Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Oc in pakistan
1. ORGANIZATIONAL CI]LTIJRE AND ITS
IMPACT ON ORGA}{IZATIONAL
PERJORMANCE
Mubsmmsd Aslam Khatr
NATIONAL L.NTWRSITY OF MODERN LANCUAGES
ISLAMABAD
Sep!.Db.r,2008
Mulm.d .tl.D Xn.d 200E
2. ORGANIZTIONAL CULTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON
ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE
By
Mubrnlnd Aslen K}8n
MA Polilicsl Scid.c & Economics
lslmia Unitc6ily, Balu$lpul9S l & 1983
A'IHESIS SUBMITTED IN PARfIAL FL LIILI VINT O'
THE REOUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGRIE OI
DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY
m Mrtr.gem.nt Sci..ca
to
FACULTY OF ADVANCED INTEGRATED ST1JDIES & RESEARCH
NANONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANCUAGES, ISLAMABAD
s.nmbq 200E
3. TIIESIS AND DEFENCE APPROVAL FORM
ftc udeFis.d ceniD rhd dov hr!. F.d $. lollNing lh'sis
'xMin'd
dE &hoce rnd d
;ii;,il;'il;;;ir;;;;.ii"" p.*"** *a i*..*a th. thesi' to fte I i'ub or
Adbccd Intesdcd Studi$ & R.s@h fot $4pEn@l
Thers / Di$e4a!o! Iilllr d ir! InD(t or Oprtiztiioml
subnined Byi-M!!4q4!C-4gsaI!4
DoctoEte of8biloeohv
Ma@@dl Sci.nc.s
R.g!r!rioo, 29SPbD/MSn004
Dr
Dr ShuaMLtrWwe
Di. B!! rR) A. A Khd
,IL,h o p4*e
2a s drlE d Dlo frraR)
_--41#--
4. CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM
I, Muhmad Asld! Khb
son or
-
1y'!!!@qCld!4{Kb!o-
Reeburrio! No 29q!!.D&E&0qL
DisidiE
-lE4tgrDdrssiocsCldlideofDclost ofPb obnv d rhc N.tionsl Uni@itv of
Moda rsglage do !d by dal& $!t th. rhai! orolizatid,l qlnr trd
'rs
IpE.l o Orolddiod Pdfotua
*toittea Uy c, in P6nitt ftlEtent of lhc FquE6@t3 for PILD D.8@ iD th.
disiDlirc of Md.sd.nr Sci6c, Ftulty of Adv.ft€d bGgrd.d Sndi.s and
Ra;!lh, is dy disiirl w.rL, !trd b! d ben stdidd d publish.d @lid I ale
$lddv &cbE lbtt it 3hrll m! i! tult@, b. subditcd bv o. fo. obLilirg ev oth..
d.gE ton Ois d st othd ui!6iry or i$litutio!.
I aLo urd.B$dl thar if didge oftltEais b foud i! ov tb.sis / dissr.doD lr dv
stare, .v@ .na th. .Md of . > c,lh. lec uy b. @au.d.d / or dok d.
2008
Muhmd Asld (ns
5. ABSTRACT
orgeizatimd .ulh!. tu a d.6nnc b.sin8 on orSdtalion perfomdce dd
fcittates dplor€es 10 baobc Eluabl. .lmml! within lhe st6l.n This sludv
iuusiral6 the dinedion of organizational cultu. dd elaluates rls rmpaci on
orgdizalion pdlomece with Esp.cl lo llc dmoS!.phic plofile! A smple oi 273
idividuals, wolkitrs in cisht diff@nt orleiz.tions, was sel@l.d Q!€*iomaiies,
comprising fou pdls, w@ 66r diecily to lh. ldgctcd segmcnls The dst s.t of nine
quBtios penaincd io p6on.l ud olgeiAiion p!oiil*; s@ond part consisred orsrxtv
qudtions. baed on tlc Dcaison otSiuizadonal culturc swev conc€mins lnvolv.ment
cosisrtucy, Adrptability & Mksion, dd th. lal p.n Elar.d to erght qucslrore or
o4eizatior pqfomecc Tb. rtudy lhows lhar orgaroz.tiodl cultu. dinmions. such
4 bvolvmdt, CoBisrtry ud Misson htv. posi$ve rmPrl on o€ 'Ahon
pdfommce vbile Ada$lbility botd6 Nsd ncgdive Egior Orgdiation
pdiolMe eDnecs 69t % du. o ot8ltianional .ult& Funn more orgd'zat'on
perfo@ mplif6 b.twd lh. !484s of 07 p.rcdt dd 39 peEen! due to
Involvfl@! Cosislocy dd Mi$ion but o!8ali2atioo p..fondc. lrim doq bv 06
per4l dn. to Adaptability. TIE ov...U modcl is sigDificet (p<0 05) dd dgdiznonal
cuttu€ hs strolg linlagc wirh U. or8|[ztion pdfodmc., tnoush *ith varving lcvels
h ditreMl d€nogaphic poiilas i... .g. lroups, .ducltion l.vels ndag€mqt l'vcls
qpdi.nces, orgeization siks, o4di4lion status. &d ldguaes in diflecnt
orgaiztions. The study hightSnh $al orSdizational cuhui. is a vltzl ingr€dient rn rh€
sncc€ss of d orgbization CoE oigeiation.l cultur. tt?icallv mPh6izes sp4'al
th€nes suc! 4 pdfomanc. cxcdl.n*, .lfetivc inteelation, workcrs' invollnent and
on€ ation tovdd! or8aozltional objccdver'
9. l-l
4.2
4,3
4.5
4.3
4.10
4.
4.12
4.13
4.15
4.t6
4.17
4.18
l0l
l16
118
l19
t2l
122
126
t21
t29
130
tt2
ltl
134
ll5
136
t17
lt8
139
LIST OF TABLtrS
Eeditrg
D*dptire AnalFk ofdl SetoB of org@iz.lion
FEqufuy Dtributiotr of Rlgodoit eirh 6!@t to G.ndd
Frcq!€rcy Distribution of RdPoodots vii! EsP@l lo A8.
Fi.ql@y Dislibudon of R.spondcnts with €spect to Edu.atior
F'lqucmy Dsribdion of R6Ftrd.nc {th Epel to Eqt nm
Frqu@y Dlrribulion of R.spoad.nlt with rcsp6t to Lu8!ag.s
Frcqency DisEibution of R6pon lcn$ wilh rcspecl lo M@getudt
FEquency Dsaibulio! ofRdpon&nlt with 6Fct ro Orgarialon
F!.qwy DisEit{tioD of Reslonddt wirh 6Fd b OrgFiztliod siz
Frcqucrcy Dstibution ofR.spond.nis with €sP€ct to Orytniation
Frlq@cy Di$ibudon of R.spond66 qU Ep6t lo PrcviM
D*npdve Artysis of Gdda Md 6p@r ro Ase
D.siflive A$lysis of Gcn ler wilh $Fct lo Educalion
D.srytive A!.lysis of Gender wilh r*p.ct to Experienc.
D.snpdve Alaltlis of Gutler wih $Fcl lo ljnguSc
Ddcnptiv. ADlysis of Goila tiih 6Fct to Provi@s
D.*nptive AnalFi! of Gendd *ith esp.ct to M&aSdcnt Level
DBcnpdve AElysb of Cdiler vith BD.ct to Stalus
D&riplive ArElyris of Gdrler tith EPer ro Selor
10. 4.t9 D.scnFivc Ar4lysis of G.nd* vidr !!3P.d lo Size
420 D.eripliv. Aralysis of Age wilh Gp.ci ro lducation
4,21 D6oipliv. A$lysis of Age with @P.ct to Expdie@
4.22 Desipriv. Ar.ltlis of Age vith Bpdt to tegurg€
4.21 D6cnpdvc A$lysis of Age wilh E+d ro Pdvilr6
4.24 Desipljvc Atal'lis oi Age with Gsp.ct to M&igd.nl L'!'l
4,25 D6cdptiv. Aralysk ofAge wi$ spdt to S1atur
4.26 Ddeipliv. A!.lysis of AA. with dp.ct to S@br
4.27 Dsqiptiw Alrlylk of Age wirL csPei ro si4
4.28 Deqiplivc Aldysn of Ag€ with EsP.d ro G.nda
4.29 Dscnptivc Alalysis of Educalion with FsF.ct lo Expetiocc
4.30 Desipliv. Alalylis of Educalion with spet 10 L,nSuasc
4.31 Deeiptiw Alrlysi! of Eduation wiih tsp@t b Previ@
4,12 D6ciptw Atalysb ofEdEalid {iib caFcl ro Man gsn'nl Lvcl
4,33 Dewn$ivc An.lysis of Eduation with r.spcci to sbtus
4.la De$npriw At iylb ofEdMtion wit! dsp.cl to s*to'
4.35 Dcsiplis Antltsis ofEd!.ario! sith cper to Sit
4.16 De*npris AEtysis of EdrEgtion *ith n !c.t 10 Gmda
4 ]7 Dc$ipNe Analysis ofEducaiion with rcspccl to Age
4.ls D.s.ipdve tualysis of Expdi4c. with rcsP€ct to Lsgu'8'
4.19 D6.npds ADtysis of ExFri.@ {ilb 69@r lo Povi'es
4 40 D@tipiiv' Ar'lvlis ofEtFne@ wir! Gpet ro L'Llagmcnt trvcl
4.41 Desiplirc Aralysis of ExFrioe wilh tsP@t to sbs
140
t4l
t42
145
146
148
149
150
l5l
152
t53
154
t5t
156
l5E
159
159
160
162
l6l
11. 4,42 D6criptire Ai,lysis of ExPdicncc witb rcs!.d lo Sator
4.43 Dcqiptile Alrltsis of ErFi.M wiu Efldt to C@dcr
4-44 DediFire Alrltsis ofExFic@ with rca@t to si4
4.45 Ddriprir Alalt5s of Expai.@ with Epel to Aga
4.46 D*npdt Anatysit of ExFnt@ vith spel lo Educariotr
4.47 D.enptrve Alalysis of M@g.!Ml L.v.l wilb esP.ct to laguagc
4,48 D€$riplive AnalFis of M.na8.n d ldcl with rcsp4r to Povilc6
449 D6ciptive Aralylis of M&lgdot L.v.l tjih Gsp€cllo Status
4,50 Desriptivc Anabds of MMgcmcnt L.v.l with esp€t to S@tor
4.51 Dscdptire Aralysis of M@g€ndt Lrv.l vith cFd ro siz.
4.52 D.siFive AElysis of Mrsepm.d Ld.l with aFet io Geder
4,53 D6cripttu Analtsit ofMa.lgo@t LtEl wlh eFd ro Age
4-54 Deiptiv. AlalFis of MtEgercd L.vcl wth EsPel to Educ.tiot
4.55 D.sipdve Analtst of Mrdgtut ttwl wilh Gpet lo ExFie@
4-56 Dcs.nptiv. A!.lFis of ttgure {ilh 6pd to G.!dd
4.57 D.siplive A$lrsis of tsgrrgc with spcd ro Agc
4 58 Dscnptiy€ Alalysis ofl-mgsS. wU rcsp..t to Education
4.59 D€$iptive Alalt3is of Ld8ldgc wilh !.sp.ct lo Exlaie!€
4.60 D6cnptlre Analysis of Lmgu.8. {ith r.spet to Povines
4.51 D.sipnve Analtsis of LsSllngc wilh tcsp.cl to Mdagdent lrwl
4.62 D*npdre Alalysis of taglr!3. tirh es!61io Stafis
4.53 D.sipdve Anattsis ofr:.9@9. *ilh 6p..t to S.cto6
4.64 D@iptire AlalysG of t ngE8. wirh eFcr ro Sitc
165
t66
t67
t68
r69
170
tll
172
t7)
t15
176
tn
178
r79
179
180
181
t82
183
184
185
l8?
12. 4.6t D&iFile A$lytis of Qlstioo EMPI
4.66 D€snrtiv. ADlysk of Qu*tior EMP2
4 67 Desiptiv. Al.lysis o{QBiion EMPI
4.68 D*nFit Andysn ofqBdoa EM?4
4.69 Desi/jv. a$tysi! of Qudion EMP5
4.70 D6cdptiv. Aolysis of QEstion TOI
4.71 D€sipdv. Ar.lysk ofQEtiotr To2
4,?2 D*npdv. an lylb ofQwstior To3
4.?3 De$.ipriv. An ltsi. ofQ@nion TO4
4.74 D.siptiv. AnilFis ofQl6tion TO5
4.75 De$dpdve &altsi! or Q@siion CDI
4.76 De*rilds AElYsk of QuEs:tion cD2
4.?? Dddplivc ArilFis of Q6don CDI
4.78 Desipriv. AntlFb of Qu6idon CD4
4.?9 D6criptiv. Analysis or Qu€stion CD5
4.EO Desriptiv€ Analysi! of Q@tion CV I
4,81 Dsipriv. Aoly3b of QrglioD cv2
482 Dsnpt c Ansl''sis ofQEsliot Cvl
4.83 Desqipiirc A!.lysis of Question CV4
4.84 D€$ripliv. An lysi5 orQu€$ion CV5
4.85 D6.ridvc AElysis of Qsdon AGI
4.86 Desuiptirc Alrlysis of QEslion AG2
4 87 D6*iptiv. Amlysb of Queslion AO3
tE8
lE9
190
l9l
192
l9l
195
196
191
198
199
2u0
201
202
201
704
20s
206
201
208
2@
2ta
13. 4.88 D.siptve Analtlis of Q'lenion AG4
4.89 Dacdpnvc Analysis of Qudiio AG5
4,90 Desdplive Analy3h oi Qwslion Vll
4.91 Dsiptv. A!,lFis of Qu6:tior VI2
4.92 D.snptivc Aralysis of Qucsiio! '13
4.91 D.s.nptivc Alalysis of Qustio! vl4
4.94 Dcsiptiv. AElysh of Qu.sim VI5
4.95 D.$dpnw Analylb of Question cc I
4.96 Dsdiptjv€ Analysb of Qeslion CC2
4.9? D.$dpt ve Analrii of Qesdon CC3
4.98 D.scnpiv. Analt6h of Qucslion CC4
4.99 D.sdptw An lysb of Qu6tion cct
a.loo D.sip$ve AnalFi! of Q'6lion CF I
4,lot Dscriptive A!5lysb of Qwslion CF2
4.102 D*6ipnvc Atalysi! of Qetlior CF3
4.103 D6.dptEAn lysb ofQudion CF4
4.104 D.siPiive Anslt6is ofQuBtion CF5
4.105 Dc$riptive AEIysis of qEsiion OLI
4.106 D.$npdve Analrsis of Qu6don OL2
4.10? D.$npiive Aralysis ofQuestion oL3
4.108 D€sipli* Analysis of Q!61ion O!4
a.109 Dsit'lvc Ar€lysis of q$rio. oL5
4ll0 Dstriplive analysis ofQeition SDII
211
2t2
23
2t5
216
211
213
7t9
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
221
224
229
210
231
213
14. 4.111 D6criptivc AlrlFis of Quation sDI2
4.112 Dcsiptive Analtsis of Qution SDI3
4.lll D€sipriE Alrlysb of Qu.srion SDI4
4.114 De.nptirc A$lysi! ofQuostion SDI5
4.115 D.snptrv. Analysh of Qeslior CO I
4.116 D€$npdr Alrlysis of Qu6rior CO2
4.117 Descnptiv. tualtsi! ofQEstioo CO3
4-ll8 DcsiFilc A!.ltsb of Q'lstiotr Go4
4.119 D6cnli!. tualysis ofQ@siion GO5
4.120 Dcsdptr* Analtsis of Quaiio! VS I
4.121 D.$riptiv. AMlysis of Qudtid vS2
4.122 D+cnpdv. AnalFis of Qesrion VS3
4.123 D.$dpriv. Ardysis ofQBtion VS4
4.124 Descnpdv€ Alalysis of QEstion VS5
,r.125 Dcsiiptiv. AD.Iysis ofQ5dm OIMRI
4.126 Ddcnptiv. Ardysis of QEsrio! OIMI2
4.12? D.siFiv. Adlt5ir of Qu$lior olMR3
4.128 Ddriptivc Alrlysis of QBti@ RMRI
4.129 Descriptivc Analtsis of Qucstion RMR2
4.110 D€siptiv. A!,lysis of Qudlio RMRI
413l Desdiptiv. Analtsis ofQu6lior HRMRI
4.112 Deqiptiv. A!.lysis of QBdd HRMR2
4.133 Beia C@ficihts, st!td.!d c@r in pedLhcsis, r v.lEs io a@kct5
md P-Valud b italics
25
2tE
239
240
24
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
257
254
255
256
261
15. 4.134 Beu C@ffici€ds, Slltd2ld crcrinpdnlh.sis, r_valb i! Bdckets, 264
ind P-Valucs in itdics
4.135 Bct Ce6.iais, Srandtd .@ i! pdrihdii r'Value in Brkers, 266
ud l-VdG in itdics
4,116 BetaCoclficidk.stmdard.dorinpasnthcsis,t'VduesinBskete, 264
dd P-Vales ir ildics
4.13? Bdac@6ciots, Snld.td mr i! Pod$6iil'Vtl6 in B@k€G 270
.od r-Valus in iElic!
4.138 B€ta c@fficierts, slanddd ft! il peothdis, t'Valn sh Br&kels 272
.nd !-Vdc i! itltics
4.139 acra C@ffiddq Sllrd.d cmr in !6..trth€k, l_v.lB in B@t'$, 214
ed P'Vah€s in italics
4.140 Orerdalioral cultue ed P.rlolr@a with Bp.ct lo D.nognPhic 277
4.141 Mm. Standard D.viation ofn@ oforrdt dond qnt@ dd 280
orgenldon Perfommc€
4 142 dsiptiw Atrdlrsis of Ory4iznion P.rfo@c.
