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Harmful effects of forage crops
- 1. HARMFULL EFFECTS OF FORAGE CROPS AGR 302 AGRONOMY OF FIELD CROPS- II COURSE TEACHER: Dr. S. ANANDHA KRISHNAVENI Mr. R. VENKATESH 20140040003
- 2. VENKATESH R B.Sc. AGRICULTURE ANBIL DHARMALINGAM AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE TRICHY-9
- 3. What is forage?1 Quality parameters2 Anti – quality factors3 Classification4 References7 Management6 Anti – nutritional factors5
- 4. The term forages means the plants used for feeding domestic animals. FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural grasslands and pastures are included whether they are cultivated or not.
- 5. The capacity of a forage to supply animal nutrient requirements. This includes: • acceptability (palatability), • chemical composition, and • nutrient digestibility. Will the animal consume it and be able to digest it? Once digested, will the forage provide the needed nutrients for growth and good health?
- 6. “Forage quality is the extent to which a forage has the potential to produce a desired animal response.”
- 8. Fodder crops Non - legumeLegume Cereal Cow pea Tree Desmanthus Lucerne Stylo Grass Subabul Glyrcidia Agathi Acacia Fodder Maize Fodder Sorghum Fodder Cumbu Bajra Napier hybrid Guinea grass Para grass
- 10. Scientific name: Medicago sativa Common name: In Arab known as alfalfa In Europe called as lucerne Belongs to Leguminosae Origin: Introduced from the Mediterranean region “Queen of forage crops”
- 11. Bloat producing proteins Foam production Bloat formation BLOAT MEANS ACCUMULATION OF GASES
- 19. • Remove blockage • Pass tube into stomach (free gas bloat only) • Drench with anti-foaming agent: vegetable oils, mineral oil. • Puncture the rumen to relieve gas. TREATMENT
- 21. PREVENTION • Reduce amount of legume in pasture. • Feed dry hay before letting animals out to large amounts of succulent feed. • Feed antifoaming agent (e.g. poloxalene) or ionophore (e.g. Bovatec®, Rumensin®). • Monitor animals for signs of bloat.
- 23. NITRATE POISONING PRUSSIC ACID POISONING
- 24. Some plants are more likely to accumulate nitrates than others. – Annual forage crops: corn, small grains, Sudan grass, and sorghum – Weeds: pigweed, bindweed, and others. – Vegetables: sugar beets, lettuce, cabbage, potatoes, and carrots.
- 27. • Split nitrogen applications. • Harvest forage as silage. (nitrates are stable in hay) • Avoid feeding high nitrate forage. MANAGEMENT
- 28. • Sorghum family plants contain a secondary compound called dhurrin, which is enzymatically converted to toxic prussic acid. • Leaves contain more toxin than stems. • Prussic acid interferes with ability of blood to carry oxygen, causing animals to die from suffocation.
- 29. Prussic acid can form in young sorghum-type plants or in the leaves of stressed sorghum-type plants.
- 32. • Avoid grazing young plants and new growth. • Avoid grazing drought-stressed plants. • Make sure hay is properly cured before baling. • Feed green chop in timely manner. MANAGEMENT
- 34. • Application of fertilizers to Napier grass leads to the production of high amount of Na and NH4 oxalate in the plant system. • On consumption, oxalic acid is produced in the animal system. Oxalic acid + Ca --------- Ca oxalate (kidney stone) • 3% threshold level.
- 36. • Toxic to non ruminants (10% of diet). Mimosine ….microbes… 3,4 dihydroxypyridine • Swollen thyroids. • Lesser production of thyroxine in thyroid. • Wilting of forage for 4 to 6 hours in sun reduces its toxic effect. • Soaking in water for overnight.
- 37. TOXIC CROPS EFFECTS ON THE ANIMAL Oestrogen Legumes Infertility HCN Sorghum Mortality Nitrate Sorghum Anoxia Oxalic acid Bajra -Napier hybrid/ Napier grass Kidney stone Selenium Lucerne Abnormal growth of muscles Mimosine Leucaeana Formation of goiter
- 39. “ANIMAL PERFORMANCE IS THE ULTIMATE TEST OF FORAGE QUALITY”.
- 41. How to access foragequality?
- 44. Accessing Forage Quality 14.8% CP 28.2% fiber 53.2 % TDN Low fiber Easily digested 5.1 % CP 31.5% fiber 53.7% TDN Very low protein decreased digestibility 8.8% CP 32.8% Fiber 46.3% TDN Low energy
- 45. Thank you…