Use of Living Pot-Plants to Cleanse Indoor Air
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The present study was an effort to obtain paint degrading bacterial isolate from wall scrapings. The study included that microorganisms such as bacteria, not only cause discoloration of paint surfaces but also, they can directly cause degradation of the materials through their metabolic activities. The Halophilic microorganisms are well known for their paint degrading activity. As evidenced from the literature survey, there is a great diversity of bacteria and fungi that are capable of growing on paint coating. The presence of various polymer compounds used in paint manufacturing makes it resistant to degradation and continue to be a potential hazard to the environment as well as humans. Use of nonabrasive and environmentally safe methods, to reduce the impact of microbial activities can further reduce the damage as well as help in bioremediation of paint contaminated water, soil and environments to clean up.
A perspective on plants and indoor air qualityGregory Mahy
Indoor plants and indoor green walls are increasingly publicized for their capacity to purify indoor air in living and office rooms. This afternoom, I presented a review of the scientific litterature at the ATIC conference that challenges this idea. This is a controversial subject. Any feed back ?
ATIC - Association Royale de la TECHNIQUE DU CHAUFFAGE, DE LA VENTILATION ET DE LA CLIMATISATION
https://www.atic.be/fr/formations/l-impact-de-l-arrete-royal-du-25-mars-2016-paru-dans-le-moniteur-du-14-avrl-2016
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The present study was an effort to obtain paint degrading bacterial isolate from wall scrapings. The study included that microorganisms such as bacteria, not only cause discoloration of paint surfaces but also, they can directly cause degradation of the materials through their metabolic activities. The Halophilic microorganisms are well known for their paint degrading activity. As evidenced from the literature survey, there is a great diversity of bacteria and fungi that are capable of growing on paint coating. The presence of various polymer compounds used in paint manufacturing makes it resistant to degradation and continue to be a potential hazard to the environment as well as humans. Use of nonabrasive and environmentally safe methods, to reduce the impact of microbial activities can further reduce the damage as well as help in bioremediation of paint contaminated water, soil and environments to clean up.
A perspective on plants and indoor air qualityGregory Mahy
Indoor plants and indoor green walls are increasingly publicized for their capacity to purify indoor air in living and office rooms. This afternoom, I presented a review of the scientific litterature at the ATIC conference that challenges this idea. This is a controversial subject. Any feed back ?
ATIC - Association Royale de la TECHNIQUE DU CHAUFFAGE, DE LA VENTILATION ET DE LA CLIMATISATION
https://www.atic.be/fr/formations/l-impact-de-l-arrete-royal-du-25-mars-2016-paru-dans-le-moniteur-du-14-avrl-2016
The use of nanoparticles and nanotechnology to enhance the microbial activity to remove pollutants, they also enhance bioremediation.
NanoBioremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites, but it can also reduce clean up time.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
Endodontic sealers and irrigating solutions /prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Urban Resilience, Food Security and Ecological Health Promotion
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Potted Plants Really Do Clean Indoor Air
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Cleanest, Greenest Solution for Maintaining Indoor Air Quality in Urban Areas...ijtsrd
In urban area people spend more than 90 percent of their time in indoors environment. All of these are made worse in small or poorly-ventilated spaces (like maybe your apartment with that window that you accidentally painted shut last year). Researchers find that indoor air can emit contaminants like formaldehyde, xylene, benzene; ozone etc. as outdoor air contaminants like car exhaust finds its way into buildings. These cause serious health problem to mankind. NASA scientists have been research to overcome these problem and they find that cheapest, greenest solution for cleaning of contaminated indoor air in urban environment is plants. A beautiful potted plant is much more attractive and discrete than our average air filter. They enhance the look and feel of our home or office. This study has been focus on indoor plants and their air cleaning abilities. Sangita Devi Sharma | Pankaj Kumar Jain | Vaidehi Sharma"Cleanest, Greenest Solution for Maintaining Indoor Air Quality in Urban Areas: Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10760.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/10760/cleanest-greenest-solution-for-maintaining-indoor-air-quality-in-urban-areas-plants/sangita-devi-sharma
Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The use of nanoparticles and nanotechnology to enhance the microbial activity to remove pollutants, they also enhance bioremediation.
NanoBioremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites, but it can also reduce clean up time.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
Endodontic sealers and irrigating solutions /prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Urban Resilience, Food Security and Ecological Health Promotion
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Potted Plants Really Do Clean Indoor Air
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Cleanest, Greenest Solution for Maintaining Indoor Air Quality in Urban Areas...ijtsrd
In urban area people spend more than 90 percent of their time in indoors environment. All of these are made worse in small or poorly-ventilated spaces (like maybe your apartment with that window that you accidentally painted shut last year). Researchers find that indoor air can emit contaminants like formaldehyde, xylene, benzene; ozone etc. as outdoor air contaminants like car exhaust finds its way into buildings. These cause serious health problem to mankind. NASA scientists have been research to overcome these problem and they find that cheapest, greenest solution for cleaning of contaminated indoor air in urban environment is plants. A beautiful potted plant is much more attractive and discrete than our average air filter. They enhance the look and feel of our home or office. This study has been focus on indoor plants and their air cleaning abilities. Sangita Devi Sharma | Pankaj Kumar Jain | Vaidehi Sharma"Cleanest, Greenest Solution for Maintaining Indoor Air Quality in Urban Areas: Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10760.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/10760/cleanest-greenest-solution-for-maintaining-indoor-air-quality-in-urban-areas-plants/sangita-devi-sharma
Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Cleaning Chemicals & Their Impact on Indoor Environments & Health v2zq
Cleaning Chemicals & Their Impact on Indoor Environments & Health - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Evaluation of the indoor air quality of beato angelico building of the univer...University of Santo Tomas
This research work on the Evaluation of the Indoor Air Quality of Beato Angelico Building of the University of Santo Tomas, Manila was made possible through a grant provided by the university.
Indoor air pollution and why it matters - Dr Nicola CarslawIES / IAQM
Despite the fact that we spend 90% of our time indoors in developed countries, current regulation for air quality focuses almost exclusively on outdoor pollutant concentrations. There are numerous sources of pollutants indoors including from activities such as cooking, cleaning and home improvements. When combined with air pollutants that ingress from outdoors, the resulting indoor air mixture can be chemically complex with higher concentrations of some pollutants indoors than outdoors, some of which are potentially harmful to health. This presentation will explore the sources of indoor air pollution, the chemical transformations that occur indoors and also discuss how we can improve the quality of the air we breathe in our homes and elsewhere.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Use of Living Pot-Plants to Cleanse Indoor Air
1. Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation & Energy Conservation in Buildings – Sustainable Built
Environment, Oct 28-31, 2007,Sendai, Japan, Volume III, 249-256
USE OF LIVING POT-PLANTS TO CLEANSE
INDOOR AIR – RESEARCH REVIEW
Jane Tarran†, Fraser Torpy and Margaret Burchett
Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS)
PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia
ABSTRACT
Urban indoor air quality (IAQ) is an international health issue, since city dwellers spend 90% of their
time indoors. Research by a number of authors is reviewed here, demonstrating a range of capacities
of indoor plants to improve IAQ and promote occupant wellbeing. Our laboratory studies, with nine
‘indoor plant’ species, and our ‘field’ studies in 60 offices, show that potted-plants can reliably reduce
total volatile organic compound (TVOC) loads, a major class of indoor pollutants, by 75%, to below
100 ppb. They work equally well with or without air-conditioning, and in light or dark. An evaluation of
these studies is presented, plus novel research showing that potted-plants can also remove indoor CO
and, sometimes, CO2. The evidence overall clearly shows that the potted-plant microcosm represents
an innovative technology for solving indoor air pollution, which can otherwise cause a range of adverse
health effects, including ‘building-related illness’. This portable, flexible, attractive, low-cost technology
can complement any engineering measures and can be used in any building. To ensure sustainability
of the urban environment, satisfying the ‘triple bottom line’ of environmental, social and economic
considerations, indoor plants can be expected to become standard technology for improving IAQ - a
vital building installation element.
KEYWORDS
VOC, indoor air, IAQ, indoor plant, pollution reduction
INTRODUCTION
Urban air pollution, mainly emanating from fossil fuel combustion, is an international health problem.
For example, in Australia (as in most developed countries) about 80% of people live in urban areas,
where, for example in Sydney alone, air pollution causes an estimated 2,400 deaths p.a. (NSW EPA
2006). In addition, urban dwellers spend about 90% of our time indoors (at home, school or office)
(Cavallo et al. 1997; US EPA 2000; Environment Australia (EA) 2003) where air pollution is typically
even higher than outdoors (Brown 1997; Smith 1997; EA 2003). The outdoor-derived load of NOx, SOx,
CO2, CO, organics, particulates etc. diffuses indoors, where it is augmented by indoor-derived
contaminants, mainly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), outgassing from other petroleum-based
products, such as ‘synthetics’ in furnishings, detergents, paints, printers, ‘air fresheners’ and the like.