4.143 Man! Sr@dDeviltior md Colbech Alpha RcliabiLitv of 282
OicdatioMt Cullur's Dih.6iod
alaa Bi;dac CoreLlioo Mea St nd D.vi.!on ond CoDbach s AlPba 281
R.liability of O.g&iationtl C'ftEk DiEtuiont
4.145 Beta Co.ificidd Sbdltd eru in Pdcnthesis t'values in Brckets' 284
ad P-Value in iNris
4.146 Beta C@6ci6ts, St&d,rd.mi it Frath6is,l_ValE in BEkeis 285
ud P-Vtles ir illlis
4.147 OgdizatioDtl Cdtue udoigdidtion Perfonndc. 246
16. LEGflID
i-Mon ^ploy*
hishV involr.d in $.n wL EMPI
2 D*isioN @ 6udlv mrn at th.l!v.l wh.r.l])c bcst EMPz
infodnion i,.v.ikbl..
3. hfom*ion it lid.t ltwtd e rht.verv@ d sd EM?l
$. info@tion hrslE Eds wh.n it i! m.d.d
L Estyorc b.li.6 lhrr hd sic o h'8. p6itiY' EM?4
5. Bsi6 pLtnilg is oSoirs rd iNo!6 d.rvdc EMPI
in th. proe$ to sm. dogn
6. C6p.dion sG difrmt ts of dE otgdiarions ml
is e.iv.ly .n@udg.d
7 Popl. wd lik 6.Y @ Pd of . @
8, 1@m* n @d b s.t woi* done r.d.r dr TO3
psuilgnt@gh.hi.fthY
TO2
IO. Vork b orgri^n 3o tlul acl Fsn M s $' TO5
al.rioNhip b.twen hiJhd joh Dd th. 3@l! of th'
ll. Au$ori.y t d.l.sai.d s lh.r pdPL @ d. then col
12. Th. "h€sh i!.netn" (eFbilitr of p6?l') ir cDz
coishly mpFvaa
ll. Th.E is @dinE6 inrtfu itr tb. tLilk of CD3
9. T@r * ou PdndY b!ildi'8 blat!.
17. l,r. Th. ..lrbililie of pdpL @ vi4!d o u idFtut cD4
e{M of eodtditit. idvrntoge
15. PEbkd.on nd$ba.ew& miblv.tn.5*ilL CDs
ns..y b do lh. job,
16. TIE kldd ltd .tn C* T.-li* shd ltuy cvl
17. Ttd i3 a oh.ruleilric nm.!.nmr ltyh dd . cvz
diri4r !c of !D4Fr*n Fdr6
ls. Th@ ir . cld td @sis&nt 5d or vlles thil Cv3
g(,!m tIE sY w do bBi.*
19. rsBding @ nlB *ill 8d ttu i! tlsbh
20. nri5ucthiodorn rh.I grid.! oub.h.tioued cv5
Elb s nglt tqtr mn8.
21. Wh.n di$3ts.6.t8 ecun s! work b&d 10 &hi'v' AGI
'*iFsin" elulaoi
22, Tht! i. r "*onC cul@ Ac2
21. Ir i. oyto F&h cl)|:!.a!, eg o. diffioll itcB Acl
24, w. oid h.!. tsbL !*!6S .g*mt @ ktv ,c'4
25. Th* L r crd 4r€r.d.bdnrhc rist s.v.nddF act
wonS *it to do 6ing.
26. Our .ND@h ro doins hulins h wrv 6ntin' ud vll
27. P.oPl. &om diflFitt p.rls ofrh. orgdialion 3he I VIz
18. cl)!@.F.Pe!w,
23. Ir k.!ry lo cdin.ro poj.ci! &rc$ difi.€nr pt^ Vlt
ofd. orgei.rnd.
29, wdlhs win s@o. non nDthd Fd of rhis vI4
dt,liari@ i. lik w*i.g wnl @ 6e .
dif.dr orgrdidio.
30- 1!* Lt Sood.lisnbot ofsos! ..s ld.L vlt
31. Thc wrt riir8: e doo. is vqy fl.nbb !.d ov to CCI
12. V. lr.tond wU & dp.lilod !d oilr clnSs itr CC2
rie b6iis ..vnoni.ni
r. r,ls rnd imF!rcd {t b.ro wt E cortinudv CC,
it4. Atupr. ro e!a. .bns. uunlv Eat w t CC4
15. Dilftd|t Fs olin dlrniatu on o copc.r. b cct
16. Cuito@ 6iW !.nd
'!.mddirid3
ot n L.d CFI
3?. CurtoNr inpu dir..dy ilflll.|* ou deisi@ cF2
3s. All !]mb*! hlw . &.P unlddldins of c6bll6' CFI
39. Thc itrEFts of6. crdo66 oftr gr hloFd in @ CF'l
40. w. aadlp did qnd win cusroGn bv N cF5
19. .41. W. view 6ilw s d o!'porturitv ror le.ming dd oll
.t2. I&ovdion ed rut i.kinS e .Mung.i &d OL2
toBofdi.!' "fl|bc'ain. cdk" oll
rabing iE d idFtnrt otj.diw in N tLv{cd.v ot,,|
Wc mrk !@ th.l d.1i8!t h.,n hrow! wh|ldt bn OL5
It.c tu r loD8.hpuQ@ ud di6.tion sDll
Ou *n B/ l.!d! olh.. dliiz.rioN to chsgp lh' SDIz
ftr. ir. cr.t *Gg, b d. n|@ SDL
ou ${.ec diEid it eld. b @ sDl5
T1@ i!. wid6prad.Stdnt ftou gck Gol
t .dm td So.is thrt @ mbitiolt, blt Fnisdc GO2
Th. Llicdhip hB "8@ on Eerd"
'bou1
lh' GOt
objFdvct w. e Eying ta mat
54. w. @ri!@!.lv tDt ou ptogt4
'gMd
ou ruEd co4
55. P..oL u!&.dud vhn tu & ro h' dm for G b Go5
suclc.d in d* bng @
v.y rl'eY @dPl4 in rll. indusaY
48. Th6. n | .ld n&.ion $a lis @ina '!d
sDI3
didridrodtu*
50,
51.
52,
53,
20. 56. w. hrE. ltttd wi@ ofvbrr lle <r8d!rid *iI vsl
53.
Lada! h.w . lh&bm vi.w'oidl
Shd-bd lninting ond oop|wis @ lods_r6d
O{r visi@ cffir *iLrdt dd nod$rion fd ou
W. N rhoul lo ncd !hon- d.mildr wilhout
oomprcFilitg ou ld8-!.m tisio!
Iirml P@ coddindion
P.Md divitig @diMrld
Volubry Frsrl ot lid
Sa.&gic DirEti@ & Ilt nl
Coddi!3don ed Inl.lBtio!
c.p.bility D.v.lopdal
Nrdon l HiC{y AldDrity
59.
63.
68.
o.
7t.
vs5
13.
OIMRI
OIMAf
OIMT3
TMRI
.IMR3
HRMRI
T{RMR2
S.D,I
o.s
c.I
NHA
21. DEDICATION
To MY P.rcll'
(Whose sfrtrtionate ed iNpidng p.toBSe dd euidalce
alMys leminen th. b€acon of liSht duing th. cow of my ioquitior)
22. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Th. involvddt io lhis lcholsly {ork .xDor.d nc to so@ oftne nosl wondertul and
au6one dpai.nc.6 dd inl.fulion with hiShly klowl.dg@bl. p.opl., on my way lo prcduce
iI. i!.si6. I bow ny n a4 in huilrty, b.for Allal Subhe o Tala fo! givine nc strdglh lo
cotuplctc tht {duou bul intelLccnally .BichinS eork. I still f@l 4 il I bave only louched lhc
bdk! of a falhomh$ ea of ktrowl.dgq }!t th. vcly ba*6 of lhe sea of knowledge have
etr8rGsed ed ihbited ne.
I ow. ny pofomd 8!adud. to th. Nationdl Uniedsily of Mod€m Languages (l',rUML).
IslMbad lor imprding to n. .xc..dingly inspnadonal knowl.dge dunng the cooe ol my
studi6: long live my Alma Mrr4i i aF d..ply 8rat.tul to Dr Kshifu ReLad, ny sup.fl'er,
for his sble guiddce, patidc. ed ddlstilt prcmpl &!pois. - Di Kahif, may AIah bl6s
you with healrh, happin6s ed pro'p.lity.
Tne lmindis like Dr. Brig @ Aziz Alnad Khs, Rrlor, National U.ivc6ny of
Modm t{gug6, Dr. Shmd MU@q.r, D.e, Faculty of NS & R dd Er Rdnd Anm.d
Khrn Dca4 F&ulty of Md.Cdat S cidc6, tT.d Engi@ti!& all povedlobetheltu
ritu, who oP6.d tn ffi rq vislrs oalcoing *iihin n..nd $aled ihc bonndan.s ol lio,cn
irtell€t. I *o!ld alway. @ah ind.bt d b lhcir 5.1fl6s dd pai$itking etrois
I wili b. failiq my oblig.tioo if do not hatc . mdtion of th. cnomous mnlribution
radc by oy fmily, bys&ntcing thcir confoft lad poviding 6 @l.nting suppon to ne
And lasily, I m e de.ply lh&!tu1 to ny Md4 who!. sdying spirii fo! slruggle would alwats
strdgthcn 6y Golv.. May AUah bl6s bd soul. My th.*s ec cqually due to mdv oi fii.nds
dd wcllwisn4, whose $pport in coucctinS naldial, cohpildtion, processing, poof-eadinc
ed prsdiing rhis tle6is, hd be.n truly fontcoiinS. I lh.nl evelyonei who has been ssciated
eith ny wort, in one way or rh€ othd,
23. CHAPTER T
INTRODUCTION
EtckgrorDd
llE peml rin* 4 sitFlsirg a Epid .he!p i. c&h ryh.c of hum li!b,
!ou.xb lhlr'odtch&g.ilcorslst.TtE@ictytotontingtus .ch.4!r
in t*hmlogiol, $.gnphi4l. Dolitiel, 4ddic, l.!rl rd sid dii.Bios.
Conv@ly,.ul'e in orsDizrliN i3 cdidqd ! foE , @irying vuioa dddts
into Giliat pdri6, Cd!.q@nttn !o d..l wnh dF choging dFdiG of sicrt,
.nd !o d.v.bp ! hqlmc.d lpptuh toRtd! chsg. in tn. ft4 ofa trbL fo@ lik
cult@, th@ ir . ied fd ! @tu| @ssenl of .ll tn.$ impdot fcbE No
doubr thd e davle @mtftiG i. disinils si.ta6: how.v.t cult'4 bdR
rimilu i.pd q orSuizrioc {d tb.it d.rcloFndt EnPincd .$@h hs
isig iitui dtriblti@ ro rh. uiv.6.l tlFory oa dg.nizniodl cft.livcm .4d
dr. I|C.lc for it! cfreri!.tB. It i! no6.t b!.d otr $bjefv. na.@ (tt*in &
Mino|L 1986). S.&h is still iI turd ro dcr.dirc th. stiiFlory 6uhs of hign
Fr&!|tl.@ (JcEhLr, fisls..d Alfotd, 1984), Th.64@ beoe ilfua[l
ir a chDSiDg Dili.u.d rlin stlnSrh ll@ugll cld vitids, sl't !d obj4liv6,
c...tiv. s)ftrgi.i @Giir.nt poli.i.l t .h 6icnbrio., loyrl dploys &d steng
clltuc, *hich .ngcnd.s lclibiliri6 of p6p..t lhou8h @mp.titiv. dvm!8..
Cultle cmb@6 v.16, si.l irt r&tio8 md t.li.as tul thc mdb.6 of e
dgeiz.tio she. Orgeiz.rid ilEtid *jlhin rn. 4bit ol cultuE tls.foE,
v.ll-buih cultuE od asiario of i! nmb.E ,irh i! gpn 6lly 6.ilt 16 . b.i..
or8uizltio@l p.rfomtrc, To .ohpclend th. indln.dd nUr.dicrns oa cultuF, n
will b. inp.rn . b dcolnir. lll. Mg $dc of cultlF {d n! pdposnion (Lo!is,
24. 198t). KorEr ond H6k ft (1992) hdc Bl$lishcd {Dt culr@ ha a siifitut efrect
o or8aia.iot long{ld 3!5tliMbiliry .d .conoric Frfo|lll,M TlE @ept of
cuhie in wi4r !.@ includB Esfom.ti@ of v.lucs ol a p&rialt *8oal or a
sicty non @ ClrEdion b eothd ad ldopns-
Ai o€dizalioi! cmh.dd.d *irh culMl t.l@s, 6 .h.rctened bv dE vkibL
siil sbnsdr in irs msjf6t tion (Mitotr& Kiltns,! 1984) Mrna8.a @ nidtul
of lh€ oulrurrl slder&/ sd lh. n.ffir in which il .ficcB .mplov6' ondook row.rds
achi.vd€nt ol olssialiodl objcctiv.s. lt, ltFcforc, b.comes a point ol i.t rcsl for
a sohold to dbrk upon .xplodtio of litcntuE on oq..ial'on
AU 6mri.s tlvc thcir oM int tPElidon of orymiz*ional c!lt!E, whioh
En.d thcir nod. ol lhinkin& !.rin8, b.li.fs, P@tic6, b.haviour, dvnomd, md
! hosr or orh.r idE.lint d 6.16 Ttus cuhG hs dificc!! cmoadot h diftEnt
si.ths .nd e N irs irn66 on dguidio6 ed $.n d.relopnqn!
At rhc tin. of ind.FD&ne. Pltisb inhoirqd pDblic stor dgai2:rioc
*hioh gp hdirold &d p|lqrly hlvc . silnificlrn pt€*@ in m. mrionol
enmy. On lh. olns n!rd, priv.L sror hld lid. @nribution in dljd
orssiz*ids. hblic sctor in lhlin& is ltiu. huge phys h thc mlioml eononv
d.spite m interolional t€nd to*&& priv.lialion d<t corpoBle cultE Ih.s. ft,
ftou8h mmsen uprfdsiotully bur .llow.d 10 ling.r on, wilh Gsistoce of the
slote in lhe fom of subBidid {d polilicll pop3 Ovq a period or rin . mjorilv of
th.h hav. be@n iftfarcient, ro som. di.nr, b..ause orlh. outdated p.lici€s Sooe
of thce hrd tiaend.d !o ln. poid of b.irs anid sd unplofit.blc. Th.€ is, rh6, a
dic .cd to ch!8! gadElly Mmol.r.d dlrlizlriod .ular rb.r ba ots o
pcdod of line l€d to seln'rid ed strofilbility. Mo@E, in ihe pllst $diq
25. no q8rri4tion is 4 is|.d Dnro hslfi {&Ef@ no Dubli. / Pritd. otgdianion @
ignorc thc frnd towtds dot.liation of edicca,
In P.ki!t{, cultlE .mmp@s .ll cpeB of liv6, borh individlauv dd
okcriwly, wnich e db.dn.d h dSlnizltio6 a {.I. r&toB ssh 6 ch{gi4
khnology, clsoncr qle|!rio!!, cquiFm.nl! / F.f.En*s, Frid iJd .vct
gowing inr?m.l ed cn ml coopdhiw f!.toR e Einvdti!8 or3lliatioG lhlt
s b.@in8 shrp.r !d pr!rcuc.d with lh. paeg. of lidc, In oftLr lo 6np.L
dd i.y s t viablc Fblic std otieizrtion. on. hls !o .dopr policiB which.c
.ult!6lly dFmic ud F.drdiw, t.rtt it th. mr.gctirl / .dminisrdds 6d i, th.
Ctlbuc
Hc6koti$ (19t5) d.lier cdu& c "h ingFdi.nt of th. uDbiingii8 of
nuhm dlt i! pGF !d (q nodifcd) by hmb b.in8!. CdtuE a thc c@ulativ.
d.posh of hDsLdlp, cxFrir@, @ingt b.li.&, nlus .nnu&3, rcli8ion5,
corcpts ol *ll, tlE uiwE ed *la{ivce Ehlioships, hi.@hi6 of r.ui
ol. .xpenraom, sFti.l FtltioB, hd litu @p!, oblin.d by P@pl.
ddovouins rhNgh gcrcrlri@",
CuI@ ns .bo bcn &fuFd by nuy .utDE in dificml w.ys. A@ding to
v.bll.r3 Nw CoU.gid. Dictodry 'tc iltlSFld tlom of huM b.hNiou
rhlt inclod4 thdlllt, !Feh, &lion ud .n fr.t dd il dcpcnh o. h&l op!.iry fd
lming &d ElMini4 tmwl.dSc to 3u@dira g.nc6iions." E< fomd study
on orgotlridl cDl$d w condrcr.d by P.1ti8r* (19?9). Thc author Doits $tl
cultuc @BisB of wiN @@prs likc 'lysbolism". "mr,h" lnd 5in!l5" 6.t q
b. consid.rld in orsDizlionol u.lysis. D.ftltid8., MiEotf hd Joy€, (1980)
26. 3lrrdt d dris @ftrF by expl.iainr how dF bvrh! ud elmbob 4uld f ilitir' ir
tt udast .dins cult4 A@.ding io D4l .td rc...dv (19t2) "Csluc is dr v'v
e do lni4 .!@d lEE" d "dpGsirc rcFrriMl qudirn of ! oEsidion '
HNs, cd$E of I FlP i!.Lfn d s. nodcl or *€s"tv auFM
th|r . Bdp ol poplc .ilofl itr tlEn qu6r fd $luti6 of dFn Pobkot; n ircb&s
.xrafl .d.Dnrid 6 sll ! inlaDl lnt Fdon AU llrl ldoPt d $l!dd it il
|@etiF, rcG .!Mcd trlid od .dMqied to na !@b'B 6
'
nodcl
D.iho<l ro coeivc, dint Dd follo* sin Fg.tds to tutdiig @t Fobl6! of tn'n
liwlih@d (S.[.lr t9E5). Th. @@'l of 4[6tivi5n h th. $iav
'strct
thidon&
ro f.na @l h.lhodohE/ ol inr.gr.tion of Individub inro gtup' in I tl6a $d
lhcy a .d6pr .d.ml oviEd.'n b.6t ng lhc Feivcd du*
adv.Mn nt oa si,tv b n@hinr td 3ingLB !o
'onnuitv
ll
68cnd.t!d two cFc!!: nftly, tE<lc.ting iilo . lhnr 'nob
&d lhcn mving
inlo .dd!t dvil.mai 10 .bs|! i o tlE EqliFD.it of SFut livin!" L.Ditr8
pl.rrd . cNid @1..d
'iodst<!.
st of th...d sMDtiod ud b.li.ft cdLd
orgo kdon.l Cuaa,.
