tree improvement aspects of teak

1. An assignment on tree
improvement
aspectS of
tectona grandis
S.S.R TRIPATHY(19Fo/12)
ASHUTOSA PATTANAYAK(20Fo/12)

2. content
 INTRODUCTION
 TAXONOMY & CHROMOSOME NO
 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
 DISTRIBUTION
 CLIMATE
 SOIL
 PHENOLOGY
 SILVICULTURAL CHARACTER
 REGENERATION
 TEAK IMPROVEMENT IN INDIA
 SPA , PLUS TREE SELECTION, PROVINANCE
TRAILS,SEED ORCHAD
 VEGITATIVE PROPAGATION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

3.  Teak is considered as the king of timber. It is a large
deciduous tree up to 30m high and 100cm or more dbh.
 Bole is usually long straight cylindrical up to 2/3
of the height of the tree and standy
quadrangular branches.
 Leaves are large , opposite , rarely alternate ,
broadly elliptic.
 Fruit is hard , spherical , brownish.
 Young leaves are red due to red cell sap in the
epiderm.

4. TAXONOMY:
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Order: Lamiales
• Family: Verbenaceae
• Genus: Tectona
• Species: grandis
• Botnacial Name: Tectona grandis

5. Chromosome no:-
2n= 36

6. Economic Importance:
• Wood very durable, resistant to fungi. Used for poles,
beams, trusses, columns, roofs, doors, window frames,
flooring, planking, panelling, and staircases, and other
constructional work.
• One of the best timbers for furniture and cabinet-
making, wagon and railway carriages.
• Teak is popular in marine constructions and is a class
by itself for boat- and ship building, particularly for
decking.
• Wood waste in the form of wood- shavings and sawdust
is used for chip-boards, fibreboards, and plastic boards.
• Flowers used in biliousness, bronchitis, and urinary
discharges.
• Root bark used for colouring matting.

7. • It is mostly found in Southern part of India.
 also found in India , Burma , Thailand , Indonesia .
In India prominently seen In Kerala , A.P ,
Karnataka , MP , Rajasthan teak is mostly found.
• In Odisha mostly in Bolangir, Anugul, Baragarh,
Kalahandi Teak is found.
Distribution:-
Native to India, Myanmar (Burma), and
Thailand

8.  Teak occurs in monsoon climate.
 The mean annual temperature ranges between
21c to 28c with absolutely min temp of 2c and
absolutely max temp of about 45c.
 The max shade temp up to 48c. In India
Peninsula the max shade temp vary between 39-
43c.the min bet 13-17c.
 Frost is unknown throughout its distribution
except of slight frost in some areas.

9. Soil:-
I. Teak grows on a variety of geological
formation and notably trap , lime stone ,
granite , sandstone , quartzite clay.
II. The soil should not be below 6.0pH and
beyond 8.5 ph.
III. It grows well in well drained and well
ventilated soil.
IV. It avoids stiff clayey soils like black cotton
soil and flat alluvial ground .it does not like
waterlogging or swampy soil.

10. Phenology:-
New folliage appears
in May. It flowers
From June to August ,
September.
.
Shed its leaves in Nov- Dec and continuous up to January
in the dry and hot situation .In moist situation shedding
goes on March.
In southern part of Tamilnadu flowers are seen in Dec-Jan
and fruits ripen in April-May.The tree seeds every year

11. Silvicultural character:-
 Teak is a strong light demander. Seedling
require an intensity of light to the over 90%.
 It is sensitive to frost and drought.
 It is a strong coppice.
 It suffers from wind damage.

12. REGENERATION
NATURAL
• Natural Regeneration is
occurred naturally. It is
occurred by – Seed .
ARTIFICIAL
• First it was started at
Nilambur in 1842.3 steps
should be done for A.R.
Seed collection
and storage.
Seed
requirement
Presowing
treratment.

13. DIFFERENT PRESOWING
TREATMENT

14. Vegetative propagation:-
• Plantlets derived through tissue culture have
been field planted to test their performance
as compared to seedlings.
• Early growth data from these trials indicate
that tissue cultured plants produced from old
trees have better growth than the open-
pollinated seedlings from the same trees.
Although, this result seems logical, it needs
verification.

15. 1993:Development of efficient methods for mass propagating true-to-
type rooted cuttings or tissue culture selected teak trees of any age

16.  Grafting:
- TEAK can be easily propagated through bud and cleft grafting. Successful
bud grafting of teak depends on the age of the bud donor.
- Bud grafting at 20-50 years age can give 70% success, whereas trees of 50
years age and over have a take of about 60%.
- Trials at the Forest Research Institute, Bogor, showed an 80% success, which
indicates that a large-scale bud grafting programme is possible.
- Cleft grafting is also promising which concludes that bud and cleft grafting
can be recommended for establishing a teak clonal seed orchard.
STAGES OF Tissue culture:
• Selection of superior clone
• collection of young branches and shoots
• Introduction of Explants for in vitro culture,
• Shoot development from explants, Elongation and
Rooting stage,
• Multiplication of plantlets

