl
- 44. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- In a normal cell of the body, intracellular concen- trations of sodium, calcium, and chloride are less than the extracellular concentrations, whereas potassium has a higher intracellular concentration compared with its extracellular concentration. The figure shows that transporter Y moves sodium down its concentration gradient into the cell and moves calcium against its concentration gradient out of the cell. The energy required to move calcium ions against their concentration gradient is supplied by the sodium concentration gradient (which was established using ATP) and is a typical example of secondary active transport. Trans- porter X in the figure moves both potassium and sodium against their concentration gradients, which is primary active transport and requires use of ATP at the pump. Transporter Z suggests that chloride can move in either direction across the cell membrane but only by simple diffusion through the water-filled membrane channel.
- Answer: C Ans: c. shivering When the set point of the hypothalamic temperature-regulating center becomes higher than normal, all the mechanisms for raising the body temperature are brought into play, including heat conservation and increased heat production (Vasoconstriction, Piloerection, Epinephrine Secretion and Shivering): This is A part in the curve. Within a few hours after the set point has been increased, the body temperature also approaches this level. When set point suddenly reduced to low value, Vasodilation Sweating occurs: part B of the curve.
- C. Muscle B is characteristic of a slow-twitch muscle (type 1) composed of predominantly slow-twitch muscle fibers. Muscle contraction is triggered by an increase in sarcoplasmic Ca++ concentration. The delay between the termination of the depolarizing pulse and the onset of muscle contraction, also called the “lag,” reflects the time necessary for the depolarizing pulse to be trans- lated into an increase in sarcoplasmic Ca++ concentra- tion. This process involves a conformational change in the voltage-sensing, or dihydropyridine receptor, located on the T tubule membrane, along with the subsequent conformational change in the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- 25Hz
- Ans: d. Alpha actinin
- B
- C
- A
- C
- The answer is A. Alanine, like glucose, is avidly reabsorbed in the early proximal tubule by a Na+–amino acid cotransporter. Thus, the percentage of the filtered load of ala- nine remaining in the tubular fluid declines rapidly along the proximal tubule as alanine is reabsorbed into the blood. Glucose will also follow same type of curve. B: Na, H20 and other osmoles. C: Inulin D: PAH
- The answer is D. A person who is deprived of water will have high circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The tubular fluid/plasma (TF/P) osmolarity is 1.0 throughout the proximal tubule, regardless of ADH status. In antidiuresis, TF/P osmolarity > 1.0 at site C because of equilibration of the tubular fluid with the large corticopapillary osmotic gradient. At site E, TF/P osmolarity > 1.0 because of water reabsorption out of the collecting ducts and equilibration with the corticopapillary gradient. At site D, the tubular fluid is diluted because NaCl is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb without water, making TF/P osmolarity < 1.0.
- The answer is E. K+ is secreted by the late distal tubule and collecting ducts. Because this secretion is affected by dietary K+, a person who is on a high-K+ diet can secrete more K+ into the urine than was originally filtered. At all of the other nephron sites, the amount of K+ in the tubular fluid is either equal to the amount filtered (site A) or less than the amount filtered (because K+ is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle).
- Ans: b. Laplace law The cystometrogram curve shows an initial slight rise in pressure when the first increments in volume are produced (Ia); a long, nearly flat segment as further increments are produced (Ib); and a sudden, sharp rise in pressure as the micturition reflex is triggered (II). The first urge to void is felt at a bladder volume of about 150 mL, and a marked sense of fullness at about 400 mL. The flatness of segment Ib is a manifestation of the law of Laplace. This law states that the pressure in a spherical viscus is equal to twice the wall tension divided by the radius. In the case of the bladder, the tension increases as the organ fills, but so does the radius. Therefore, the pressure increase is slight until the organ is relatively full.
- D) The kidneys excrete little or no glucose as long as the filtered load of glucose (the product of the GFR and the plasma glucose concentration) does not exceed the tubular transport maximum for glucose. Once the filtered load of glucose rises above the transport maximum, the excess glucose filtered is not reabsorbed and passes into the urine. Therefore, the urinary excretion rate of glucose can be calculated as the filtered load of glucose minus the transport maximum. In this example, the filtered load of glucose is the GFR (150 ml/min) multiplied by the plasma glucose concentration (400 mg/100 ml, or 4 mg/ml), which is equal to 600 mg/min. Because the transport maximum is only 300 mg/min, the rate of glucose excretion would be 600 minus 300 mg/min, or 300 mg/ min.
- A
- B
- C
- Ans: A. Point A
- B
- Ans: Emphysema Curve “A” has higher TLC and higher compliance than normal curve, which is typical of emphysema. Bronchitis may have high TLC (obstructive disease) but compliance generally remains normal or, slightly higher than normal.
- C
- Point D When a person is anemic, there is a decrease in O2 content. The O2 saturation of Hb in the arterial blood and the arterial O2 partial pressure are not af- fected by the Hb concentration of the blood.
- Point E When a person is anemic, there is a decrease in O2 content. The O2 saturation of Hb in the arterial blood and the arterial O2 partial pressure are not af- fected by the Hb concentration of the blood.
- C. From the graph, the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) to the forced vital capacity (FVC) ration (FEV1/FVC) can be calculated (4L/5L = 80%).
- A. Estrogen can promote sleep but sleep is not a stimulus for estrogen. Sleep deprivation causes insulin resistance by secreting high cortisol release. Adolescent >> Children >> Adult Pulsatile release Max: GH during sleep (NREM sleep). REM sleep stimulates PRL, LH, FSH. For ACTH and TSH: sleep is inhibitory. Owing to the pulsatility of GH secretion, measurement of a single random GH level is not useful for the diagnosis or exclusion of acromegaly and does not correlate with disease severity. The diagnosis of acromegaly is confirmed by demonstrating the failure of GH suppression to <0.4 μg/L within 1–2 h of an oral glucose load (75 g).
- D
- B
- B