On (1989: tO) b.lidB tllr t@ of lnc d.linitlB sG *kLlv eLiotd
HNs, bcticf .nd tnu.. s..ot d FeFion Dd $i.F shsld .d d(* e
gedlly t k i B inarltlt ti6 of or!.niDtic'tl cul$E D.ii.o! O9E4). Dcrl sd
K.mdt (19s2) ed HoaErd. (l9l) b.lis th.t cul$G it .3h!.d or &c.P!d
p.epto of tL dltaiario. (or.r a d, (1992) cdidd @dov4 dold
Fepdd.nl pFtu @ Er.riliia ln. oodc lbFlCr $'hict a o4liznion *qts
Th. h.li.f!d vdNt lh. ddo,6 lhe b 6 orSsiz,rioq i! th.n m&ift3urios
27. .d tcF.pdor! sM.lh! b.fiE li@ of .@Pt'd or8"i2rtioin Nhr! 11ha bcn
obe.d rh! ncn onlv 6Pbv6 bu lhc Pbtic in ScFnl rd !t*'hol&E ii
prnicule.l$ hold .6dn i g. rbod D orydiz'dd CrltlG r6f'B thrclrn
rri€ i! vorlc in th. or8Didion {d !q! of |n' drspo'd ed mplov* in
diehdlE of .h.ir turclion shict .dMlidlEs tl* et of lreren'it3 @nolv
r.n.d o.r'Iirriod cula& Oddd rd DiTo|re (1992) hotd lhar th' bcli'frd
s.y3 in qnicn u dgsErtid F tlE 6!d dcn' ofori$izlri'nd cdnG'
Ev.ry dgsittrtio ches iE fodidd6 kc'?in8 ir vh'
'B
dcdl
3ltludhg .!d *ithi! obj..tiq. P4?b nt6'drg tidr tlF orgsizrliG corc to
innict {E 3@ @dt!.r c @ doft d ht dc orStni"tid in'lf (Mdg.4 l93r)'
Itov46, otElniziriN co@i[.d in cod Gf&dis wrtina e lik'lv ro hw b'G
Dcdo@ .!d Foph iil4riig *ould d'wlop lt* s' iNg' tDod n
Cdrceln lulcvm cfdc B th. n n{.Mr be, d! iss dd nu4cMt
Fsri6 @ld b. .!i&.t lt i! gd.rillv dFricn"d in snc of rlE lublic €lor
d8xiz.lid'' in udt t &*lopb8 d.Ei.i Th* t'li'f!, FsprioN ttd tocrie
G dc htllntk of & o.rxitlrid fd tlE F!Pd' ol it! d'nnhim od in i$ nt!'l
*o*Jns, MDs.@!. h d. aa{iztlon iDb*d vith t !.d of fnict46t *odd
i.vD.blt lcfm G nslp dw!!h d..d..nd itrthcti@ to mtjnin
' 8ood
Frfdl1l|@ Dd @iPt Conv*lv, u orgsirrrio|! stilEd with $tE q@' would
idplicitly Irusir rf,sg. fd th. oplovG ro .doPl lhc ddltilg F ctia Middk
@w !pp@h folbEn it lhc orgdi.4id3 i! !o nin|'in b'hm'd +Pr@h
io*n& cnheina p.rfotu€
28. Th. InPoflan . of Ugantza onsl Cultue
A srud, @ndlcLd bv Tidbrll (1988) hiShliShB th' inDott&cc ol'sublbhinc
linkagps b.tw*n th? cLm.nls of ol8ei4tional c!l$E ed oulcom's su'h 6
pofit biliiy, movd sd cotnilnoi Shc hdiqtB tb't co'gdcne of b'li'B
sms to ciat s u.ifring iorc. rnlt b@.ts or8dizrtiout F tfomce llr'h'n p@pL
cldly ee tn linl b.t*c.t lh.t b.h.vios sd thc proftlbilirv olthe dguizdhon'
tnose b€hriom will idd to h. Finfo@d Thc tcsult of $is stDdv indicalca cultlt
lora iolsDoes both lhc .mPloveJ b.h.viou ud lhc suoots ofr @mpanv
Cd .66riv. mc6!rc!, .dvnca.tt of t4hnologv ed
'oFp'tirivc
priclies
in bsin.s t!y. bEd mv.l ptuli€ in .domic aodd of &d!t con*qMllt
tuMgdat tsr.n is edd cd.r..t di's in dgsizltidt Entlovd' s*ill dd
d&n hwLds. e b.ng dr$..d du. !o rh'
'ft'1
of 3lot'lidid dd
oviF m.rn is ponptly ionunci,S fstioc &d Frci6 of dE ntF!6el!r' Thc
€l@s !d pn lic6 ldotLrd in s orgsizriot! b'@' & irtu'nt ro DGN its
.ulnr r.d .nn @ Fribo.@.
Si@ olt@ is c@id@d .
'l
of b.li'g lsshpriN ud l'ulhsi th'EfoE'
orgnizliiomt oul$E d.vclogt rott .titu& of ln'
'mptov*s
in rh' orgdid'o
0d slf norit!&d @ndrci Cloe .olvsis Evob tur cUtuG siSrin@tlv in0Enes
$. wsting of e orSsizltion. Culurc s . iNisibl' fo@ oFEts lo k@p th'
orsrniz.tion in nomcntln for lih.EM lo rul's Thi! imPlicit foe b idatificd lo
be culnrE. lt n cs$nlirl, lb.Ffoa' !o xudv lh' cultuE md ils bindins forct and lak'
ddinun .dv&t gc of its B Sohin (198t) sugg'sts lhar in s or$n@no''
happaing of dings e &cord.d inpon4*' which Fovid's lc'd towdds l"detship
Fl. in th. orStnrziro8
29. A d. o.sd of iwesn*nr h & ot!|Iizltion, i!5 pttxB of @urelle
podt sd fotulhrion of !olici.! @ain ! dct.Bi.iis fore lhdgl cuhlE. On tn.
*hole, o o.gdization .d novc fiinh.. s f.t a it! cuhuE povid6 |}'r[$
OFElions pM*4 !o .longwith .mployccs b@in8 lo its chmgq d.refoE,
mploy€s' beli.f towads th. gowlt of.n orgmit.tion {ill &ntin a ddving force
for lhe nMgflcnt, Tlc fvir.li24ion pd.$ of orSoizlional pretices has
lsumed signifiMl stt6 rhich tu b. &hiov.d though B!sin.$ PrcFss
Rhgie.ring. It ircorpo6lc6 chrn!.! in th. p@cdlFs ad cnploy€es e s
Eadjuning tleir wo* ancsh. In f&q I b.@m.s r strikirB foNe 4dm sbtu quo. L
is inFEliv. rhat .hploys b. t k n .ldg with thc chdg., whi.h be€mes po*ibl.
rhFush ldjusnb.nr of cultuE. Chs8c in rh. nindscr and bch.violr of lh. .mployes
6 n.l€ $. 6od.6 p@ti@s . suc6, nilng vhicn &y chdCE indue4 *ill
inwiobb qd !p in . li.g or fE $!ng dis.M in th. dgeidion. ft is
p$hobly for lhe t@s rhd o4uiz!.o.s sdd hir! Fionq io @ yalu6 fd
slctul rcrioN. Em!loy.6 e lugh {d bt r inb cef'd.M Fiq to mjq
chag€, Thce !cli6 .r., lnRf@, Lla lndlh devclopncnt ol cul@. B.my
(1936) also s!re61s dlt hish !.rfomre &d .MlLG in o orgfidid e
dep.nd€nt on sfong crltuE.
Koncr d al., (1992) b.li.ve d.t nms with . sno.8 cuuur. rhar vdu6
.6ploy.cs, cusbn.n md naLcholdcB will ourp.rfom aU other oohpujes. It
thdror, dv@at s rhc n4d !o idonnry dc cultlre efi..s on lhe orgeizalion
$mucn ils rlenents ed 4lmFions oflh. p@pl. in lh. orstui4tion for aohieving
P.lcuadwat
'M{1982)edrs
.r(1983).stdlished lirlberwen
30. hn.tship md clhu€ wilh th. pFt xl dd td&uhiP @3 pow lo conuor tn
orssiz.riml clh!rc, To t ckl. thc pFvo$ng {d i$es in th. ot8didion, cultu@
ce sM. . si8rifiqt polilio s . tuilibrot h tncit Eslurion, Si!@ u
orgsiz3tion hs ! hindy. sm. ol.l* v.l@s will. tl@foE, Fsilr h tE .i..t!
Fiicll< i. Soup culo)E. HNwr, grou! cuhe nit hrc in n sub.ulnlF, wnich
m.y provid. . diftMt dpdi.@ {Sch.in, 1985).
In rh. oEsl @ of l4lmlogic.l lnved.nl pdfoffi. h5.d &liviti.t
G bcing .@ord.d du priority, Ap* tom olha irhntiflbL hocs, cultut in
dEsi'rion h! em.d p.tuout inloris* dd d4!sd.nt oudt ro plv
popd hed !o rn. cdtunl sldl! b.foE 3tocnli .hog.s, ro &hkv. d..it d o{rPr
od !.6rlbh dcc.nir.d tp!k.
Ctlt@ @.t la Intptcr on A8eAadond P.torMc.
Hd.d 0990), |n. p€idot of t4vi St|6, pointcd @l rhrl mp&v !.lc
wE wcd ro s mnpctitiE s@$ c it pdidcd ioFu in thc au.6 of
b6i..$. Fo. .h. inpqmd ol rh. or8uizltion Flductivity, cul@ in lh.
orgDiz*ion ...d5 ro b. uid.cr..d. Th. cuh!€ an tnc dgeiz.rion dacmic olha
BDeq sEh s Frfome€ ii d. d$nirtio. Ptimdil, ttudcR ol th.
d! iz.liN & th. d.viDg fos t hird th. cat$liCwnt of it3 cultuE, tigh r lh.
innid sqq t b, th@fo@, o!!6t tut i}!. of culrlc vai.t *ith rhc ch&& i!
aou.dcE Ho*v.r, orguizniN h.vh8 indisoous foud.6 do nol hrtc cff@t on
clloc &d Emah non prgt*iv. s . p.!t of 0E sy3Ln drtdy 4Lbbtn d ln
pusur of ch6g. in th. cut@, de b .x!.mrl ..vionn nq @6nbnbl. Esis1!trd
is qGricnc.d. On thc oth.r h..d, .n htl EU suitld .xt tul foudc6 do hrv.
dynmic cf..t on thc orgsiarion. Tnc foMtul .hu8. Eling ple wilh roEc
31. inoEftntal or throueh n.w lc.d.r! clr rum & orgsianion inlo daDtive od
innovdiv.l, dy..oic, *ith high p.fotucc.
Kon6 ci'I., {1992) b.li.v. lllrt fims wnh dronS c!lt!. outt4fom 6. nms
lacki.g in vrlucs ed nom' A@rding 1o Gutt (2001), orleizrlioml slmlesies
hav. a besins on lh. culturc, which in tlh d.c!s p.rfmue (Lcc & Yu, (2003)
Cordon bd DiTomo (1992) oo.dsl.d Gseh on difioEnt isusoo oompdics
in Am.dca bd .on lu<bd th.l cultlr do.s h.vc . ihon lem efrccl on the
perfom4e of u or$nirltion.
Robbins (2002) b.li.v* lhrt ftrsq th. cultur., d. gdu is iB implcl on
org&izdion p.MprioB ed Frfom@. OiftEnl int rcni.g veiabks infl@e
.nploFi sdis&.lior, qhich h tun l..ds ro*&& p6fdnec, Cultudl chdCr
ha @l i r@ @ 6aci|l ,.tun. l. wc fMd th.t n.stoF sgmy *ith
@srnrliv. cultur d.pict stongd 8Dwln. Simildy, Et iht sioE! wid'
@nslluotivc cultlr @.d 66 E*nu' Chd, Hd(lld rtrd wu (2(,02) study i,
T.im Evol.d lhlr Frfru nrrbds ofthc o4aizrid @ bc dnec.d by
.treriv.t maging. @irollilg ud .hegi.a $cn cultR.
(on.r.t.l., (1992).ls tclicv. rhar vllu.s hrrc b.cn .$i{.d wirh rh.
orlmiz.rion pdfomd@ ovcr ! long p.nod ofdbc, A paniculd cu|nrc sisting in
& orerni4ti@ is didcnt tor thc styl. .nd th. ms in which e dgoi4rio.
Dedom! ils fuction. Ehplo'€.i b.ins rh. inpon nr o4!i, rdopi p.r&ption oftne
oBanizdion bd D.rfom th.n EI. &oordingly. gDployFs wo*iDl ir u
orSdizalion lincc long.itha b.@tu p.n ofth. ry.km o!r.main innonc tl inrhe
developd.nt of ihq pFvalcni cultur, Howcvc!, n.w .mploy.cs 6dopt the cuh!re dd
develop 1hen cap.bility .ccordingly, MoFovq, hiSh p.rfomiq orsanialions would
32. lod ro ind@t wffi witt! dm.ndi.t !!lt! ..d .xpcr lncm io .el in dPn
Kit!!u M.rt lxl Rov, (198t) $g86t thd F{,n|ri slDilitv
'nd
Fldic6
follovr.d b, s*irg gtupt c th. c{l*lid of lh. v.lEs *nid c b'i!8
r'6o!.il Th.y poid. inF(B to dE 6dov43 to follM Th' slB e
E Mitld in cxMd ati|e|Mt od sldd !N.d tholri hta'tio *ith dE
@16 wld. Th* v.lB e FldktiE of lh. FrfDmle of tbt oBaalldd
P6tL dsi& tlF orsriz.rion, wld lo.& thNln lh.! P.@iv.d in'8' {d * t
F.did t!. bL b.ins Ffoni.<t tt 6! dpLy* wini. rn o4'ni2nioa Ss*tuI
iaplmnn|M of polici.. .!d ttrrr inPLndt li@ of goL s b. Pdibl' widr
.ppFpri.a 3bPing ofr.l@ d culrE by i6plmdrin3.PFoprir!. !r 4G-
Co@nr. cuhd n!. @.d wi& Ehih thdshout dE *ond de b it!
di.ni.rtn lowuh sfo.nre. P!*i$n b m d!.9.io sd h.s witr.s!.d
Em.*!!h g|owd of ltF corDoEL cuhe, it tL s*. of focig! ircra. 'd
indi,lcr oh b.i.t Da6rr.d bt dE dorq .!d doDd r€tri6 Thi! hG .'..n .
3ti&nr blov ro il* !r|8..Ld Doblic *cor, oFnlfu si.n 6tinl d!!3sral
D.!.rk ., with .d.!d.d -4it bltity of tt$@t ud cod .ftciwN$ Tlt'
@pby*' Fft|rlr|@ b! c@ udd clot stnint Cod.qEntlv' cdF6tc
cultuE ir nouilhins ir .ll *gddt3 of lh. iN6lMt.r! rhit ph6o@o slt@ld
lrit & dE public stor. Th.E i! lilnifidl.vidc@ ihlr cuhr i! @M6bd *ith
ri. p.rfmlEs s il pdvidcs slilicliotr omitrcnq cohcaioq od sE||.O'
ind@ftrior in rh. dasi4ti6. Ot8mialbdl cshe dd it iFg..l d tn.
Frfodre pDvid.d u inertiw for i& EgEhGr io rud, th! .ulnE ftDm vlious
{t16. Dcis.nd Mirh (1995) hEde btoulit to tut6a msv dindio6 of
l0
33. $€ cultn€. Tho *o* of Dol .t .1., (1982) dcrclop.d tno intqcit of esrche6
Pakisbn ns soagE ro$uroo! and facc! 0E cndbng*, utilizins lh.n with
pronbbility. loeign inveltn nr flow in Prkilhr lho dcnands lhar ch.nse in rhe
prcseni woi( deio.dcnt i! di&ly n .dad. Ch.ngc cannot b. brousht abour
ovmi8]* I brs also bdn dg!.d by dc r.s.irch.r thlt for implch.nution or
c!sg., olsei4lid {lu! .nd mffi ncd to b. cuoiNd lt b, rh.rcrorc,
dxt€mely vid tnlt or8lniztiml cultur., !t th. nEt ins&nc., must be und.6ied
aloDsvilt i s . fr@l on lh. or8lni4tion p.rfomr' I I c.n facili.le keep'lg P rcc
vith mbiriou pLs of g!.fin .!d optiDum utili2.tion of Esour€s it PaLislan
Paldsh h.s stmg tndido.l wolk.nvibmanl .nd p.opL ar. &cusb d ro the
pEctic b.ins folo*td by rh. o4!d2!tid siDc. wry lon8. Sinil,rlr' th.E is
imcs &n rxt io krirg lbut chlng. in th. ts ditiosl vorking and ftnrucrurc
orysiz.rim b mbi.w h.lt6 Ffolrtl@. lt is, th@foE, of p.mour rwrl!$e
rhar th. v.lu of Fotl. b. utddiood !o nloF d ifi.nlt n.tnods or psducnN,
f.iling whicn 5ltd8 6i!@. qn b€@ ouldpoductiw. Th. sEdv of rh'
orgmiznion l cdnlF nd iLs inp.ct on rlF pcrfomse will f&iliLc th' cxecutiv"
to 0chievc b.@r Frfofun@ in ! plauibL dffir
Problem ld€trtlncr on
Cul@ is dr.tlt r@icd in th. mtiodl e.uiq *hioh hrs 6kon shtD'
throlslr pFctic.s 3inco dcode sinillrly, cf.ct ot d.di., globrliation lesins and
d€6and for ben.r llilianion of tc$uE.s though ncw svn.ns and pnchces has
inftased tho dd.nd io! oultuitl !$dy Man.8.a of thc d.v b'w a'tetd n @ en
of m@E.mont, by p.mcipirion n$cr lhh bv unilalctl ddision Th€rctbrc'
tl
34. tcuwoilq loo,Ldgp oi n w ptuds / nom rd &U-go*1h hd b.cm. lhe oid.r
of d& day. To lldin Ftr of thc glob.l siaty in ecncnl and to inprow lne pEsnl
work aviF@t in plni.d.r, n ioG .fi@dlg orgeiztios p€rtitmE F
rquicd b bc eeeimd for bcur lnd.shiditg of otrun dNl 4le
ln Pakist a orgdiztid peric.s 4 changing Nhich enbik i.tci! hr
EstructudnS of oEsFiz*ioi Al such ! cncill iuncluF !.dedltndin8 of cuure
bdn scrucial for lhe maiaStB.ln cogn zlnocotlhkdi€ need resea(h h find o!1
th. o4miktional ctkuE and ils imprct on pedormo@ ha dsumed 8reater
signifi@G. Gitnan (1991) dt$ sugglsts lhit organization mav 0ol be abLe to
continue ils op.rari@ in d.sftn of fi nsci.l r.eurc.s Ouchi ( 1981 ) al$ confi ms
rha. lh.re is a €ldrionship between coryoEte cultuE ard productivir)
To naituin fdus, cld p.rc.ptioi ol orSeiadon oub@ md is consM is
&ntirl in odd to ,116E is Frfm.nc. Sidilal, orgnniTfional oltorc lnd
its rD@inc datd wid' olgeizlion pofom.* n.cd to h. eblished lt KUld
feili@c lne dmher atd @ious org.iiariors, 1o nnke ue oletli6c:_ 6f cultuft
ObJecdv. ofth. study
Acordina to Kotler el !1, (1992), a iiodg cullur! ssnniLrc5 lr$ dil
idividLah in the otgmiaion havc rh. sm. Frcciv.d rcalitv olorganiational fe
Globally, bEinc$ is Fsh.ping irs noms in th. lighl of noden pdcnces or
manag.me j innovation in th. pffiss of prcdrction dd
'liminarion
of baric6 in
i .Edivc ap.ct ot de sdicty (Kmt.r, l 98r) ln lhc w'kc of chaneEd *enariq n is
c$dtial tq dsaniztiom aundioning wiln oE pncric6 b Evamp odhoda nodg ol
operaridsed innnut rcessv r$lrucilring pmgnos ro poduce lhouln 4sl
t2
35. ef|divci.$ .nd pofl ndidiarion lppNch, To cn.in a vilblc cntiry ii P.kistan
sood murFal pE rie N nq$iry d@foc lll Gp*R includinB cuhurc
afi.cting dE p.rfom€ .Eds io b. cvalulr.d by Ih. .x*urivca.