17. Stages in tissue culture Development of Teak

18. CLONAL MASS MICROPROPAGATION OF TEAK

19. Fromshootnodes

20. Meristem (100μm) culture teak tree
7 yr after planting
(Girth: 55cm, ,Height: 25m)18 months after planting

21. • Since the area to be planted with teak every
year is high, large quantities of quality seeds is
required. Seed stands/seed production areas
are identified and maintained to meet the
immediate needs.
• Seed stands and seed production areas are only
interim arrangements until seeds from seed
orchards are available. So far more than 3000
hectares of seed stands and seed production
areas have been identified in India and are
managed for seed production.
SEED PRODUCTION AREAS:

22. • PROVENANE TRIALS
• To gain understanding of the importance of seed source and ecotype variation of
teak, the “All India Teak Seed Origin Sample Plots” were established during 1934–
36. These are among the oldest provenance trials of teak in the world.
• These trials showed that genetic differences due to origin exist in teak and that
local sources often compare well with introduced ones.
• For example, the results of a provenance trial at Top slip, Tamil Nadu in India,
which included four provenances, indicated the local provenance to be the best (.
These early trials also indicated that interaction between site and provenance
may be important and that more accurate experiments were required to further
clarify this aspect.
• Out of a total 64 provenances collected from all teak growing regions, more than
half (35 provenances) were from India.

23. •Identification of plus trees from natural
forests and plantations has been carried
out as part of the teak improvement
programmes. A plus tree (figure 2) is an
phenotypically outstanding individual
combining a number of desirable traits.
PLUS TREE SELECTION
• In order to determine the superiority of the plus tree, a scoring
system is adopted for characters like height, diameter, clear bole
height, straightness of stem, branching pattern, resistance to pests and
diseases, and for seed production.
•To date, about 1,000 plus trees and candidate plus trees have been
selected throughout the country in the different ecotypes of teak.
• While selecting plus trees of teak, each superior tree is compared
with at least 5 trees within a radius of 50 meters from the plus
tree

24. SEEDORCHARDS:
•The first experimental clonal seed orchard of teak was
established at the New Forest campus of the Forest
Research Institute, Dehra Dun. It was a 20 clone seed
orchard which started producing seed from the fifth year
after establishment. Following this, many states like
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu
and Uttar Pradesh have established seed orchards of teak.
•Three pilot clonal seed orchards with 50 clones each were
established by the Kerala Forest Research Institute. The
total area of teak seed orchards in different states is nearly
1,000 hectares (Kumaravelu 1993). The present work
includes also pollarding, fertilization and application of
growth regulators.

25. PROGENY TESTING:
Ideally, establishment of seed orchards should be preceded by progeny
testing of the phenotypically selected plus trees to evaluate their
genetic value.
This enables to separate those trees whose superiority may have
resulted from growing in favourable environments from those that are
superior because of their genotype
Seedlings raised from open pollinated seeds (half sibs) of 20 different
clones from the clonal seed orchard at Walayar (Kerala) were planted
at Nilambur (Kerala) for progeny testing during 1991.
Six clones KLS1, KLN 2, KLN 4, TNT 3, TNT 10 and TNT 11 recorded
significantly higher mean values in important characteristics than
Nilambur local. Fair differences were obtained between phenotypic
and genotypic coefficients of variability.
The clones, KLS 4, KLN 4 and TNT 10 were found to have good general
combining ability and high breeding value.

26. FUTURE STRATEGIES
• Action has been initiated to develop a definite written breeding
plan for teak in India in order to achieve continuous improvement
of the species. This plan will include the steps of provenances
testing, selection of plus trees, establishment of seed production
areas and clonal seed orchards, and progeny testing. Vegetative
propagation techniques will be further perfected in an effort to
make clonal plantations an economically feasible option for
plantations.
• The breeding plan include selection and breeding against damage
by skeletonizer and defoliators of teak, through crossing of Tectona
grandis and T. hamiltoniana; this latter species has been found to
be relatively resistant to the insects causing damage.
• To date, crosses attempted between these two species have
yielded seeds, which were shrivelled and did not germinate.
Embryological studies revealed that fertilisation takes place in the
cross but the embryo aborts in the early stages of development.In
vitro embryo culture may help in rescuing the embryo and to
develop hybrid plants.

27. TEAK IMPROVEMENT IN INDIA:-
• Teak is the most celebrated timber tree of India. The
history of commercial teak planting dates back to 1844,
nearly 100,000 ha are planted with teak annually in India.
• The main objective of teak improvement programmes is
to achieve, by selection and breeding, superior stem form
and timber quality, fast growth (ht & dia), a trunk free
from fluting, buttressing and epicormic branches,
resistance to leaf skeletoniser, defoliator, drought and
frost.
• Indian teak forests are classified into (based on the
rainfall): very dry, dry, semi-moist, moist and very moist
types.
• Distinct genetic variation can be found in the teak of the
above different types, and this is taken into consideration
in teak improvement .

28. • The focus is on improvement through selection,
by the establishment of provenance trials/seed
production area & the selection of plus-trees.
• wood production has not yet benefited much
from such improvement. The next step is to
establish & execute strategically focused,
integrated and actionable teak improvement
plans to support potential teak plantation/
planting development in the future.
• Teak's high oil content, high tensile strength and
tight grain makes it particularly suitable for
outdoor furniture applications.
Conclusion:

29. REFERENCE:
 www.Google.com
 MONOGRAPH OF TEAK
 www.Wikipedia.org
 http://www.fao.org/docrep/005
/ac773e/ac773e08.htm
 www.itto.int/

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