Notes and typical exam questions on qualitative analysis,

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A – Copper metal. Copper metal is
a brown solid/pink solid
B – Copper(II) carbonate is
a green solid/powder.
C – Copper(II) sulfate/nitrate/chloride.
These compounds can exist
as blue solutions or crystals
D – Copper(II) oxide is a black solid.
E – Copper(II) hydroxide is a
light blue precipitate.
IMPORTANT COLOURS

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Cu2+ blue-green

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+ Bubbles and fizziness/effervescence

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i.e. capable of
burning
skin/corroding

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TEST FOR NITRATE
NB: A catalyst is a substance which speeds up rate of reaction by lowering activation energy but remains
unchanged at the end of the reaction

12. flame
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13. To form
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hydrated

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Detecting ammonium ions (NH4
+)
Ammonium ions (NH4
+) are present in dilute ammonia solution and any
ammonium salt, such as ammonium chloride.
Ammonium ions can be identified in a solution by adding dilute sodium
hydroxide solution and gently heating. If ammonium ions are present, they
will be converted to ammonia gas.
Ammonia has a characteristic choking smell. It also turns damp red litmus
paper or damp universal indicator paper blue.
NB: What colour does universal indicator solution turn in ammonia solution?
apparently it turns purple

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copper (ll) carbonate
Soluble in
excess

36. reddish
Reddish-brown
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Calcium nitrate
And calcium hydroxide

41. Gas with pungent/chocking smell
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Potassium ion present

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48. Soluble Salts:
· All Nitrates
· All halides EXCEPT AgCl and
PbCl2
· All sulfates EXCEPT CaSO4,
BASO4, PbSO4
· All group 1 metals salts
· All ammonium salts
Insoluble Salts:
· Silver and lead chlorides (AgCl
& PbCl2)
· Calcium, barium and lead
sulphates (CaSO4, BASO4,
PbSO4)
· All carbonates EXCEPT group 1
metals and ammonium carbonates
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Solubility of compounds/salts

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This is reaction of
ammonium salts with
alkaline solutions.
Remember salt + NH3
+ H2O are the products