IhG ptuty objetis .c rvofold: firdl, it. rcrvla to o!.di@li* tlE
otgaiz.liond .ultE conc.p! rd di@DioE. s@n4 n ft.nPll lo iN6li8.t.lh.
iEplct of c!h6 d dg&ir.ri@t Ffod.@.
Mm lpci6odly, rhi! ltrdy fo.lE or tl* Dcnilon r otua dihtuioa i...
ilrlwEdt, .@i.EEy, .d|pnbitg, Eisi@ {d lhir .&.t! on . 6mt
F htllrc. elvnollMl-bu.n rd.pnbiliiy drollh k!owl.ds..br5.d md!8.Danr
b.*6r. rl, o.geiad6, Th. srudy tud. olt drlployes' p.rccplion wilh tgti lo
cultue ldt tb.ir d.aoSnphic ,o6lc, .-g s*.rpdi.M, c<rErti6, trdg@nl
lcEl i.dt d9!izri6 dzc.
aFdEr inlo!tut objeriw olllE ltudy i! !o dV& ho* lh. dsuiation.l
culrur .nd p.rf@ Ebrid.hip vri6 .t nnou *g@nE of N.@hy, !3!.
g.idq, ud @9loys *itn t&i.d lilguinn b..rgound. All lh. culfud compoMls
&rclop.d by D.n4or & &.eri9riv.ly &d irrti.tiqlly itstisrEd litr th€
.fo;ft ndo*d d.tugnt& pr!@ais
R.oonrl€ of th. saudy
Ir orda 10 d.v.loF frrEgic pld, ir b a6gtill !o und.ctlrd d8|Djatiofll
dltur.l @BEwr. l&l of@U.bonti* 4ltrsl ilquny od &-d.!igB, @ doig tn
.onmor |hqne lnd . ..!& of iilNt in thc o!$nialioG L.A.lv, llol of
bd.sbdinr of lh. poE of lh. olLctiE bun. lysran, ob3trucrs thc po8r.s or
ilnnriE .!d ouy ,tu.$.l cb!g. pogr'rrG hlvc fonddd An inESlnw
|!9erch !.aks to h.lp orgeidios continu.ly lcint.nt th.i*lh3 bv h.lpins rhe
l3
36. Dcoplc in theNlv6, d.wlop &d Ffir. ew slr of i .rlinlred 6kills .nd
6p.biliti6. O@e tho!. f&!os h€om. pow.6d pliyft in lb. dynanios of changc,
lh lik lihood of i*, rh.t lh.y d rhet or8lnianioN will hc kn i! th. d!sr, will br
minini&d H.M, olgdiarioDl crlEE Equic d@ rG ion 6 . tuNn$ic
apFMh witn do visid of @narccd .ffrcituy bd pototurncq
fte benning stuie in a msdianio4 baving inLtulion and p@duGs,
L!d! .mplot€ rclim md flcilibEr oq.niation !o opdlt .v.nly ud .mci.ntly
Adoplior of ds&ianoa 5lltDry olc6, Des.nal pBctic6 .nd conpLx 6irtuE
c@i6 a unique o4eiAtiondl oultuE. ID $c &ce of tuch odd5, it i. inp€rativ. lo
uddr&d what {n b. dE bL of cultlE in nasfoming.n oeaniarion ro*ords
.ffrci.trr dd w.n p.rfoEing dlity. CultuG .l!6 afr@6 rh. ol3iniatim and lklp
onployas in lhci! &vclopm.dt and srowth
Organizatimil olllur. G peft.ps lltc si.gL mosr pow.rful force lor cohcaion
in lhc dortem oetni4tions. ladeB dn infl@e rh. My cultu6 €rcrrc,
positionine tbeir olgbiation for a susuii.d competitit 6d!!n6ge which cannot hc
.sily copied by cobp.tib6. Every wo*ine pe6on iffrif.tivclv kno*s whal
orssizational cultuE isi hd n d.dr6 ! emd wy of doilg binss onongn
coll..g!4 ev.n if lhll *ry is em.ti6s inplicir or unspok n. The $ts ofdoing
rhings can nlko tlc dificrencc b.lqecn c successf$l orsuniation and o(hcr
oBaniztions. Cul$c is rhc com4rit. ti$s thal knirs toS.ther d orgdizarion s
tcoplc 50 thar rhcy may su@d in tfi. a&c ofchalLngs Orltniurions q. d.vclop
and build g.at ptoducs, nalller ner innovdively and dclivd dE$ quiokll, bot
doin! this @Nisi. ly, r.d after ytar, b nol an 6v iBsk. For dccades sconomisls
hrvc bco trying b d.lcdin. rh. dddts cob.ddcd in hl, Stal codpdn$ .nd
37. ha., ircnicdlx fo!.d l[. sw ,.ol in hlrd *ononic fa6 bul in rh. natur. or
dlationships silnin dr organizlrions. Org.liz.tion culture car dus. bc s d h havc
given oqanizationslhe ompetiriv..dgo(Cofte ctal., 1998i Dlvidson, 2003).
fth study provid.r g!ftrcliE !o .ll sl6tchold.E, 4seiated *i$ plblic tnd
coQont &cior orgai3lios. Tb. outcd. of $. Fopoed stody vtll h.lP all
Dtutitio@b or oqrntrtiNl cdtuE, to tollo* dE ssgeliioc in otns
dsuianioG, in o.dq to fosbl s o.g|niarioMl cullut, vhich b.ne6ts il| !.oPL .t
LrBc, dE .oploy*s md $. lblcholdar in F ticulrr.
lxeuliv.s lalc polioy
'L.iriod
which atr4l @ wortins of *hol.
orsmizitio! Ir is. rh@roe, imp.$livc that frrndmcn6l action is basd on Eohlrcs
duou8h .fudy of inleDal md *1ml f&lors. To Ecogniz. de poEnnrl of th.
c!bn!do4 rb. lEvnlat cultuE pLt: cdcid rol.r hmce. rhis studv *ill frciliilr.
q*uti6 b ErioMli rh.ir d.ci!id. Evary .Dploye 6 & npotur .km.nt
iEidc d. o4anation rhar *aF ! plnicllar cultlsr tEM, dF ne.d .rtts to ssdv
d cultorc for eDlmem.nr of p.'foorE.nd istitunng n@s*v che86
Pop.! mlualio! of dcp.itt.ntt ud organialion
'ulbe
will rsitt to
conprch.nd hov rhe wdl is b.ing p.rfom.d in various segD.nts of thc
olgaiaion. Policics fomulated bc ftnfom.d id I maNr that lh€v do not cioctc
itk and !e co@uic.hn i! r dmr congru.nt 10 0t .xndne work sts3t gr'5 ind
b.li.fs. Tlis a. h. at&i!.d rn@di cdlctivc comui@rion oilgom rf,nsdcnt
I &baLd, distorbin3 $e n oocnnm: h.d, n e$ilates s i8rifictnr u idcAltndrng
lowr& cul@ in d o4@iz.tion, *lich crn lrrc dau[v6 eno@olt
'frcicncv
'In. sFltegr6 b hiE lop $ldl rill bc in lin. vilh rhe oreaniano'al cultu€'
6nd lcl*tion mad. fton within lho.c who hld i sccc$ in sinilar as€nmcns
l5
38. P6pL m be hined in rcw podlc|s .nd @1.! but it is tlnost inpGsible to alter
rbc b.lieG of th. .4loys &d !t!t gi6 tlout lEw ro gcl wdk doe
UDd.*hdi'g o4mization cultuF, lnuq hdt6 lignifiqnt
Orgdad@l culM bB @.tly amlgad t m of tl|e plmitu fcuss
of orgrt tion ML ftn b pddy bcr@ of dE disinuioNnr wjdi I.s@h
on th. noE objadw phenodcu, luch s fiuctrlF ed n4luEloc,. culllE qn b.
thc most inpoiht factor ro d.Eminc rh. olhc! chrtur.risric ud p.rlbmece of ao
o!8snihiion. Tne qu€siion nrhldlly !ri&s, how 3n or3lniali'n c tuE emlves
Exteml or o4!! ation-orimt d loNd.G .rc lil.ly lo cEar. a prlb$ionil dvmmic
.ndsonerimsimontivcorganiation.
gowewr, rh€ orgdiztiot aartd by !.I!dnt td founde$ *iU Endn oon-
pof.$io$I,oid DoD-i'lNatit., chmcllned by nn.d so*h a.d dlem;h on
rhc otb.r h.n4 olErnizriofl cb,Ds. tut l*. d@ .irhr in d im€mdl l6hi6
d rholgh
'w
lad6, in. ditmrin@G ft.hior rh.r tu M thee orAdialiotrs
su.d, to DdG ihd .d.pnwv q iDo{tiEly dF.mic !tcrn b€comc possitl'
tbr@lh undeEtonding of th. o4..iatioD its lf
Oraaniarional .ffici.ncy ir 3lugqd rhrcugh no6lc of dplovees etncnnt
n.thods of prodMrion .nd ouron r liliri&tion This all is losienns $tuugh
nelhodoloSl* of wo*. Mosl of d. orgdni4liod in Pakishn d' s'nins alig"d wilh
the @da olpdfot]mce du. !o imoPtion of ooDoct seoloi' The power olcoll'ctive
hurm syslem an bnng about slrututsl .h!ng.s lnt er!!.d methods tnd rechnLqu€s
fron vidr sFctu ol di&rplitur c &titg s d istffit of orgmizatio$l
ch.nsp ir dny't @io. At inv.ldgrtiw lplroch lElps o'gaMlons s
.ontin@uy ainqt lh.lwl6, by hclping tt!. FoPlc inio d*loping
'rd
€finit3
39. w * of ircllirLd *illr dd crpAbiliti6. OM., tiee iebs b*oFc povetlul
plaFsinrhcdyMmi$of or3.niation.$cor8Diz iocultuEquiadne
an ntion $ a tutlnltic rppoach wiih ih. vision of eftanc€d .ffci.ncy.
Orgdialions CId€! tor the Study
Eishl dgrizrtis lom pullic .!d FieL sbd w@ sl*bd ror sdr'
Thc dab wls colLc€d n6dy ftm Hu@ R.suG D.p6tu..15 ol6ei! t@d
oinoes S.lootim of lhc o4tnnatios wa nad., iD view of thc sl. p€rfomed by
dre orseiztiom rll oE Patislan Nma ofth. oediz5lid .F s unds:
Telcomuniortior OlE@iz.lid (Ufom)
r Nrtioml Hignway AutlFdty
A.tani.e ltsu'a^.e
Icllfu€ slor gw
'ith lllc dprsio of eononv in Plkisbn, a n is
idtuenbl ih provi6io' of d.L covcr md, thus, build lie inv.doa cdfid.nc.
!sue@ hs r.sombl. porlion in dt ..onomv Apd fton providing cover to th'
builar iduma sld hs t €n r s@ or €s'plovnmq dt blsnddt of linlc
with o|Id bsiGs 6liti.s and t onc of lnc c@tibrios io n.lioMl iGonc
Globalty, iGu$d. scclor w$ f5c.d with dificdd.s fsn v.a! 2001_2004
Subs.qMtly, djs!*io! is snowing itprt$iv. pe!fo@c. globallv 6well'The
t7
40. ftnd ha bc.n mti.cd ttll a @uaey witt a@ pb8r.$ irllld. poponiomlly th.
Addj* insuma Codpd.y Liinit d wos inoorpodtcd ss A pubiio liiriled
company ii S.ptcmba!, 1960 dd is lis!.d on K.mohi dd hhorc stek.xchanges of
the counF'. Tt. .omp.n] sbnen *i$. Fid up @9iral ofRs 2 t rnillion Nhi.h has
lNM Dh.nonenllly lo ih. cucn! paid up clpiLl ofRJ I022 billion Adamie8
iNuMcc cmpdny .njoys a oompclnivc cd8c in the iEum@ indusiry duc ils nrcnl
Nei bd. sd paid up epial. ls busin.$ i.clu& iire sd p@p.dy, Marine, aviaridn
and Hull. Moror ind misllaneors blsincs. lr bclieves in cliomer sdtisfrrion hl
poviding qElity in edte and poducls dd nuinum bcnciis ro ils client th.
conpmr n6 ! divdsiicd ponfolio ofcli..ts b.longing 10 all categorics Mo$orrhe
bank d i$uod by th€ company. lts objcotivos !e to sMs$en cNtoner growth
and Elatio'ship. bilan@ benren poilability dnd volume ofbusine$ snsolidarc
m&k t sh@ hd iicr& i.6hd( rcNm. lts sdaEgt is @ pu6!c s@trg groMh.
adopr indury b.!r p@d@s dev.lop infdtudon Echnoloe/ ind esbhlkh cffetiv.
As*tri Com,n.rci.l B'tk
A! ieF.siw slvln h6 b.Gi En i! rb. b.nki4 $ror ov.r lji' p6si 3d
y.s Modein t:@g.d.nt pEctic, cstomr-f()Nd Polici.i' incoitoBrio' of
pnE& sro6, SkL Ba of Pald6h gdddnce atd inPruv.d tu$ or rh!
cur1os.6 dlc to rh. €pital sloot, b!* m& ihb s.cttr gro* phono@mllv on the
cEdit 3irt , biik dt ri.lG subslarlirl dp.Dis. iD dcmdd Sinil'rlv, ca( kding
cdd filem8 in vlnou! pdrcts h.v. fld. lhc bu*s businss p!@ in m!n,
seolos Reduood sving ntd nod. iho flu olEotuv in ll0 mlt*ot Tht opPortune
l3
41. policy 8.vc b@6 to thl d.v.lopD@t i. ln. b.nlinS @ior,
Albri B.!r b o* oflt Lr<tilr Fi{F sbE wi6 orcr o* hultLtd
bn&ba in P*n.rn. It it . hrding b.rl i" l.bt n wilh t&.d olfic. .1 lilmh.d It
br. i@hdw Ecbelo6/ &d.fieti€ hlla
'l$le
msFdl in r nod.6
dd Folr*iw orglliz.ridd 6ln|E. ft. t !&.Ec hi8h.t[idl.Dd Fof6siodl
lbnd.tdr. whlc povidi.B e[.F.d 6hc to .I ldc-hoftt s .nd co ributing to
PaIEsta, C.n n. Codpant n nw.l
TIE luuf.cturing idu.ti6 br .iiftudt iEponr ehrE in lh.
