2. FREE WRITE FRIDAY
IN YOUR NOTEBOOK
Has there ever been a time in your life where
all of the odds were against you? If so what
was going on that made you feel that way?
How did it make you feel?
What were some of the obstacles you had to
face?
Did it affect others around you? Positively or
negatively?
Are you a better person now because of that
struggle?
3. Bio-Chemistry
What do you think of when you see the word
Biochemistry?
List the first 5 things that you think of in your
notebook.
4. Bio Chemistry
Bio= life
Chemistry = how things interact
Biochemistry= the branch of science in which
you study the chemical and physical
processes that occur in an organism.
5. I can…
Identify the parts of an atom AND understand
how atoms interact
6. Matter…
All matter, whether living or nonliving, is made of
the same type building blocks called atoms
An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter
All atoms have the same basic structure,
composed of three smaller particles
Proton – a positively charged particle in an atom’s
nucleus
Neutron – a neutral (no charge) particle which has
about the same mass as a proton and is also in the
nucleus
Electron – a negatively charged particle found
outside the nucleus. Electrons are much, much
smaller than proton and neutrons
7. Elements…
Different types of atoms are called elements,
which cannot be broken down by ordinary
chemical means
Which element an atom is depends on the
number of protons in the atom’s nucleus
For example… all hydrogen atoms have 1proton
and all oxygen atoms have 8 protons
Only about 25 different elements are found in
organisms
However, atoms of different elements can “link” or
bond together to form compounds
8. Isotope
Elements can have a different number of
neutrons.
This is called an isotope
Carbon 14, Carbon 13, and Carbon 12
9. Compounds…
Atoms form compounds in two ways
1. Ionic bonds – consists of ions and forms
through the electrical force between oppositely
charged ions
An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons
Cation – an ion that loses electrons so becomes
positively charged
Anion – an ion that gains electrons so becomes
negatively charged
2. Covalent bonds – forms when atoms share one
or more pairs of electrons
A molecule consists of two or more atoms held
together by covalent bonds
10. Why elements bond the way
they do…
All atoms want 8 electrons in their outer most
energy level (shell) This is called the octet
rule.
That is why they do what they do
Ionic bonds – gain or lose electrons
Covalent share electrons
How do we identify each type
Ionic compound – metal + non-metal
Covalent compound – non-metal + non-metal
12. Bell Ringer…
1. How is an atom different from a compound?
2. What does the number of protons tell us
about an element?
3. Identify the following as ionic or covalent
compounds
a. Cl2F4
b. CuF2
c. AlBr3
d. CO2
4. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent
bonds
13. Water’s Unique Properties…
The STRUCUTRE of the water molecule gives
water its unique properties
Water is a polar molecule, which means that it
has a region with a slight negative charge (the
oxygen atom) and a region with a slight
positive charge (the hydrogen atoms)
The oppositely charged regions of water
molecules interact to form hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bond is an attraction between a
hydrogen atom and a negative atom
14. Bell Ringer…
Which Property of water is responsible for the
following:
1. Homeostasis
2. Water beading up
3. An iceberg floating in the ocean
4. Water moving against gravity in a flower stem
15. Bell Ringer…
What makes water so unique?
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
What is a hydrogen bond?
16. Carbon based molecules
Carbon based molecules are the foundation
for life
Many of these molecules are large and called
polymers. Poly- many
A repeating unit of the same small molecule
(monomer)
There are four main types of carbon-based
molecules in living things
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
17. Bell Ringer…
What is the main element in an “organic”
molecule?
How are monomers related to polymers?
What are the four main “organic” molecules
living organisms need?
18. After Presentation Review…
1. Another name that lipids may be called?
2. Why are nucleic acids so important to living
organisms?
3. List three foods you may find carbohydrates
4. There is a special class of proteins called
enzymes – what is their purpose and why are
they important?
19. Bell Ringer…
1. An athlete is preparing for a triathlon – what
type of food should he eat before hand and
why?
2. Many animals hibernate in the winter, to do
so, they eat more food than need in the fall.
The extra calories are stored as fat. Why do
these animals do this?
3. Of the four carbon based molecules we
talked about – which two rely on each other
more so than any other?
20. Carbohydrates…
Known as sugars and starches
Also include cellulose and glycogen
Made up of monosaccharides (monomer)
which can be put together to form
disaccharides and polysaccharides
Disaccharides – sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose (cell wall
component), and glycogen (storage of carbs in
the liver and muscle)
Glycogen is important for insulin in humans
21. Why carbs are important to
living organisms…
Short-term storage energy storage
Plant cell wall components – strength
Component of cell membranes – glycogen
It helps identify the type of cell
22. Proteins…
Known as meat to us
Made up of amino acids (monomer) which can
be put together to form polypeptides (50-300
a.a.)
