3. Pencils
Wood Case Pencil
Traditional Lead holder
Fine line mechanical Pencil
A pencil is a writing implement or art medium usually constructed of a narrow,
solid pigment core inside a protective casing. The case prevents the core from
breaking, and also from marking the user’s hand during use.Pencils create
marks by physical abrasion, leaving behind a trail of solid core material that
adheres to a sheet of paper or other surface.
4. •Wood Cased Pencils
The oldest manufactured pencil is of wood with a lead encased inside. It is seldom
used for repetitive work in today’s office, yet is still a reliable tool for occasional
use for convenience and when pencil line control is needed. To expose the lead,
the wood shell is cut away by a draftsman’s pencil sharpener. However, the
sharpener only cuts the wood and does not touch the lead. To “point” the lead, the
designer can use a lead pointer, which forms the lead into
a conical point. If a wedge point is desired, rubbing the lead on sandpaper can
form it. Wood-cased pencils come in a variety of different lead weights, ranging
from 9H (extremely hard) to 6B(extremely soft).
9
H
8
H
7
H
6
H
5
H
4
H
3
H
2
H
H F
H
B
B
2
B
3
B
4
B
5
B
6
B
7
B
8
B
9
B
Hardest → Medium → Softest
5. •Traditional Lead holder
This type of mechanical pencil is made of metal or plastic, with special
individual leads inserted in a permanent holder. Different lead weights may be
inserted to produce a variety of sharp line weights. Pencil leads are graded
from9H (hard) to F (firm) to 6B(black). Beginners should sharpen the point
frequently for a clear, sharp line until they develop the ability to rotate the
pencil while drawing to wear the point more evenly. The lead is sharpened by
rubbing and rotating on sandpaper, on regular paper, or in a special mechanical
lead pointer. When using sandpaper to sharpen the lead, it should be slanted at
a low angle to achieve a good taper and point.
6. • Mechanical Pencils
A mechanical pencil or a pen pencil is
a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically
extendable solid pigment core called
a lead. The lead is not bonded to the outer
casing and can be extended as its point is worn
away. The lead is actually made of graphite or
a solid pigment. Mechanical pencils are used to
provide lines of constant thickness
without sharpening in technical drawing and
writing.
7. Here are several advantages to mechanical pencils, compared to wooden
pencils...
No need to sharpen: With thin enough lead, it doesn't need to be
sharpened because the line will never be too thick.
Consistent line: For engineering and technical drawings, if a mechanical
pencil is held upright, the line width will stay exactly the same - the width of
the lead.
Balance: Many artists use mechanical pencils for this reason. With a wood-
cased pencil, as it's used and sharpened, it gets shorter and shorter, and the
balance of the pencil changes. Eventually, it becomes too short to use
comfortably, and is thrown away.
Refillable: rather than being used up and disposed of, the pencil can have
more leads poured into the top. The same pencil can usually be used for many
years, depending on the quality.
8. A technical pen is a specialized instrument used by an engineer, architect,
or drafter to make lines of constant width for architectural, engineering,
or technical drawings. Technical pens use either a refillable ink reservoir
(Isograph version) or a replaceable ink cartridge.
Pens
9. 1. Technical pens are refillable, with either a replaceable ink
cartridge system or a refillable ink reservoir.
2. Technical pens make lines of constant width, which offer
more control and precision than lines that vary in width.
3. Technical pens work best when they’re perpendicular to the
writing surface. This is because of the way the nib is designed,
with a metal filament inside a tube. When the pen tip is
pressed against paper, the filament is pushed up and allows the
ink to flow. The best angle for pushing the filament up
effectively is 90 degrees, although pens that are over 0.2 mm
will respond well in the 45 to 90 degree range as well.