6o@y- Glotalialio4 url i! !!niol8, dhrD.d 090ltt & 8cmr.lly b.U.tt{ 0o
b.mfit d*bDi.8 @!ftn . world Tnrl fr.. ir pwidirg good oltodnity for
c@ bonld tr.n$d@ of rh! F.dsr P.tilt ! r dDort d t6!.n on *ni
@ua.o6; rlr couty !..d. b ftegtlF. thi! @to.. Il ha b4r tulicld |n|r
L.llut!FrfollM of t P*i.b!C@nr ir d@ t &wr.l p@bl.d. a cMEy
tu .!n @ iE .x.dl @.t ceraidift{ b &y sior, ircludine P.titrn
C.Enl by r.dlcina i6 un coc of prlduclih ifrl.ti@s ro E. or odEr
6utn , Tb@ i. ! gat
'Ed
!o pMoE iiduty ed povidc indi8.|@ PrcdsB
rot p6pl.. for lnr P.lnrE c4. tsrot d*loFd@ifold,
C4.t irduEi6 h!rc !@ . lod da ro tlc c@6E ri6 of p{buc s wll
3 Drivli. sloB roe.rdi @t!tMri6 wk . Codqwndr, $. nmb.r of lh.
ilddti! !.. lr.m @ifold wLich lu! &pLt d poinbility oi &cout of
coEp.tiriw 6.rt t I! .@onL@ wi$ ln. eonmic N.y tpon 2007, th.
o@bit*d ploit of cci@t @lo! ha d.cli!.d by t6 pc@r ro l1 biuio in limid
y.d 2007 s @!.Fd ro & 12.3 billion in fiunid yd 2006 ln lh. *rv Ec.nt
t9
42. pGt, t!€ Covt h,5 tUowed apott of mctt which t lilely to increos pioir aE
Sihilarly, tue b mphan of howing i.d6try, c.m.nr consunprion may w mrk
P.kislln C€nqr Conpuy @mn.ic.d irs op.dioN in Deedb€r 2006 11
h$ sd..f-lhc.n pbd witn lh? Mln qFcity of 2.5 !ons, @uDying rue6r
pmdudim linc i. Paki*an- lt.n$c qurliry $!l.3ofhi8n $ndads lr har iddluarc
corttiburio. in rh. mlional €o.omt wi$ E8a.d !o its prcducrion in cement indunry,
Is p[il@phy is to @ for iq dcmand rid sltisflcljon or its oustomed
Oil & Gas Dewlopb.,tt Conpae! Liniled
Gorcmd1 cmb.rLed motiv.t d Fft martct Ffoms in lhis sector n yor
2CO0. Ar a GuL lhis stor h4 .hom inpG3ilo plrfomie. Main f@us of thc
Gowmnt rbvid.n inmliB 1o th. privrtc sioE MoFftt mrct nte.s weE
iDtlduc.d fd rhc ptuLu todwB: li.e. ubddi{t hrde! on rb. Sov.menl
tAlfi r.drc.d cdid.Fbly. Th. Sowm.nt,s log r.d Socl is to crdt a
cmp.titiE, e6ci.ddy-ru4 6s6i!Uy-virbl., &i l!ry.Iy pnv.dz.d oil ald gts
s.cior prcviding $ppli.s ro ! ld& lne oidE Fpul.ion.
Natu I gs cotuumption i! incE.lin8 dpidly du€ lo th. tmd of t nst i of
eftiey lowards tlis secio!. The iNFas. of thc utiliation of mtunl 8as will add ro
ccorcnic gowdl5 incdin8 acc.s to lh. poor lnd iich alike. lt would abo provide
Eliefiopowdgenemtionand inFon ofpclel.um Pod@t PEsenlly,
'
Dd'gcno ur
mnml gG !o@b for only 40 !.rc.Dt of nod.o .Mly ue IB incE6e iiu$
vtuld povide Elief to dpon p.lloLm DFd@t dich is USI 3 biuim pd t€ar (uP
to 3t Frent of dport .uine!). P*nrn cu htmes thc flll poGnnil orils s.s
qqef. Thac is nc.d to tully qptoit thc Midl rcsuG ir thc coutv to Edue tht
20
43. extetul buiden of ihpon of p.drl.um pbdlct.
r.tol.uh indusEy n oD. of ilc d i.,t rm !.croa in rh. ..onony of
rakistan gov.mfll hls d.rcforc bouSht about . nunb.r ol lunclion.l chang.s
apan ft@ sp*<ting up wo* of cxplootion. Ou oia bark r ol 17 5 nillion tons,
sone l 5 m lion roG or qdd. oil and pofi oloum prcduct! ae i mponed (neq annuall).
P.tulcun and dic6cl priocs horc b..n d.ftsll.lcd (approxinately 85 perc.nt ai
nanod coNu6plion) p!i6 ar. rovisrd .vory foftish to rned ohanses in
Air Unitqn9
TleE i5 ! diE Grt to bring !t ut clun86 in rh. cdlcdion ihbc)| rnd ib
.crion phr at ulioMl krc! Eduqtion is cdilysr to eund .ationll dev.lotnhr and
suppon vtorouly dioug[ *cll fomul .d Eaoft bE diDg dE mtion *hict rcds
6 b€ b,fussd with mtimEd Efods. This s.cbr *id.lt sllir i.ro p.iv.E and
publtc isliolio*. Ed@tio! shrd.ds h.v. 0 mlk.d diffcrcme in boln oi$ee
egnhli Eighcr !du6ti@ h.. howr la Mjor posB wn@by coch
sbolaE dc b.i4 tund.d wi&ly,
Th. Ai Udvmity b l@.tcd .t lr.tub.d with dnciplined envi@nmenl for
leeils Tne cdDus t.quipp.d wilh imp€$iva l.hodones, TL Uniw6ity G a
d.8E. arddinS rutonobous iBritution Tn. c$iculln hu3hr in lhe uniyeFity rs
Egulmly updacd Tlc Univcsity l.cully oonsisls ofhighly qualincd ond *pen.rced
prole$ionok. The Univ.sity hr! clo!. li.isn with industies dnd usEr o{rnlzanons.
Its enph,6is is on m8inc.dng snd huin66 dilcipline I1E siale ofdiscipline indns
the Unive6ily students is oi hish quality. Air Univ.i6ity ha clos. ooordimtion with
foieisn Div€sities for qu.lity .$uBnc..
2l
44. M.dtPal Phana..dbal
H.rlth elor pl.y! !i&t6c&r bL in d. @i!l sio. Comuiry r*@6s,
ph)aiel !d cid.NitoMc tur. n iElaldw to d.wlop ph.!|teltiol srd
.t . Lwl wlcby it dld povib .tldndizld Fod@8. ldpBivc idpollm
h!! ben @tic.d i! ln. Db.|rleulic.l FodEl d'Fud [..lthy .mp.tition.
T*h&logicd ch.nr... b.tFi p@d@t ra@ .nd good drt rins @nc.pi h.r
a@ovld tb. pEvilio .!d qulnity of pn r:!,6dol podsr PhnE rG ictuing
npidly .nd .ll djd pl.d!.t e bdonins rhit bt. in lh. d*ct. Globrlly
r@picrl ptutic6 @b.il35@ in th. @sty. ThcE i3 !.ill. d.6niE !.!d rnlr
tLa dpuia [|iooli4 ll.n pEfil rugi! .!d ps on bcdfir' to th. puhli..
M.diP* wa d.blishd in lnir ded.. wirhin . shon span of rin.. n har
b.@dc pioe in th. birh of. vitMt drn.nic sr.ril. lV ianofrcruins qpqbiliD
thd hG N. onll dd. P.ticr *|f Eliut in tuill lif. svins prcde$. bu. h6
todly Md. ir *pod. M.diPrt ha el.d a i @|nlts ro lunhcr gd rh or'bu:i',(s
goup--5od within lh. ph.m dd hohhsc .cm with dic6ifi.d op€drionil
botin6s. This @p..y is d grering ph.s with impGivr polFs. M.di,'.t
b.li.B n.s @Fmie 6 th. n$uficuE oa prc<luE-pe .xell.r in qu.|nr.
It ha slrbilizad iI $L, gDvdr.nd pont3, [ 6ph!i2. on d.t.lopmd( ofn dicil
pbducts th@!8h c.Mn d .fion ud quliry, Snong busan.s rkill ,roridcs In.
conp.oy wirh poEn rial ro g6*. M.d iP.t t l ic*a th.r tn.ir posirion rod.) is b.r. tr!
th.y b.li.v. ir whlt w de ud q. do it with inregrity dd &die.tion. M.diP.k ha3
.blv.d inro on. of th. good dio.l dlmuuriol @nD.ni6 a. P.kirbn. h otr c
! lull digc of basic dd spdi.li4d infusioi in $lution. dilllsis .nd inigition
$lurio6, dsn. .xtMd.6, int$ion .dininislldon s.c, othlh.lmic pEp€hrions.
22
45. solid ds!g. roos oa phma spei.lti.s. MadiPak 8rclp unds a diveuificdion
pogramc hd .nreEd in dr. h.ilthcarc prcvid$ se iccs egment sitn rhe
endlbhnenr of the Medi vision Hc.hhc6E C.ntr. io porid. hish qualiry aDd @sr
efddve reainat seni€s.
a!od.
Telecomuicalion *loi ha ps!rc!&d in $c cou ry in line wilh tb.
forcign pnctie' M,jor Donid of lh. popullrion h.s !cc.$ ro tho telephore linis al
E@Dably subsid.d !aG. hnd li.6 &flcc sd povilion oi ELDhona conEtion
b.ve inpbrcd dcn in de Enot rErr in lh. oounEy. Siniuny. ltildng progEss
h,s ba loiic€d i! ccuuh .di6. Prihlc comp.ni.s of in&national €pule wirh
good n@aencot ud o!.Eti@l pncti@. iltods.d 0F rysEru m @mble
nc. R6ul6ndy, collwdc.tion hE spsd in lh. blsdrh ed Lngrh of rhe county
Tnee is ! h..ld'y mbpdirion rnd tlE @BM.a .njoy cohpl@ mbnony. P.lisb
Tcl€muidi@ Aulho.ity (PIA) ha ha .sr.blish.n b s.Fe s a Esulatory
body which idi&iidalie rb. EIomr !d agdil6 tu etiviti.s of diffed
cmuicitid orgrni2rlio6. It povid6 thd 8ui&litus rrd pF@ls dE irra!5 of
th€ cosuoeE PTA hs enblkn n p ublic h.dings !y 3Lm on C LI. M obile Pho.e
iaifand caulg P.rty l.r (cPP) 83rtu, Anorhd hildioe s rh. hvolveme or
involvins public lanldship in thc E8ulabry d.cision.d.king ihrousl th. instiirtion
of Advisry comin ca ri i.d.nl rnd prc nciill.v.ls Tnc advilory comniftes art
Epr€senled by cnilonr citi&tu .Dd rs<hdicidr io prov'de suidlnoe to tne
Aunofty on lh. issu.s of public ificEn.
Urbne subsidiary ofPakhtln lclccomfruiicdion Limned $a1ed ils operalidn
in ycar 200 L It hs its h*d offic. al kl.hcbad. Sinc! rhc oulsel it h6 expanded irs
2l
46. oFirionst co*n8..rd.usLtuB d I nPid p.a tr hs 6nblilh.d iE lf !sI
lading @U!hr fti4 Fdid.t h P*bb. UfdE it
'w
rrit., .!8Fsiw n6bil.
*i.a lts S,o*rh 6 h. .!!ihrEd iow.d3 to.d gotcD'E Nd und.r d.
Eri$llt, h ir c.@iE drc of crqm6' cd d|d.dFndi.8 irt *teo& Il is n*
'3@id bs.3 @lluL oFle- h hG ediet !. .fiod.lL rc. ufo* foc{.! iB
opdnio3 on youlh. witn hco5.d bErd vkabilitt ind inry. Ufo. fi6. naso*
oci8. in n@ ths 260 cili.t sd low rn &6 tll djor higisv! of tE
couEy, Ufon. h.s c@md fii.ndt &dic. tituth 2l @Fnve.d s.1.5 &
Cus@r Sdie Cr.cr .d 6ly 2r0 tftnis @s |nc @or'r'
Ncb,t.l El8t Ptr A d'orul
Mtion l Higtwt, Aulltdity (Nt|A), unl4 tuFvitio of Minittv oa
Comulicliid i3
'!.pon!ibL
for dt. 6ctncti6 .rd tuinEt!@ of MooMF
rd N.liond Hign@ti NllA hs
't'
had offi@ 4 Isld.b.d .Fn im hlvin8 frw
E!i@l offi6. Nitidd Hishw.y AuMtr lB P'o.id ed M.inld'M off'6.11
o.r P!ti$n. To cns !u!FE .rd tim.lv @pLtion of poj@q th. @nhtt
i. .r!rd.d r. tl* fifr lhich b 6nsi.llv surd &d teh.hlllt .{uippcd *irh
'lquiEd
m&hiNry. Ndidl Hishs.t Authqit, i3 GF|Bibk io m.inbin 9tt5
Kilom.lr @d of N.tidl lfuhsy &d l9l0 Kldclt o.d of Moloorvs Ovirg
to qudity w* doc by lt or9nizlriol, i! 5r.t of juisdictid k loa.tds inc|6$.
h h$ ov.r ,lO MlincM@ off6 cpo.riblc !o {Ey our triodic m.irtane sd
ddl *nh d. FldEr Fobldt of d. sagn.d dd! N.tiot.l Hidwry Aurhdirv i3
irririns lo .el in is lffod@ rd building own odi6 in lhc li.ld, This
d!&iation is @nridad hm. of civit .ngi'E6
21
47. D€llnltlon ofTerlnt
Culturo
Fod MoE, Louk, Lundb.q & Mfiin, (1985) @nsid.r cuhur a
synbolism fd ih. p.oplc, dd i aprcdion ol id6, Gsuned by rh. p.oDl.
dem*lv.s, livine i. ! 36up. CM Holstcd. dcrincd cul.ue 6 -rhe ouc. ve iEnul
pbgMmins ofa p.opl. in d.nviBrE.nln. Hk llt r defrnition *6 cultoEisrhq
coll.criw poCmming ofrh. ni.4 which dininSuth.s lhe membeE ot on. grcup
rrcm .nother', Bloom & s.l2nick (1968) d.fiie culture 6 "lhe sooial heritase, all
knowledse, b€li.ls, cusloms, rd skills th.t .E lvailabl. !o menben ol ! ecicty !
"Th. sEnd lolal of all rh. obj*ls. idct' knowl.dgc, wars ordoing rhings. habits.
vrlu.s, 6nd anitud6. which *h g.n.mtion in . s*i.i, pss.s on to rhc ncr! aE
wh lhe utnrcpologii rft6 to d d1. clltuE ola grclD" Gord. 1972)-
^n
Orsdiz.tim is a @eioGly.oodinrcd $i.l dit, virn r Ehriwly
id.ndnlbb boud!ry, rhd ft@rioc on ! Ehnrcly condnuos basis b a.bi.v. .
cmm Sorl or 6.t of eo.l!. Ild i! . Douthtul of wordn b lcr u5 bEad it doM inro
'ts
EoE El*dt pairs Eobbi6r 2000.
Orglolzattonlt Cultur€
Robbins (1939) describ.s cultur. ofu oqaniation as poronning. numb.r
or turcnoN wiibin rh. orgDiation. which includ.s denning or oreanizltional
boundei6 stun Bp.d io od.r, *l,la$ commid.nt si.l @nndivnv wnnin thc
orBdizrion ! l di@rion lor chtucllin! th. b.hatiour of th. dployes
A&ins et al, (1999) rrc ot rh. vi.w d.t involvdent of lne exLn! ol
25
48. involrmen! of lh. i.dividu.k in collabodiv. hrnn.r G d.niny ro*rrds tullilmenl
ofih€ osuiatioBl soals Dr D.nilon (1990) bolicv* lh.l 'involwn s d sn*
ofrcsposibniry ofrlc dployo.s iDv.d his volt Krtdbach, (l99l);sprcitzcr,
( t99s) bclicvd that dployc4 iF oomhitt d !o tun work !.d om oqanialion. Its
indic.s !rc .npowm.n! t6 orihtation &d cap.bility dcwlopm.m. JonEs er al.
(200s) t licv. ihal cnploy*s' invohcd.nt cnhdcB thc .nt rp.is. p.dommc.
tsudr nqiblo Drcvidon of .fion. c@d vdkple. pEoticos e rcNidercd
iN.shd .! n his bisn thiDs crwc
SpeiElr & DoE$! (2001, !ugg. ll[l "mDovm.nt is iNtumcnLl in
iuoution ord D.nicip.lim for lh. d.cisior r4in8 . n pFeide oppm,ny io lh.
cmployEs io pncti* rcw m.th.dr &d @ Fod pturi@i. B.njs rnd Nelq 0935):
Kdr.r, (1979)j. McCl.!44 (!9?5) @dhad thrt mpoftrin3 subordieks n
elgliil fd stlnanEniDg |lDldnl !ftc1i@. Th. .c.dplishn .l ind
aurhenricity of dp@.mdt n r,@ial cqulity, E* m. sysr.m rh.r h.lgs ro
dalop. ln tlE viev olGELh.D ud DoGon (2005). @mFririve d.muG ror lo*e,
cosG, t4hd Flo':mq rd moc n.xibility, ors.datio6 h.v. incssinsly
mcd b .nploy4 opowam.n io .nhlM th.i! parfomnc.
T.rn Orl.nt.tro!
A t u is a s@ll Dmbd ol p.oplc wiih conpl.n nbry skilb wno arc
coBnined b r comon pul!.s., d et oi p.rfmrnc. g@ls, .nd.n appoach for
wnioh d€y hold thcmslvc! dutually accountlbl. (K.uenbach, Jon, Smitn, Douslas,
1993 ). Teams are o fter 6mc4 b.&d on pcGonil conpttib iliq or rodal posihon li
nust b. lhe obj*tiw ol . lcan to looac peblm lus and devke lh. hcst lo$ihic
26
49. slurior Tas orialation is ! gpuD oaDopl. wo*ing to8pdq io a@oEplnh a eoal
(Fri62, 2004). Klt,b.cb, .t d., (199r) .ug:gr.t rh{ t.m onobnon f,ans
cohsivcde, @rdiudm ed c@D.Etion dots lh. Bnl(s dd fiL of cmployes
Cap$Ulty De!.lopm€nt
Clpabilig i6 tbo bcing .blc !o do dinss lnd io &hi.ve lne objecti*s
(Blek'ood, 8ry6d, Mmii! 2006) Clpabiliti4 crcatc ed sshin conpetidve
p.rrmm€ (H.llat, 2003). Kitlsawa ud wltr (1999) brlieve rhit for capability
developnent, lr1fua.6 .rc rcsponlibl. fo! cndoBing skllls
aplbility d*lopncni !l@ ior indrviduil .nplolt4. .nsunng thrt these e
aligled wilh busiGs tr.ds, prviding .mploy.cs *$ inromnoq Esorc.s and
snppofr b dchieve then drn.
ln w.bq! (2000 tid, coanl.ey &ies wh.n oDughftl M3FB aforce
b@iic pIGs b rid deilioo m*ins of Fe&l innu.e CcnbEy it
''cfr€diE utilization of dr pl4 . Ii povtt s .Lbility !.d sovid.s stisfaclion to lne
.dploy* which in M .felr da.ai4ti6 p.domrc. D*nions virhin rh.
int rd€Fn&nt sct e on . nad. in diff.Mt prs of rhc o4u'3uon by individuals
*ith linitcd infmtion and paiehi.l obj.ctivB (Sinon t 962i Hall l9?6, MoEmft.
