4. WHAT IS SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT ?
Social and emotional development is the
change over time in children's ability to react to
and interact with their social environment.
These developments are very complex and
include many different areas of growth such as
personality, attachment, social skills and
emotion regulation.
9. Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial
Development
•Erikson mentioned that personality develops in a
predetermined order through eight stages
of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood.
•During each stage, the person
experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a
positive or negative outcome for
personality development.
10.
11. •If the care the infants
receives is consistent,
predictable and reliable
they will develop a
sense of trust.
•If these needs are not
consistently met
mistrust, suspicious
and anxiety may
develop.
•In this stage
encouragement and
support increases thier
independence and
become more
confident.
•If they are criticized
and overly controlled
they lack self-esteem,
feel a sense of shame
or doubt in thier
abilities.
•Childrten begins to plan
activities and initiate with
others. It provides the
oppertunity to explore
thier interpersonal skills
through intiating
activities.
•If this tendency is
supressed through
criticism or controled
they develop a sense of
guilt.
TRUST VS MISTRUST
AUTONOMY VS SHAME
AND DOUBT
INITIATIVE VS GUILT
ERIKSON’S EIGHT STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
12. • If they are
encouraged and
reinforced for their
initiative, they begin
to feel industrious
and feel confident in
their ability.
• If this initiative is not
encouraged, then the
child begins to feel
inferior doubting
his/her own abilities.
• They begin to explore
relationships leading
toward longer-term
commitments with
someone other than a
family.
• Avoiding intimacy,
fearing commitment
and relationships can
lead to isolation,
loneliness, and
sometimes depression.
INDUSTRY VS
INFERIORITY
IDENTITY VS ROLE
CONFUSION
INTIMACY VS ISOLATION
•In this stage they
explore possibilities and
begin to form their own
identity based upon the
outcome of their
explorations.
•Failure to establish a
sense of identity within
society can lead to role
confusion.
13. • In this stage they become
productive at work, and become
involved in community activities
and organizations. Through
generatively they develop a
sense of being a part of the
bigger picture.
• By failing to find a way to
contribute, they become
stagnant and feel unproductive.
GENERATIVITY VS
STAGNATION
• Wisdom enables a person to look
back on their life with a sense of
closure and completeness, and also
accept death without fear.
• If they see their lives as unproductive,
feel guilt about past, or feel that we did
not accomplish our life goals, they
become dissatisfied with life and
develop despair, often leading to
depression and hopelessness.
EGO INTEGRITY VS
DESPAIR
15. There are many types od
developmental delays:
•Language or speech
•Vision
•Movement-motor skills
•Social and emotional skills
•Thinking – cognetive skills.
Developmental delay is when
the child lags behind their
peers in one or more areas of
emotional, mental or physical
growth.
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS
COGNITIVE
SKILLS
VISION
16. Developmental Delay
Causes and Risk Factors
•Being born prematurely
• Genetic conditions like Down
syndrome or muscular dystrophy
• Poor eyesight or hearing
• Malnutrition
• Alcohol or drug use
during pregnancy
• Physical abuse or
neglect
• Lack of oxygen during
delivery
17. Motor Skill
Developmental
Delays
Language and Speech
Developmental Delays
Vision Developmental
Delays
Social and Emotional
Developmental
Delays
Types of Developmental delays
Cognitive Developmental
Delays
18. This is the ability to use
and understand language.
For babies, this includes
cooing and babbling. In
older children, it includes
understanding what’s said
and using words correctly
and in ways others can
understand.
Language and Speech Developmental Delays
19. Among the cognitive
functions vision plays an
important role during the
development of
communication,
interaction and bonding
spatial awareness ocular
motor and motor
function.
Vision Developmental Delays
20. Motor skill
developmental delays
may be related to
problems with gross motor
skills, such as crawling or
walking, or fine motor
skills, such as using
fingers to grasp a spoon.
Motor Skill Developmental Delays
21. Children may have
problems interacting with
adults or other children,
called social or emotional
developmental
delays.
Usually these problems
show up before a child
begins school.
Social and Emotional Developmental Delays
22. A cognitive
developmental delays refer
to the condition of children
whose intellectual function
and adaptive behavior are
significantly below the
expected average for their
age.
Cognitive Developmental Delays
23. This article attempts to link the empirical research on Erikson’s
developmental theory with an approach to therapeutic intervention
that could be utilized by therapists from an array of therapeutic
approaches.
This study, illustrate the use of Eriksonian personality theory in
psychotherapy by discussing case examples from their own
psychotherapy practices.
Erikson’s is the most comprehensive and empirically validated
theory of development, but it does not furnish specific
interventions when development goes away.
Erikson Personality Research and
Its Implications for Psychotherapy
24. Erikson’s language about the stages is experience-near enough
for use with patients who may value growth in Identity,
Intimacy, Generativity, and Integrity as goals that stress virtues
rather than emphasize pathology.
This theory also furnishes realistic developmental goals. It can
refocus a therapist’s perspective from considering only
pathology and the past to include also the formation of ego skills
and strengths needed to move toward a specific future.
Erikson’s theory does not tell us how to intervene in terms of
specific therapeutic techniques, but it does tell us where.
26. POINTS
Social and emotional development involves
more than just expressing.
Erikson’s developmental theory discusses the
eight stages of development which shows the
levels of psychological and mental development
of a child from early childhood to later adulthood.
Developmental delays are common in
childhood, and types of developmental delays.
Research study shows how the Erikson's social
and emotional developmental theory can be
applied on psychotherapy.
EPILOGUE
27. REFERENCES
•Marcia J, Josselson R. Eriksonian personality research and its
implications for psychotherapy. J Pers. 2013 Dec;81(6):617-
29. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12014
•https://nyulangone.org/conditions/developmental-delays-in-
children/types
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_emotional_development
•https://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/social-and-
emotional-development-in-early-learning-settings.aspx
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Erikson
•https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441684/
•https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html