Characteristics :
11. Compass
Architect’s Scale
Drafting film
Template
T square
Triangle
Tracing paper
Flexible curve
Drafting tape
French curve
Adjustable triangle
Erasers
Eraser shield
Disposable ink pens
Lead holder
Lead pointer
Mechanical pencil
12. Compass
Compass
A compass is an inverted V-shaped
instrument used for drawing circles
and arcs. It has a pin at the end of one
leg and a lead holder at the end of the
other. A special device will allow
technical pen points to be used with
the compass. The best way to use a
compass is to mark a center point and
the radius desired on a piece of paper
and adjust the compass to that
measurement by setting the pin on
the center point and setting the pencil
or pen point on the radius mark
13. Architect’s Scale
An architect's scale is a
specialized ruler designed to facilitate
the drafting and measuring
of architectural drawings, such
as floor plans and orthographic
projections. Because the scale of such
drawings are often smaller than life-
size, an architect's scale features
multiple units of length and
proportional length increments.
14. Drafting Film
Drafting Film is a polyester base film with a matte translucent drawing
surface on one side or two. Since it won’t tear or discolor, it's great for many
engineering and architectural applications. Drafting Film is for use with
most black and white laser printers.
15. Templates
Templates contain pre-dimensioned holes in the right scale to accurately
draw a symbol. Letter templates will deliver the text, as well numbers. For
drawing circles and circle-arcs, circle templates are used, containing a
suitable set of holes in certain dimensions, with suitable sized holes in them.
Models are also available for other geometric shapes such as squares and for
drawing ellipses.
16. T Square
A T-square is a
technical drawing instrument used
by draftsmen primarily as a guide for
drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table.
It may also guide a set square to draw
vertical or diagonal lines. Its name comes
from its resemblance to the letter T.
17. Triangle (Triangular ruler)
A three-sided ruler, typically has
two equal sides which meet at a 90
degree angle joined to a third side
at a 45 degree angle. Used to
identify true bias lines or to square
a corner.
18. Tracing Paper
Tracing paper is a paper made to have low
opacity, allowing light to pass through. It is
made with a very thin kind of paper that you
can see through and use to trace a design,
picture, etc.
19. Flexible Curves
A Flexible curve consists of a long strip fixed in position at a number
of points that relaxes to form and hold a smooth curve passing
through those points for the purpose of transferring that curve to
another materials. Before computers were used for creating
engineering designs, drafting tools were employed to designers ,
drawing by hand.
20. Drafting Tape
Drafting tape is easily removable,
even from delicate surfaces like
paper. It does not leave a sticky
residue when it is removed. This is
the main reason engineers and
architects use this kind of tape in
their blueprints.
21. French Curve
A French curve is a drawing aid with many different, smoothly-
varying curves on it; the drafter can fit the French curve to some
known reference points and draw a smooth curved line between
them.
22. Adjustable Triangle
A draftsman's triangle featuring an
adjustable arm capable of being clamped at
different angles. It was created to eliminate a
draftsman's need of various triangular
shapes.
23. Erasers
An eraser or rubber is an article of stationery that is used for
removing pencil markings. Erasers have a rubbery consistency and
come in a variety of shapes, sizes and colors. Some pencils have an
eraser on one end. Typical erasers are made from synthetic rubber, but
more expensive or specialized erasers are vinyl, plastic, or gum-like
materials.
24. Erasing Shields
Erasing shields protect areas of
a drawing that you do not want
to erase. They are made of a
light gauge, spring metal with
numerous openings in varied
shapes and sizes.
25. Drafting Table/Parallel bar
A drafting table or architect's
table is a kind of
multipurpose desk which can
be used for any kind of
drawing, writing or
impromptu sketching on a
large sheet of paper or for
reading a large format book or
other oversized document or
for drafting precise technical
illustrations.
26. Blueprinting/ Ammonia Prints
Blueprinting is the older method,
invented in 1842. The drawing to be
copied, drawn on translucent paper,
is placed against paper sensitized
with a mixture of ferric ammonium
citrate and potassium ferricyanide.
The sensitized paper is then exposed
to light. Where the areas of the
sensitized paper are not obscured by
the drawing, the light makes the two
chemicals react to form blue. The
exposed paper is then washed
in water. This produces a negative
image, with the drawing appearing in
white against a dark blue
background.