1935). R.rrdonships nsl<e conliscdy hlrd.t in ohlnAng condnions (tuhbv 1956i
Sreinbruna 1974) Bloolq ( I 9 9 I ) Lt li.vc thit '.nploy.c !.hlviour i s fundanenbl ol
corc Bles and enployees Hch on conlomiry in div.se opinions Senge, (1990)
sugge$ rhar consis&ncy 3i€3 m orginiation, . Sood louce of slabilitv ed tnn{
id.gration thli n i rest olcmon bindet .nd conroolty
27
50. Vrh.. & El'inply sdl. q ouEolG; vda .c . d@td ffi or whr n
iipondr wiiLout e *i!red.l comi6dt, cvcrrrlj!! n Ebdei y.lB f@6
!itc.ri@ .trd dcn4 3u.6 (D..1$d P.rctu4 1994). S.b.in (1988) ob@.d dri
'v.lu hn.n &B orguizrtio4 ud lhr r6b.a or.d moE int@ly .b.ut
.oe vrlrcs du odFF, dLtinsli.bins b.tw$ pi6t l .nd pdilh.d vnue. C@
nler e dmbl. diirsilion of u qsoi6tid'. Enduitr8 nctrod in pEducdon d
bd!d, rutcr li& ctrlc, r4hmlolic.l bsldrouSh Dd dgcn nr dtylc &rc rh.
t@w* of tb. @ Elu. (Collie d !., 1996), ltrl ct .i-, 0994) bclim ln.t
ncll o f (h. .qloy6 G Dr v dy w.ll .g& of r h. fimt vrlu6i hle, nil lo
.pt@irE .!E i6!o.!@. 6d idd.Mt rion oldE bu.in.s .dic! rnd @tu. Molt
of tlc do86 !.n<t !o .&pt lorgwity of tlE vdlq fd doins bBi6 Kott r .r .1.,
!9nt.
agt@t i! viva [e. follow.d by tL. lapL thFuidt lL. dgtniatio4
i! orla !o lid iodivid!.I F.t ilto n vboL, t6[i!i.8 p.n ol ln. idlontn
sn tcsi.r ofd. otgeialion. Co@MG ofopinion ud &hi.wmcnt of th. pl.nned
rsulr. i! .@ord.@ with thc d.6n d o.ldatio l gob k r.wd .s D tgcoc
E ortioi of or8eia!@ plu vith whoLh.{L<t c@Fnlion 6} ln. 6Plov.6 €n
E$x in h.tEr p.fom@ by th. orgaizrtio a . whol..
Coordb.do! lod Irt€gndor
(r*t!@ rd bEch (1986) dcfi&d inl.rntion !s. thc quurv or
colbhoEtior l!|r 4i!t edlg daPdib.nG to lchi.vc uirv of cfion tut G
28
51. Equircd ro .chi.v. uniry o f cfion by dE <lcnind of the .nvironm.ni . Cmdination
v6 coNideEd a d.id!8 ch{.ccdslic of fo@l olgdidlions (Brcilq 2003).
Cosequddy, i[c ilcory ha b.ooho 1o$ vi,ibl. $ tu pre@supatios h.ve b..n
Irken up by a nodcn, no& focu&d s.r of conlcnding lheori.. aboui oq.tuzalions
and envircMhrs (Pad8.n, 1992).
AdliN ct s1.. 0999) .!89.$ ln.r AdlpEbility i! rh. rbiliiy of dre mpany io
s dE cxt ml avieudi ard Fspord ro lh. .vcEhlnging n.cds of ns
cslotuc dd othd lti&.hokLE. CGtoM &tisfrodon t dD cor. rrlu. or my
€Feclivc otreianon. Ir b.b6 loploy€s io tftorc bold in p.rfommc or ihen
irdion lnd .doDi lc.!i!g bch.vior (ColliE .r .1., l99a; Nadlcr, 1998; Scnsc,
1990). cd.y & Ra (2()O l) hrv. cxp.ri.x.d drt f&tor lodinB ro .daphbility s in
inErin MW m6 p6fo!rt1'@ on $. rhon M. Ad.p[bilit it *ofn in cdtine
cba4., cutom f@B &d orgbiation lding. It h!. tnE feb. which ft
rtlibucr cEruS ch&9., cG@d fcui .!d orghiatiool lanin8.
C@d!g Ct.lge
W&l.wiclq W..Uad, and Fi$h 0974) sug8dr lhat chaq. had long
exisrdd, HMvd, ir w6 .xph.D*d ih.| fron of rhc rh@ri.s q.re philosophical
basinE rheir beliet.bou! d. chngo It is llso bclicvcd that silsnalion diminishes the
sroMh in lh. oB.niation rh.GfoE ch.n& tucc$iut ! adjusti4 eith tne
ervirMenlal nilicu fo( lnc oli-oliv.ne$ lnd vilbility of fte oBaniation cha4.
could ut€ pl.ce tuoug! @di4.iical p@ticos .nd physics. Ol thoe, naihematics
52. @hriq6 G.rl !o logicrl cir,g.. Sco.dly, it cd h. dMsb *l€tid ol tbup.
CultoE r Focu!
Ir lh. p@ft iDEtutirc lela c.dio, cod!|)@ h! .!M.d 0E ![tE of
. tiigi L.e, l!.n.h.ie i. ftagly ililding 6. oryEirdoDl rlieitis. ft.
.n of @.onic gowth h.s @licd in itua!.! vd.ty of podrction and
c@r.litid in $. urlt CoDi|mr hs r lot of v&i.ry b ch@s; tllEforq
@!n.t@r i! cot6tltiE of th. ctoie of lt ll.holdh.
O.grdzrdolrl L.mhg
A Leilg st l.B' n EquiEd !o i&ntit rd d.Elop th. critiql p@pl. !*ilk
ud te86 ro h.lp elllu.n dig@t,irh bui@$ tloriris- MilLr, (1996)
b.li.6 tb.t loding i! b...d upor &qunidon oflnorl.d&, dcwlolilEnl of.till
.dd .rplontion of lh. bl* dEt coNid.E ldins t s.d o4rniado. rs poEnt s uD
.Dd feug ln.n d.ci.bo &cddiid/ . h 6ll. for b inFn of boslcdl. !o @14
i .E l rd qr.dl iir* i, d. orgoiz.tio! (Fiol & Lyl6, lr85; Trips, 1997).
St.n (1989) bdi.q d.t org&izltion l lsmi4 !!cfo@ th. kmwLds. inro rhe
o4r!ir{i6t @E qp.bility, Orroiadd .ftcdrcE k d.p.nd.rt m i*
{!.bilily ro .!tly ldilg @vibm{i Such dgdiAtion mrins vi.bla in
chrging 6vioM.nt hd pcrfom b.n r. Th. d..iEd aulB can b. rchi.wd
lnousn hEwLdsqbL dplolG dhdilg io p Fctic6.
53. Missiou
olgdiariml gods dd std.sjc obj.ctivE hnv. bar .ldi6ed ud
cmrnicaEd ft .xprc! vilio!.s b hos rh. orSsn tion will l@t iD the tutu
(Conitu.r al., 1994; Mi 2bcqt 1987; 1994; H!m.l & P6halad, r99a). Mi$ion of
orsmizotion rmaiff pamount in lrog&6ivc or88ialioN, Focus or.ctivity by the
eliiF €1er4t cn eels iE rcG ft is, th.Elo*, dcdiable nrt mission of $e
oi8Fizarion is vivid, hishy dirccrion.l ind .nconpsscs all q$trds or an
d.gdizztion. h will, i! tun, ilfll@ 60 hsvrtioD rnd podlct dov.lopn ht
God! rd Obj.ctre.3
Cols .nt obj.div6 @ Iintcd lo rh. nission, aiston, .nd sraEg/, ad.quably
poyide4 e rtn @cry@. cd dEw Ef@d in th.n oM *trk (Mobley et al,
2005). oryeizti@'. so.L &n obi*tiB Ed lo b. !li@.d with its visim. PaopL
bkc * dd titulin 60o thoe obj@tivB od di*h|t3. dEir tunctions amordi.sly.
Ii giv* nid.woil loi .chi.v.ncrl AII o$.r dcpartn.nts in i& oqnniatio. hak.
adju6tncnt of lh.n wdt in tn fSht of Ssls Mdgcn.nt by obj.cliw is oomonly
pa@ived 6 plming pro@$, l.rding row.d! econplisnn nt of the pla$. It .le
covcs the leedback and inducing ohanst thcrcor.
Stntegic Dinctio! & Irt Dt
'Clee slELgic incnlio.s conv.y s orgsiztion s puQos. ud mdr. n cbr
6 io ho, cv.ryooc 6 @nFibulc tu lh. indsry" (Dcni$r. 2001).
Baun (1997) su&4t3 ilsi vi6ion on bc temcd as slBred values $at
o.gmizlion cond to followr. Ch.h (1992) b.li.vd lhd vision slan& wi$ the
3l
54. dgdizltion fiiriiy &d i$ nodc oi turctionn8 Il giv.s tutunsd. tpFoach
p.otL do.irc diEotid ftm n bo <ti!chr8! dFn tututio$ &mrdiqly. All
stiotr d6w pl.n, in comonrmc wirh rhar visioD, Lr{L$nip b4 cl.rr viribility
crpabiliq b l@k ahcad and povidc dirction lo lh. p.opl. lo novc foNa.d
Orya8lzatlo,t Ptfonarce
P?rfotu. mintglhdtr.miinscor erivity inhy orS.niarion rtht at
rhc ou&.t ol ir! at blnhh.Dt (W.iss & tt nL, 1998). Atl,inn .t or aood
p€rfomdF h6 b4r lnc co'm of ill nrrgcE in .ll !c!tndr! oi lhe oBoniation
Attenrion is prid to thc D4fooDe @s.h.!q to k4! lb. ol3e'ano! as
.f.criw ad @lr di.ncd. h trovide tlm diretio ro t k &cision od draw
plc (Do6a s!&Ld & Chow 2004). To N$DE tlE M.Lct sled, mrt r
dioillioo, incllilp@c g.@rior ed djs.Di$lion h|w ban $. rcy c@Doreds
io !riS, lhcn lcriyilr6 i! dE 6'l.r lt Pbvid6 visibilirt of hlpp.ni.g @und
'nd
$ggs Iffir b @in up-bn& win lll. mrk t.
Th.E *cE @n in linitaiions $ rcgdd to ih. ntrnber of defi.itions of
culturc, a few instdn.nts led to.vilu.lc lh. or$lianion.l cuiurc and
p.riomanc. Thert is r gEat .mPh0sis on rhs ouslomq locus h'( mainlv it i!
ftlatinS b th. inter$ income.
It ws rellired rhat orsrniatio6 ddopl.d introlcn b.haviolr. probablv on
a6ount oflh.t opcrdtioml connitncnB &d conid.nrhhv olrhon orgidianona
l2
55. policr, C!l$d of sleing infomtion sd stldying .ull@ of the organlz(ions srs
som*h* dbtinciirc by rhen mtw. It. aseh on cuhE *G ob*Md to b.
wring { l!r8.. Sm€ of rfie cganiz.tioB do,r.d hi.mhal lop ro .uthoi- dE
Ela of inlbn.tion tnMgn d.ir dplor*i A d.lib€nt cfo.t wa m.d. io
.lenLd. tn. @o5ltul of crx@ .d it3 implicdi@ in th. ors.ialion, Sine. .isnt
oraa.i4rion! vcF cho6m for the stldy &d a numbs ol n.l(k wcG to b. cvdw&d.
theEfon. ir *a quiE clmb€Mm. eritity ielf .r lne tim. oi.vllqadon ord.ra. a
nmba of iEB ed .!.n .ffdt3 16 to b. ddulr.d d divdificd podolio;
tt@fo(c thb 3cdy pccd dqMd of ltbdiou! Mik !ftd poEd tinc cdqmin9 In
Paristu. tn.c k h.rdly ey wo o orgoiari@l cultuF whth @!ld f&ili@ in
coopaFtiv. lNlysis. How.!.ri $cs. eqounEd difriouhies tnd r lot rnorc qeE
d.limir.d by !*ti odinlry efron to &.odplilh tha sune, Fp.rl,
33
56. CHAPTER 2
LITERATUR,E REVIEW AND MODf,L DEVELOPMENT
ReldaD! lircBtuE ws soloot d iiob vdlous books, ros..Fh .rriols in
di€eFnt tug.zins and jouals and .lo inlomlion .vailabl. dr some of rhe
wb6it s lbout Orseiatioml culu.. Th. leh .ngE6 Y.h@, C6rJc and MSN
wE e ftcliEly u lili*d for ace$ins rd.mt onlim
'wosh
j oumlr .nd book.
]rin sndy h.s povidcd rll po$ible ofcFnei undd the *leted sl or Bibliossphy
Fufiner, at rh. dd of lhe chipler, necclsry Endrotes hrw bod ptovidcdi dEftby,
li3rin8 an $. Gf.Fn€ in 6. s.qum. of th.i! use.
stimlEohb. (1965) belic*s orseialioh $ ! d of sr$lc si.l €l.tios,
&lib.Edy cgtcd vnn the qplicit inEnrior ol conlinuouly a@plkLi4 $G
sp*itrc go.l!. OiSiniatior G .n ssbly or coll4tion ofp.oplc working logether
fd eoof,pli hdt of a @@on s@1. It i! e 6!9 vnich ichi.v.s tne defiftd
objdiws 6bu3h asbblish.d p,@ md tbitu d. ulrinat d.siEd Esulrs
a shiShtaoN.td dMiptior is lhrt or8eizlim & !r8.t onft4
b.ud!ry-nrirtlinjns, dd sNilUy otultuci.d E€lqns of hunm rcrivitt (Ardricb,
l9?9).DescnttionoiorLantationrocusson l!. $cialpr@.$06,iNolv.di.tha
seh.st md p.Bist Ne of orsanianions (Aldnch, I 999) Son. d.fi nitions add oLer
qir.ri4 sh I d.lib.nE d*t4 6. cri.EE of ston6 stutoEs, panmed
@ddsbatiigt h.tl@ pulicipldts, otnnbno!
substitutabilig o f tcremcl (M.ador!, I 96t i Aldrich 1999 | Scon, I 998 )
57. orgdiatiod @ dE frDd.mbl building 6l@kr oaf,odh sictGs The
e ba.ic whjclo ih&lgn which colleliw lctim bkes plrc. (Aldnch. l9sc)
Ttrcwl orgmizrtios, p.ople pusuc acrivitied, tdo broad in scope, to be
&conpltuh.d by individuls o. fanili.s r.ri!8 ar then oM (Abnh.m$n, l99l).
Ncv.r6.la$, mu'G rEqrird io c6t@r or8liatioc be.n lbuldot vi6 rh.
dcrclopmltof . d@cy@rcmy rnd r b.3ptad o f lttDcy (SliEh@b., l96t).
fteF e thre tlTcs oforyanialio$ i.c. DrivaGaorpofil gov.mmcnt 8nd pnvate-
not-foeront orSsizlionr.
O4EianioB .lso n €d io brv. oppon ton t!€ dviom.!( €bttui
cdpoenl plrii hd w!!ds for rcbiav@l C!.sa 2004). Or3|ni4lion n..d to
have lne si.rcd vido! loi nrre tutuE, ! cultus which uledshe6 p.oplc s pohtial, rn
ins?iEd olisrcd s.nior amcenftt t .n which.cconpli.h reult, i.d l*d at all
l.v.L (Mm, 2000i In@, 2004)
Th. divilion of lahoq d rh. b..is of Dtiviii6 in orsDiatiod Llds to rcle
difeEDtirdoD ud spei.liation of turc1i6 (Ardich, 1999). In smll.t
orgdzdtions, rolc dillcrntiaiion - p€oplc fulfrlling dillercnt rcles in th. orSaniztion
nay inrclv. sinply a difiGEnoe b.ts6 | Lldd or a m8!r dd olhd nftb$
(Ar&ich, 1999). R.&!Eh6 inr€eig.t d ti. El.tion betw6 o.E.nizlioMl si- .nd
FL {n6.e ndd {CniB. lr?3; Aldrich, 1999) They tou.d th or3Miarion.l
Bowrh dm.nd! coordin.tio 0 cohEollhit is conv.nimt in lidplirystuctufi
such d cftrti.g n w luLlnic and divbions (Ald.jc I999)
Slinchcombc O96s) shr* thrt p.ople r@ tn o4tniation dEusn
ilspintim im fiv. disli,Ei 6c!ors. Tls irchd. .doFioo or nEmtiE ntrs ro
deul. n!. hst tul kilg pe.romod olhcflkq Oigrniati@ b oonsideEd as an
e$ective endry !o d..l wirh the od,Cs and invcar rh. requicd re$urccs Ir has disnncr
58. fatlc lld !.opL fEreuE to get th. thiqs dm. toD o€ejadoml platfom
ud build !p lh.i uniqM.s. P.ople in collaboEtiv. cffon cu acclnulac ftalrh,
Doer ed au0Fnticiry vithin rh. stulN of d o4ei.!rion. Oryonialion povid.s
dEn 3bgrh b 6ut r opposirio. &d blild !p d.t mjlltion b fa.c sishe.
Th.rc rE few vdi.blos which h.v. glaring clf.ct on thc fohrtrion anll
nudi@itrg of e orydizrtid. S*Gty b divid€d i!!o difrmr *3!rnE win E33d
ro I itacy. P op.r cdlc.tim h €one instuahl in forution of in or8rniation
ed st€nsdoning of the iDltitiliol Peoplc rcsidils in civiliad pds of th. ulban aro
Fovi& b.tEr cl.Mls id e or3si"rtiol *hich in M d.wlop! iE cip.bniry.