20 different amino acids are found in human
proteins
23. Why proteins are important to
living organism…
Form body tissue
Skin, hair, muscles
Important for immune response
Antibodies – fight off foreign invaders
All enzymes in the body
Biological catalysts – they speed chemical
reactions inside the body
24. Lipids…
Known as fats, oils and waxes
Made up of glycerol and fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids
Single bonds join carbon (carbon – carbon) together
Are oils at room temperatures
Unsaturated fatty acids
Has at least one carbon = carbon (joined by double
bonds)
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol = triglyceride
25. Why lipids are important to
living organisms…
Long term storage of energy
Fat is the storage mechanism
Formation of cell membranes
Nerves and brain tissue
Phospholipids and cholesterol
Phospholipids have hydrophobic heads and
hydrophilic tails
Hormones
Made of steroids
26. Nucleic Acids…
Known as DNA and RNA
Made up of nucleotides
A nucleotide consists of
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar)
Nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U)
27. Why nucleic acids are important
to living things…
DNA
Blueprint for life
Our genes
RNA
Translates DNA to make PROTEINS
28. Chemical Reactions in the
body…
Chemical reactions require the addition of
energy, called activation energy , to take
place
Even if a chemical reactions starts, it may not
happen very quickly
However, both the activation energy and the
rate of a chemical reaction can be changed by
a catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that decreases the
activation energy for a reaction and increases the
rate of reaction
29. Enzymes…
Almost all enzymes are proteins and almost
every process in living things needs enzymes
The function of each enzyme depends on its
structure
A change in biological conditions can affect the
shape of an enzyme, which can decrease or
prevent an enzyme from working properly
For example, enzymes function best in a small range
around an organism’s normal temperature and pH
30. Shapes of enzymes…
The shape of an enzyme is important because
it allows only certain molecules to bind to the
enzyme
The specific molecules that an enzyme acts on
are called substrates
It works like a puzzle or lock and key – only
certain pieces fit together for it to work
If an enzymes structure changes, the substrate cannot
bind to the enzyme
31. Bell Ringer…
What does the activation energy tell us for a
particular reaction?
How does a catalyst affect a chemical
reaction?
Why would enzymes be called a “lock and
key” or “puzzle piece”?
32. How it actually works…
Substrates bind to the enzyme
The enzyme brings molecules close together
so that they can react with one another
The bonds inside the substrate are stretched
slightly out of position, which weakens the
bonds
The reaction takes place and the product is
released from the enzyme
Less energy is needed to break weaker bonds
The enzyme can then bind to more of the
substrate molecules
33. One more thing about chemical
reactions and enzymes…
There are two types of energy changes that
can occur with chemical reactions
enzymes do not change this for an reaction
Exothermic reactions
Releases energy (usually in the form of heat or
light)
Energy in the reactant bonds are higher than in
the product bonds
Endothermic reactions
Absorbs energy
Energy in the reactant bonds are lower than in the
34. Important Properties of Water…
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for several
important properties of water
1. High specific heat – water resists changes in
temperature – it must absorb a large amount of
heat energy to increase the temperature
2. Cohesion – the attraction among molecules of a
substance – makes water “stick” together
Surface tension
3. Adhesion – the attraction among molecules of
DIFFERENT substances – makes water “stick”
to other materials
Capillary action
35. Important Properties of Water…
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for several
important properties of water
4. Expands when freezes – when water freezes its
volume becomes larger than in the liquid or gas
state (just the opposite of most other
compounds)
Weathering and aquatic organisms
36. Lab Requirements…
All Labs must have the following UNLESS
changed by me…
Title and Date
Purpose
Pre-Lab Questions (if any)
Procedure (max of 3 sentences)
Data
Post Lab Questions (must be in complete
sentences)
Conclusions
37. A little more on water…
Many compounds that are important for life
dissolve in water.
Water is the largest component of cells’
interiors, and chemical reactions in the cell
take place in water
When one substance dissolves in another – a
solution is made
Each solution is made up of two parts
Solute – what gets dissolved (usually in smallest
amount)
Solvent – what does the dissolving (usually in the
largest amt)
38. Acids and bases…
When some substances dissolve in water they
break up into ions
Acids and bases are such substances – they
are very important to living organism
Acids – release H+ ions when dissolved in water
Bases – accept H+ ion when dissolved in water
Organisms must maintain a staple pH and
even a small change in pH can disrupt many
biological processes (remember
homeostasis?)
39. pH scale…
The pH scale runs from 0 to 14
O – 6 are considered acids (low pHs)
7 is neutral
8 – 14 are considered bases (high pHs)