Conperitiwnc$, in tE n.rlct povid.s !D orportbity lo tn€ o4pnizrtion lo Ift
wic6 of !*jll.d p6pL, to cvdnrdly infl|l.e a cu3lomcr to cban8. hs loFlty
tolitical sctuio Plovidd.tr.liv. swpon tr the opportuE rih. It h6 t.n
*pqided thir coEp&tr*s oi smid eln n! if built pbpodv, prov'd6 r.surc.s
b .DpropdlEly m& 6. !6ds of llE olgunidd wh.6 a *..r tuctuc or
frbnc of tlc !@i.ry adecb $c olgadation advo6ely
cqldnd.d b€blvios .!d dclib.6L de$8rr of actietv svstens ale
distisrie fcliG, mkinS o4tDnjtid of n@ olhd oo[*tirc icrivilils, such $
fmili.s md stull rroupa (Aldric[ 1999) coopansots of.c$al outco6!! io d*iEd
b€eF b,rc . sut€tantial .ff..l on *h.lhd o4eiatiod continue a lin. of &lion or
ch.n€p it (Sino'! 1955). Sine Mny orsuatioDtl fods lra now inditutionalizd in
rh. mo&m 5di.ties, FopL isdily tuh !o dd or cstncr th'n when i bsk
cxc..ds 6.i ow! p.Mul lbiliri.s dd cou@s (Mettr .t .1 , l9?7; Aldric 1999)
o@nbtioc ne€d EeurcB lios lhen dlnond.nBr thev & suqed lo
diwe rrc.iuidi.s, .nd 4lmble !o dploilrti@ d .xt idl 6ntroli if rh'v d'p€nd
on oursides (Plcitre! et al , 1978).
59. Oqnni?atioc sh.o !h.n f@tuft of ecially confiucl.d bound.n.s wiih olh.r
tyF ofonedviG ( rdriclr 1999). Thc 6nuilldot ofs olgmi2rti6 inpli* .
distindion b.hrcd nd!d! .d non-dmbdq rhE, sonins oqanizatios oil iion
lhon cnrnoME ( w.bd, l9a1 Boun(hry-minbini.S pd6.s b @m. v isibh
on occ$io6 whd they e lcvwly r.!r.d (Aldrich, 1999) In soE. tneoics of
o4&iz!lioB, boudary-Dilt lle. imh'Ls sdpping aw.y or rtLr.ltins to cmlrol
!D$ .rpdE ol p.Mdl i.t ntity ud .x&dl comnidftnts ihat incrf@ witn
rdlior daisioD m'linr (Wcbcr, 1947; Sinon, 1976).
Orgdiztio$ b.w envig sy$cm3 for rconpliching *or*. vhicb 6n
iDclude pG.ssins Bv m.Lrisls, inlomtion, d peo!l!. Aouvi9 !y!t ms cmbl oi
bouded sb ol irhdepcld.tr1 ble b.hlvio$ $6 ol outi6 ind budl.s of
rctiviriB (N.hor i rd wirq 1 9t4 A ldric 1999), b dsc rhc inrd.le.d.rci.s
!r ofr.n continscnl upon tlE t.clDique u!.d (Thdpson. I 96 7)
Mey ouriG e itu-F&Ml, bul @y orhqs aquiE rhat hutlm shodd
inledot vnn non-humtr (..s , machho! dd otL! !nci.cb), .nd lno sndv of such
irtd.tio$ nd 3F*Ed s dhirc lil6.tuE on @lbolo6' dd rmvibon (coh.n
.r d., 1995i Thoh.s, 1994i zubofi, 1938, Aldriclr, I9r).
lalor (1993) .rgu6 rhrt siologiss have nor b.en oble to r.allv undeEtlnd
oBeialios b6@ tuch conplcx ui$ e m dun ia dc $h of lh.n hutrn
icnbis. Ii. .serr.d drt !h@ric6 nust llLc aeohl of peoPlc
'n
oisanstions'
inr@ring with mnpeopl.,3@h is pEducts dd |ahelqi6. Undd ft.n own
posoli lfubind onch &l *ilhout djshiblc hsan inlop.ntion lnd dt ftsulk.f
rh.n rctios co po$ @n!t inB to d. d&hi!6' noiiol ou6 (Aldlicn l999l
L!!or in dt. orgrniaints is pliccd in eodme wilh lf. naruG of wo.l
and skill possssd by Le indiidulls. lt cln be bmcd as .ig!t nan it fic nsht job
60. Sinildly o.geizdios vry in rt du. io d*n mte of irGtnal !'d bsin6s.
Oresizalior Etuctue i5 .ls difrqrirEd in nmy lom6 ald nbifcMtion
Compa.iso. of rhe Ebrion! witnin .nd outsidc lhc orlrliarion can bnnA about
ditr cnr Elult. DifeEnr pnctioes, followd ty dE hicrarchy, and .h.i! oncnbtion
in the olgeiatios, .ntlil difarouy in bndginE uifomity in dE culruol muhs
(Chil4 l9?3). Ii h.s bca fould rhlr orguiado@l go*'ln !.odus pobl.N of
coodimtion and control lh scnel. ltnpls al sidplirying shcturcs, such .s
cstils ne* suFuiE.Dd diyisioc (Aldric 1999). Such isu 6 only be
iorle@cd with !6oimt @tol st!.lu&r.
widr icw exoeption!, o!!&iation! arc ndt *lf-suflioi€nl T hiy musr, thu6.
d.Fnd on inl.eb:nc6 wid! th.n.nvi@dls for lncn slsiamm. (Al'tic[ 1999).
EnvibldnB irclu& Ehric.l rlen rts - infom.tion rnd orhe' f$uM6 - di@dy
li.d lo lhc acconplLnn nt of work, ed cultuEl or iDrtituidal .Lmonls rules,
mdasbndings, .rd ndin$ lbour oeeiztis - lhll @ ih,r.i ; dE vide'
soci.1y (M.yd ot al., 1983) ldly andpl! to th€ode .boul rclaltons b.Neen
ot8enadd &d drnl@cnts, atEdpt.d lo slliply d.tuie rhc hlo, &Dhin3
for l,xononi.s d Dgolosid ol.NisMdu (En ry !!d Triti, 1965) U.der rhe
inllmc. ol iNtituliondl .nd scial non'olk lh.orisE, wc ndw Eooslize lhet
orsrizrios e sfonsly lob€dd.d in dviomd6 .!d .nvi.tmdbl i! 1utr6
pm.rrat qsdiatim in nrny w!r5 (Alddch, 1999)
Tturc 6rc s
'hy
dctuitio6 of culluE as of l.id.6hP r hanagement
ryour.r, 2OO4). Thc Ahc.im Hdihs. Dicno.sv de6rc3 culluE at Th. tot lig of
,ocially Fanlnirbd t iotiout p"nuru, .ns, belieft, instihrtions, cDd all oLer
producs of nuMn ert md rnousl( cntoct€ridic of ! cohmunitv or populalon'
Bl@n & Sclhicg (1968) d.6re cultue as t @irl hcnbet tll ktro*ledg''
61. bcli.S, c$tom, .nd skils ln.l @ avrikbl. lo mnbcn of a sNiery. Tha grund rolll
of !I d. objet! idal' lorylcds., wryl of doing dinss! I8bitl, vilucs, lnd
tnin)d.a, whicn 4b gffido! h r si.ty Fls or io 0E .dt .r wh ln.
etuop.logid 8ft6 to 6 th! @lturc of a soup" OIo4 l9?2) Oc.n Hoficd.
donn d cuhrF 6 'UE oolloctiv. n.nlil Fogrffins of a people in an
avnoM.nt . His laLr d.6niid es'tultlrc is lhe elalive prognnmin8 of ilr
Eind which distingnisnB lhe ndb.r of otu gslp Aon arcthcl. Rob.n CiUi3
(2002) .xp'Bg lttt culirE is u .6@ri!l tlit or a siery, r hoM Fs.prion
*hich p.6ii! blt itt de;pdoD 16& thoouSh dclib.EtioN. Il *. b. 6bblish.<l
tnrcu8! cxn&rdinary etron by lhc piorpccrivc od pmnGing p.@1. in rhis fidd Ir
cncoordscs ft0ry ssl.s dd a nub.r of d.firjtions of these conepts aE po$ibl..
It EquiEs luoid .xpr$io., ynn oorc.rild .ifolt fiowve!, b ditrslnt socicti.s, is
qpEsid ha ben ud€ Blier @nplq. I! f&l cule is a d.picrion of orc&lf rnd
ofth. .nrity, . p.M. is wortiq wirh.lr i mbd6 .wrlrhi4 in us lnd cov.d lll
4Fcrt onc oxpcrt.rc.s dd prn@ o*'s lifc to l.id in r panicuhr w.y. CulNrc
3iap.s up .rch ed ewry pin of rh. rcrivity, .v6 of o rrivial @tuF, On 's oM
pc@ptions lbout cdtuG af*l oednialion in the @e nlm.r a! one pcrfoms
tunction in tnc cmtxl ofotu s duri6. Smicty w6 th€ culbr and dcpicts iilclf in
tb. .|m ,l.er 6 ir pBcli$s ils M @Dmic, Dolidql, and saill lif.. Culturc is
mb.dd.d iI ou bEi! dd di.tingujsh*I ftm oi[m. h ; peiscly a thah in
wbich r p.6on p.rfoos his @le. CultoEs .xist al Fuliiple le*k in . soci.r) Ttc)
can bc rcgioml, Etidtul, s@i.tali .dui!, orgrniational, or of . 8!oup lor
individurb, va.iou l.vcls oi cultuE GlboltuEd cd Esult in coinicl if thoir noms
connid (Youtcr, 2004). Robbitu (1989) d.e.ib* L!. cultrE of an organianioD !s
lcrrodi.€ . nDbe! of imtioro wit$n dE osaizition *bich
'rcl!d.s
&finins
62. oryeiztiorul bou ds wiil r$D@t ro oS.N, slflc$ comident, ci.l
.omdivily w iihin th. dsdi?"tid .!d d4crid fd chls.llins b.nlviu oflhc
Horsttd. 099?) in nis fanous IBM-t&d Esaeh, in no€ dun finy
couEies, idcDtiicd 6rc cb!6cteristh! ofElion l cultlc:
Pov.r Dtrr!c.: hicfthicll dis:ran@ h€M€d bo$ .nd subordnu&.
Ulc.n.htr Ayoid.n.e dc!n. !o conEol tho futurc, common h
r.ditioMl & .uthdiblie @idi6.
Ildlvtdu.ltrb: rhc opp.6itc ofcolldtivim ud qMd.n ftnil,.
Achtd.ftnt O.idtrdo!: ooMooGd to dbirio& d.siF ro lohFw vs
feusin8 on inbaeeul Eloliomhips,
OlgeiatioDr o F6te in d ifi.mt pl!cm6, p.rfm tunctiom ed pi.cn€si
ineEfoE, tn.y will obvidGly dcmonltralo varying nod.l! O Rcillt & Chartun
(1996) dcinc olglniatioml cultuE $ sha&d v.lu.s lhat hfom or8aniatoul
. ting t.rD orielrtnor v.rru rhort tern ori. rtlo!
Sei.ry ha tllE lel-s, tMaly: v!lc, b€lic6 rld noms *hi.h glue rhc
losily systcn iD lhc reiety. ft eEais did.nt in all th.!. sep.cts and requirs
dftian .. ON c.n caaluate 6lo how vlluod, mms ald bclicfs $e wryq in tnc
orgdizatim *lich dilnn3unh ! particulu anny fron uolhq, in pcrfonarce of il5
nlrdioD It @y, ho@, bc .pD@i.Ed ri|t sh bddr ceb diffi.drics for
imo4or.tio! of ct lso i! 6c tnditioul prudcF i! | 3ocica in eenebr and
pdicularly in .n orginiation. It E!.rds !o*4h if slued wi$ orlhodox praclios.
Dn$i4 owr th. pnctiG in hgD. ulilizrtio. of Es@s in cfficicnl hdEr
irclud;'g hllD coue ud capibl s.rs .dE@ly .fidt n (Ydkr, 2004).
63. bdbds stour low to bchvc ipProDridcly, Thoud s6e Es.mhcs hav.
qu.srimd ho{ *ll snolg cultud inpov? bottom-lir. p.rforurce Satrold ( 1988).
A hosl of slidr .rdpLr {rrnour.ra hd o4lnnlio6 attln sbregic advreg.s
lboSh shng curtu (couiE cr .1., 1994i cddon ct .l, 192; o Rrilly .t il.,
2000; Boi$id d al , 200?).
A wel .sLblish.d cultls in o o4rni4lion tmsnits r cetuin l.v.l of
sllbiliry in ptuiic.s rnd hlus, Ir dislhF lrEnBn of !D orsa ation. Pefomancc
onented stadires wil codin@ ro bring b.i.r rnnts for rhe o4inizrion wh@a
domnt and low perfomq orAanization will law negatiw eifecb oi the
oremization. Derpn ot d, (1995) fosd dEr lhtlbility kaib such a. i fimk
n$ion, asbbncy, ald nomativ. inEsltim, wcr. Eloted ro its prcfirability.
soItllh (2002) 6und tlut dsintrtioE wirh rtma.r crltucs seE mo€l clf@tivt
wb.t di.ir driom@ts t!w@d .xtloiting, d 6nly deurirs disli4 objdircs,
ui4 aieing olgdianioul tbwl.ft! ed.pp@h.., 6thd {u!.xplodn3, or
di&oEntrg ud dewloDirs w objetiB sd udng nd rpltr@16.
Aeordiry to G!8liadi (1986) orgioaiior!, followiq s[on8 cDllur., will
faoe difaroulry in inEodlciry chd8c in dE !y6tcd .r.n n .rn be fo! lh. betrem.
and go"d ofltesystem. M.nbcc aio g6@lly lo.p1ioal in revihliztion o f lhe
pmoncos. In particuld, boadly &c.pLd v.luo ar. dillioult to be Epl.ced; the€foft.
sc!rc. chaqe is injected witn rh.euSh communic.tion at all lclch, by carrying
p@Dl.
'long
with drd. ltt esistaM linit3 dc nnge of Fmisible rolue ch.ngcs
to 6G lblt e @p.lible vnn .xi4ing @E
'duct
ThU!' den wha slrona clloE
orsdiatioa 6 bccfit toa ch.n!$ th.r EquiE noditilg then coc valc,
etisdr tunbds tuy pr.v..r slch chq8p fim Mudir8 (Bonnid et,l., 2002).
wiltiN dd Onchi (1983) sugg.st d thr| stronS cultls m be ldaptw, bu! cdol
64. vitlst rd ndical cnDSo th.i di@dy ch!U.n8c th€n bqic $.mpdos. P.qeiiws
su8g6t dot fms wnn tun8a dldrs hB ! b.b chmc io miein u. @@ b{r
rh,l rDnovalim pos I najor oiallmgo (e,s., N.n & & Sh*, 1989i Sl!w.
Sand. ud., & Duito!, l98l; Boi$iq a.1., 2002)
In.n ollsiatio4 p.ople follow both 6E cultur a kll rs its p.liphelal
Ho$crcr, conflidilg vtluc e E@nlly Gisi.d or dierd.d Enplor€. @ inu6
lo pr&tisc pqiphedl vd!.s to some .xldrr s it is rct opporiq to the min pRcric.s.
Ho4vd, identity of e trseizalion Evolve @und lollowing ol coE v.lu.si
SftcultoE d.nodtltas Gm irr ft.tuE of. sd of $!:!i.d noms $d b.liefs.
Il des rct h.v. fomll fomulaiion mrh.r oovcN m amy of .ctivities suftundcd by
lle .o@ b.ing tscli&d in th. r@i.ty (Irie er !1., 1993). subculM tu
$b$4uddy stasli.n ih. diiiDg cultlE islEll of l.pl&ilg lh€ €nsfBs cul@.
Il ffi.s s an otrsnoor lrd remins supporliv. of tne onsiml cuuuft (Boihicr & er
ar., 2002). ft G hoq.vq, dusble io
'tistirguisL
culturc in pncti€ rd ir, olter
M&tin €t d., 098, din r i.l.d vitdry r!. l..din! oulr{at sp.ck a.d
wirtior! including ilE wly ir rficb irs ltpnval by rhc sdi.ry IncotDohring rne
nonoN of pihlll ant taiph.El v.luB -ilh rhis subculM gpolog)| h*.s ir
po$ibl. to oosidd how slboultuEs m oxisr id d dgdizrtioq rithour d.ractins
froo tlc st€ngd of lhe pvcrall culrrE. Mdb6 following subcdr@ hold f6r to
govcnin8 orydtalioMl cdntE wl@s.M mE pa$iorbly rb.r do n.nbc6 of
tho Est or lb. orSrnizrtion, Tney aeE. and hc.d about botn irdan.it l and
nrrSilll vatues, 6tddy with tnc kgd orSaniation's hub hlues. Cdhirncnl 10
cllEE di$inguish6 Ftopl. iln dE orc who pBclies ils ofGhoot or the coR
65. der.fd., Fopl. adn@ b owMh.lning D6tic6, rin.lly, ndb.6 of r
eunt rcultur. dtur8@ wil]l tlo @E v.hos ofln. doniMnt oulturc aI{l hold vrlu.B
tntt dtetly @nnid wil)l coF frAsnrioDl ldra Count EulluE memh.B hold
v.h.r tht conlicr sin ?ivotil dgdi4iioDl vdu€s dd c{, thftfoc. lneian rk
slEnglh of thc ovctubin! cul$E. Eowo!, disionion in adoplion ol coE and
plnph.El vatu6 dirscr the fu.tion b $m. €xtent .nd comnihent of th.
.bDlo,€s to ! panicule l.€1.
Daisor intoduc.d hj! om no&l for DeaEl8 o4&izatiofrl cuhr& rnd
shift tneEin. H€ inEoduc.d $. mmQr of &llowi4 ind.p.ndcni cultuml van6bL.3
dd $b wi.bles th.l m rfrat d o4oiation's p.rfofrrE, ircludi4 ic Mision
cohtrising €le!d$ su.h s Goal, VtioD rnd SBt gi. DiEction The econd
Ii needs to bo $d.s!ood iha! co qlucs @ tied to .n olsaniation's and it
n.nbe6' identitica; 0Ey are qniF dificult lo chlnsc wilhout rubst nliol GilEncc
(..&, a$forrh & M&1, 1939; Dtrtton & Dulaic r99r; G.glisrti, 1936).
bten boD @on8 tlE mploy..3 duing cols of @rt in difftnr ecrions
sDd deparlndrs Eales ti.n io focs on rh. coE value wtich wiu bird rhcm in one
bpc $d st@glh.n th.n cmjt$ni I will h.moniz dEn bL aid cdgcnda
.fr.criE ddiutid bw.rds @o ow (CnltDo & Ch, 2002). I rch.ins
candi<l ftot ln.t Friphcal paotiees will oontinrc io b. follow.d in p.nllel ro rh. coE
!8lu.s 4 suppodiv. clemenb. rn sm. cr$5, sfuUcr gbup! aE .$ociarcd wirh
b.ing shbgiduy !rd(.n4 in@foE, ml drslenig (..S., Oltunic & Ei*.hrrn!
20Ol). Ind€e4 @c o4eiatios inE i@lly k.p subuits
'mll
in orda ro
inuldte imoErioD (tulhmn & O'Rcilly, 1990. Adoption of soall culure for irs
ulcfuln.s wiu ukc plt& upon ovwh.lmins d.mnd! lbm rojoity oi th.
.nploys for l!. b.sr inl.en ol.b. o4xiziid
66. vdi.blo is Involvdml thal bls clcm6$ likc EmpoM.nr, Tem On.notion r.d
Cap.biliq/ Dcvelopndt. Thtd indcx ol D.nison culture is Consnt.n.y
.ncmpdsidg v.ls. Ag@ dd C@rdidtion dd Inqnnon. Yel lnolh.i
ldlx ofcuhF is Ad,ptability, which hs iE.ld.ot Curond F@!s, ce1'rs
Cht& md Ors@iatioDrl t nin&
ClhG do chasc win tha !.rrr oldnc. RobbiN (1989) sug€Eete cigll
.pp@h.s to cn@sils orsoizti.ld culhEs FiEtly, top @gdan b.coo.!
sL nodcls for new cultuE. Thk l.ddq in th. oreEiztion biffhy his ston!
innuhces in the fomation dd con6ist noy ol {& oultue adopred by the n.mb.G of
lhc otgoiation. Seondly, it qat s now stolics, synbols, and noak. cultu6l
chans! not only irdrce cmetion in $. .xiiting vrhcs .nd nom but also bccoD.s
evidhl b lhc Eiewlt u& ol nft. Dcplrnle ifon th. Faaldt noms my eithd h.
cdpLt or pdid which h4 3i8ni6sr inpqct oq 6e ryrbn; lhcafoE, Dcopl. 8.t
to tsw abour ih. cbtugc. Tbirdl, sledon, p.oForion, and suppontng of $osa
dplolq wto esror lne e* rlu6, b6on6 .grial. Sind deptu fton th.
pr.v .nt h.li.f l€miN quit. dmddn8, smh lctivity reeds b bc tlo@ed
wholoh.lrt dly h my, howevd, b. norcd th.r p.opl. bkiu up rie activiry d.d.nd
ftcouagmenrand tu€sary suppon in rcconplishnht oltlen phns Founhly,
locirliation procdes nc.& to b. G&sign.d to iligl widr the ne* valucs. Thu., ir
bccors inpeFtiw dDi sy6cd bcing .ff..cd by th. ncw ch.!g€ is pEpftn in I
dN.r dat ii Eadily lcc.fls thc oh.!B.. R6i!!m .nd irs fallouts d .dd€sd ar
rpFopdae l*l e lhrt lh. ch.!g. p.E! wly for li. nftl etion ed iti $bsqlanr
continlily Finhlr rhe dftd syscm ll.! b b. chDaed to suPpon $. ne* varu.s:
b.sid.q irmtivB ald acouaglod! which i&nil.G $e succ*irc che8., .E
Equir.d 10 b. siva di€ dftntion. I! tlc aan€ cont xt ll€ ..xt .lement of th.
67. Robbin phnosophy i5 !o Eple. unqin@ em eilh lolml ru16 and reglllalions
dlly .nforccd. W!i@. ,@dlc Dd ro16 oG plac€d in rh. q€t m fd a.1ft6.
do ficilihtc in giling the Ulr@l&d t€16 b.Lr Draolicc. This pd.$
coffolid,t s th. prc!.nt h.lief in a lomalizod mmer, Yet dothcr .l.nenl or ch0ng.
is lo sh.k up rh. cuftnt subcnltes by hnsfeE md Gdinrtio$. Ih.* beasurcs
will cFL $ndh{ tulnle@ ud *rv6 in in stlEn bur 6d chosc
pnaobmnis to t inpld@&d in a 6mnmd,Lady,per8ro!pcoN.nsus
thrcush cnDldy.6' pdicipation nccd6 ro b. .nrurd. In f&l ro.m wolk and joinr
.6od ficint b in 6pid lcqunition oi ih. d.sir.d EspoN.i lhcEfon, conbincd
strg3tr ha ro h. pur i! phc io d..l wilh $. nd cblns. b.i4 indnced i! thc
Cultlrc is al$ Eded a a guid. for conho. i.d fundim.nbl b.li.fs that
sanbd of an oreadiatior s ! whola ldopr md mkc us. ol for blvin8 $cn
pobl.tr. Th* pr&ti6 e scmlly h LsnioD in D.rticuhr s.sDmb or th.
r@i.t, ln*foE, it b.cohes 6ier for tbo p.ople io oonwliddy find out sol ioB
for thct pbblcn!. Similarly, $* pr&tice e taurht b $. n wcoheE, which
b.coG thcn ditlc of vort and paircn of r[adilg difEulli.s dudns Le coue ot
th.n eqr F fo!!rc. IIditu & SioL6 (19t2) cocid.r cultu a b.ing
distinglih.d by thc rhd etivitics lik po@r, ichi.M.nc, support and rolc
pdroned by &. icnboF olde ol8anialim.
h tu b. ttsuh.d tnal oqanizltiodl cultu is r En cion oithe body'
slNc1l€ of e orrini4tim. Th? tEir ol lh. cultuc @ prn of ${ nncuie. ft can
b. diffiolt to cxrl.in d rin6, bur lh. orc who lools at tlE o4roiarion iion rh.t
lngl€ ce 6ily lde lne FmleDi culru&, A! oqeniz.tion imbu€d *ilh lhc
pof6ioml sr &d bDwledge, will !or@y th. suc in ib dc.d and tction Ir 6
68. p@iely lite lh. l@liq {ur @ gcrs whilc .v.lur'og tb. p.6@lity of d
Cultw !lrt6 pivotd sla i! dianfs. ol lha turctioE of rn o4.niarion.
Whravd pBcric.s e adQGd by d. hplo'@s i! o olgrniarion dbe !e $
mch Srilled dDl {oh m of rhan udeatcnd 6 b l$w will ir bcrr fixn .nd how all
d-ition in lie;ryotatid will bc tdcd oD lno$ lifts (sDncicl 1985). Fos!
Mm, Louis, Lutb.rg & M&tia (1935)..s@ oultuE s symbolism for $c psple,
.nd in!.9lelrtion oa id6 auncd by 0E p.opL th€reIv6 living in a grcup. As d
output, .fircb e rcticabl. on e.broloSi6 used, st$r€sies adopted &d quality of
p6dEt sldud in t!. dBdi2.rior
Alwson, (2002) is of rhe vicw rhrt odtuc i! a syntolic exp.e$ion ol a
@Uollirc umo@ios, b€h.viouil pslcB Dd stsutunl pati.m iD lbe o'sdizrion.
Rodrigu.s a Cofi@n, 1995) suggeEr {Dr olsmiarion cultuE is nol only .ynbolc
or c@Fnlid but ol$ EneE annnq ubislity od @nhdictior vi.hid rb.
o4iniaiion OrSr.iatioMl culrure phys crucial iolo onc. chang. is being induccd
Dln orglnizti@ 6 ii beom €fldriE of irs qislcM.
Schein (1992) oph.d nbi whilc .rninins oulttr , it casot b. int.arccd in
it' atirty. It ir srmb.[c .!d clinic.l .!f'q.n ft ir fg .d rLr c!l@ for tDfi!
onenkd orgdidrion is difi.rcnr fron a cultue in {E hospilrl or a univ.siry
Culb6 i! Ine orrDtdio! 6 t€ &$rit <l by viawins dE w.y p@ple dt!$ it
of6c.s ald d .quipp.d wid rh. oudl! - Inrclwrcnl, Buildins humn capability,
omc6hipadE osibilily.
OqanizrnoMl clltuFs, cha@t nz.d as "hiEhly involved", stFngiy
enoMaa .6ploy&i idolHeni ud of oMc*hip ed
€AoNibilin/. Thcy Fly on infmil, rclunliry dd impli.d oontol syst hs, 6rhet
69. $rn foml. cxplicit md bur.rucEdc conrrol srslcns. Out oilhis qe or owne6hD
8ws r gdr.r comih.nr ro ilE o4inttrton ud s i@$d {Plcity for
.uionomy. R€oivins inpul toh orgaizdlion ndbcc itur@s tno qulity of lhc
dcisis aftl irplMs rt i. ihpl.mndo (c.s., coltl..d K!!n 2001, Lldd 1999,
Prxton 1999,lutu 2000,.nd wuthnow 1993). R.Lv! lit@toE on rhc subjcd
ha b.d gE.tly .uicned by !tudi$ of plniculd hi$oliol m (..8., Sk@Fl, .t !1.,
199), elat d coll:!reili.s (..s. llrjr 1999), rp*ifi.d dgaizatiom (CEwfotd.M
r,vifr 1999) lnd sp.cial population sroupinss (ee., wurhnor 1999, Smith l9tt)
Amording !o SpFiE r .r .1., (2005) enpo@t ir lh. b6is or 3haring deision-
m.kjls pow4 yin th..nployees, llk initialive, shun doman! dind nam€ and
.(bak npon ! cfth fd lorciiy. B.r! (.t al., 1935; Ktur, 1979; MccLlldd,
l9?t) cdclu&d d.r empd@mt n nDdmatil ro sood :rus.mal pEri..r
.nd erficimy of !n or8.niatiotr. It &ciliLt s in dev.loping eordi$rion,
@n6iv.rB lrxl .nsad.6 4n eLlioidip !m.s .|.'Mts of th. oqdization. Ir
pbv1des opponuntty lo .mploy*6 io dischdg. ftn tunotims wilh c.$ .nd cmfotr
lEliulim d. tuleq @. ed p.ncEcd b€tayiou rhrr try d 6ry mt l|kc
In pEsl s.eio of perfotlme oricnr.tion, ilbercn.s.sential thar
'll
rcSnerts ot o€diziid !€ cfclircly unliz.d o.rl willing @Darion G $!ght
ion Le dploy.os. Enpowtuent pkyt sienific.nl ole in rhc achi*enert of
P.rro@ objdtiE It .@nF5s Elf Elj@, E pet b ulG, dhnity and
cx.Eie or rr.c will in dcr.mimtion of locio+ultunl mili.u
Sp.cr.( 0936) bcli.v.s rlr.otlorre h.vir8 deilion m*ins Fovision ct
woll r. comjtr.d, &U-.ciuali44 eii!ficd ind diQlay b.thr p.rfmanc.
Slc ik work dvnomcnl will redu@ disciplim c4s lrd ifttioMl .ttitude lowldj
70. work ud lhe orgdisalion its.lt Otuc a luPdid shd.! his pMF rin nis
sub.ldists, tie ors.niz.tion .tr4liv.n !s iEFoq subst irly (Tsnnmbrm,
1963). Modm ms.scnt ptutis ar. rhif.ins.nPhdis ton c..llalized cmkol
ro .npowm€nt 6r .pprcplislo ti!i, w hich i ! d.rcloping ptriicip.tivc F an.gm.
(Congei & (anu8o, 1988) Congpr ct 6l , 0988) aie of ih. vi.w lhll ebpow.menl
i! istu ntal in cE ing notivrtioDl corotuct !!d building of . soc€stul
orcsn3tior U!&r ttis aftn&tunt p@oMl .fficictuy a .nhanced ind p.opl.
baonc ls.ftI ncnb.s of inlomil 3od ofdgfiiano.
Ddi$n (200s) vi.w, comp.tiliw dctun& for loret cosn bider
Frfo@, rnd noe l.xibility, orSpi6li6 trt incEsins)y M.d 10
dplolEs dpo*.mDt to .n!.Da lhcn !.r&M.. Kloi R.lls, Sntth lr:lor
& Doushs, (1998) lugg.d dEr .opofttMl pneiplc! e .dop{.d b €norc
disti!frcrion, pd quli9 of wort rnd tutuq.
Bom et .l, (1995) bclia th .nF6ing p@ris oll@ dDloFs to
it€cid. d rhei ou ho* dEy will @Er frcn . si@ pobld and $rPri* d-
delight cBrond by.xc..ding 6.ir c rDet|tioE nlha tnln miti4 fot .Ppovtr
non o sup.wiM. SpEirz.r .r .1., (2005) hlvo .udi.d dpow.m.tr thrcqh social-
stucn!, FnpetiE, Drltnobgiql p.nlenw ind diiical pdsFctiva lt N
beli*ed rhat mpoe.m.nl provid.! . *dy of .tlndine 9eop1. to*rds .h.nge
besue th.y iav. oqr$hip in rh. chrn8. pbccs
It is a capability .nd ciPacity of doinS cenain things li includes poEntEl and
knowl€de. ro cnnmc. Frloman@ of.n orslniation ed bring i
only maintailing rhe non ntus but also improving it nrn.!e! In th. lon8 on' lt
brilgs this into tno boP ol8lo!.1 conp.iitio, ltd @ononic .muoce (Bhckwood,
Brr{oll Memtt, 2006) Otguianion qn ProlF$ sp.ldilv with proficienDv, p'EntB]
71. and oontinuols inpsvenmi (Matniprat4rn 1988). l.ming .nvionhdt ooves
ominn*d@al @mliition io reL lt bd!e! ihpD6c.t in .ltiNdc
'd
lppb&h loq.ds lh.i! 63igdd r.r*s. !d short Lm pbj.ct lkill c.n be inprovcd
rhlo!8b .4M to . .b.n n ilirg ..rivity, ybda! for htlly *jlLd rd lona rm
obi.ctive, the employ.cs h.vc to h€ qp@d to a long period of tGinins Skillcan
de b. iDlbvld bt id?artir8 @job-[|i!i!& It n ihpdarivc lnri righr p6plc for
tle light job and At ln€ dsht mtuit ir a h€Uturk of rhe huun rcsourc.
b.d8cMt Hiah Fofir. dsuiz.rion de.yr ii oidrtul of howlcd!. br&n
dployc6. ol8ui4rioD lerr E5r .tor hirine, athq tn€y coDrinu€ ro brins up rhcir
sLldlrd dd €!.bilib,lholSh cllslM E jri.g s *.n s info@l avitmanl.
l-ry1itun, Rose rd Ym (2002) surs€sr impaninc hy?6-Lamins in bdry! h}}e!
c.o!.hrion c diF@dr whicn idudo c@Ut@ lmils dous! bbld bascd
expdu.i lu$c<l in tllowLdSc atrd bdlt in acquiBition of rnowlcdgc S.h.uFr
(2005) b.li.B rhr c'pdblc !€pt hrils id.|lc.tld apibr which ir d er b my
olEaianim fdr ils gro*1h and pospdity. Or$hiarios hsve vrrying .pp6rch
iouftb r[6 sbll d.rclopndr &d p@lirg !p rb. lc.med rqrn in dE dg. iaiid.
Eowevq, pdd{ d.yslopDoDt coue6 & iEpdild msinal inporL@ lnd feus
lwis lte or oFbinty .d! slil d.wlopnat. Son oI rbc oqoiz.ritu crcd
conduct i9p<iFship trainin! dnd lhc.nploy.cs .ft pEpaicd on tor! r.m basi!
3!d .fion L m& t @i .ir 0&!L h i! .Dti&ly d.Fnddr d dE oud@k of rhc
MMgdal to !&r8€ tlo .splo'€' comibn nt for skill dd@.monl md
mid.in vigil tor ftnlc@ of knowled!. (KiBgdw. md wrt! 1999). ProducrMr].
in an slrq can a<hu@ *itn th. nodm lnoql.dg. of ti. sysien and ir
6hclioni4- To &ni.rc d.!. objotiv.q l@iDg culture ,!d doprion of tn. $n.
by rhc.mplolss potu@ gaintul l@ll' Supponive aprEeh oi tne dgllMtioi.
72. povisionof lcimingoptiNrorhchploy@! .ncoungdentof th.crp.bl.p.r$ns
dd cdatirc .hlution pI(B eubls thc apabL srs&n Kit g.M lnd Wln
(1999) .4q.d lbn individ!.I cr@lo'6 hirc 6. prim{y closibrlity for hrdging
th.n oM d.volopG.! Lmiig, wirh ta rctirc supporr, iDvol@cnt of thcir
naugcs, rcvicwing thei! o m s till, b lilding plss witn t h€i. mn.8.$, obhini.s
cobprny .nd6.6cnt for .knk devdoptunt nlrtd qpendi@6. It k inp.iEtivc for
tbo orguizrtioB tIr rhey Fovi& skjl buil,ai!8 opporbi.ier fd mDloy*! to plug
6y arps bdcn dploy*s rhlls .nd k@vL(|8c they Ed ro do dEn jobB h is r
loom I&r lh.r | *.unmb9€d $d lif.lds lamins @|tu rd!6 borh individul
cmploy.6 .nd rh. coopey, on ! sM.stul cousc to pogF$ in turue
At thc olldet i is mud.tory to diBringuth botwoon a wort goup ind . t i6
Oec s individul is di.cb..gi.g his ontueLd bL and bslq he is calcgoo of ! wort
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![ORGANIZATIONAL CI]LTIJRE AND ITS
IMPACT ON ORGA}{IZATIONAL
PERJORMANCE
Mubsmmsd Aslam Khatr
NATIONAL L.NTWRSITY OF MODERN LANCUAGES
ISLAMABAD
Sep!.Db.r,2008
Mulm.d .tl.D Xn.d 200E](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ocinpakistan-150301085957-conversion-gate01/85/Oc-in-pakistan-1-320.jpg)