The chemical mixtures, even at imperceptible levels, can cause ‘building-related illness’ and symptoms
of headache, sore eyes, nose and throat, or nausea (Carrer et al. 1999; World Health Organisation
______________________________
†Corresponding author: Tel: +61 2 9514 4038; Fax: +61 2 9514 4079; E-mail: Jane.Tarran@uts.edu.au
2. (WHO) 2000; Mølhave and Krzyzanowski 2003). Dust, moulds and flueless gas appliance emissions
can add to pollution loads.
As outlined below, indoor potted-plants have been shown to remove most types of air-borne pollutants
arising from either outdoor or indoor sources. Studies have also shown that, where indoor plants have
been installed, staff wellbeing is improved with sick-leave absences reduced by over 60% (Fjeld 2002;
Bergs 2002). The aims of this paper are to provide a review of research on indoor plants to improve
IAQ, to outline findings of our own studies, and to present new data that further demonstrate the ability
of potted-plants to remove indoor air pollutants and enhance IAQ.
Potted-plants improve a number of aspects of IAQ
Yoneyama et al. (2002) reviewed absorption and metabolism of NO2 and NH3 in 220 species (sun- and
shade-loving plants, the latter of which can be used indoors). In a UK study of homes with flueless gas
appliances, Coward et al. (1996) found that houses with six or more potted-plants showed reductions
of over one third in NO2 levels. In 1999, Lee and Sim, in a study of Korean species, showed that
indoor plants absorb and metabolise SO2. In the USA, Lohr and Pearson-Mims (1996) showed that
indoor plants significantly reduce dust (particulate) levels. In a study by Costa and James (1999), it
was found that potted-plants also reduce indoor noise levels. The pioneering screening studies on
indoor-air VOC removal by Wolverton and colleagues (1989; 1991; 1993) showed reductions in VOC
levels with over 50 species. Wolverton suggested that both plants and potting-mix microorganisms
could be involved in the process. Following the work of Wolverton et al., we conducted detailed bench-top
test-chamber investigations on VOC removal by potted-plants, initially using seven ‘international’
species. We then conducted a ‘real-world’ study of potted-plants to enhance IAQ, using 60 offices and
three planting regimes, and we recently completed laboratory trials with two previously untested
species. The results of all these studies, summarised below, amply demonstrate the ability of indoor
potted-plants to eliminate indoor VOC loads, and mechanisms involved.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF POTTED-PLANT VOC REMOVAL
The seven species we originally tested were the commonly used, ‘international species’ Spathiphyllum
‘Petite’ (Peace Lily), S. ‘Sensation’, Dracaena ‘Janet Craig’, D. marginata, Howea forsteriana (Kentia
palm), Epipremnum aureum (Pothos, Devil’s Ivy) and Schefflera ‘Amate’ (Dwarf Queensland Umbrella
Tree) (Tarran et al. 2002; Wood et al. 2002; Orwell et al. 2004). Four VOCs were tested: benzene,
toluene and xylene (three of the ‘BTEX’ ‘dirty four’ outdoor-derived organics, known or suspected
carcinogens, but also used indoors as solvents) plus n-hexane. An initial dose of up to 100 or 150 ppm
of the VOC was injected into the test chambers (vol. 216 L; described below) followed by daily top-up
(or doubled) doses, over two to four weeks. These dosages are from 2 to 10 times higher than the
Australian maximum allowable 8-h averaged occupational exposure concentrations (ASCC 2006). The
potted-plants proved highly effective in eliminating the VOCs, as follows: (a) after the initial dose,
removal rates gradually rose, over four or five days, to more than 10 times initial rates; (b) once
stimulated (‘induced’), the potted-plant microcosm (PPM) eliminated daily top-up doses within about 24
hours; (c) when the dose was doubled, removal rates rose to meet it; (d) low, residual concentrations
were also removed, effectively to zero (i.e. below detection limits of gas chromatography (GC)); (e)
rates remained unchanged in light or dark (day/night, 24/7); and (f) finally, removal rates remained
3. unchanged (in the short term) when plants were removed and potting-mix in pots replaced in the
chambers. Findings (e) and (f) pointed to soil microorganisms being the primary agents of VOC
removal, and this was confirmed by microbiological testing. The normal role of these microorganisms
is breaking down soil organic matter. The role of the plants here is nourishing their species-specific
root-zone microbial communities. This symbiotic microcosm relationship is a universal feature of plant-and-
soil interactions. Soil microorganisms are known to break down liquid petroleum, so are used in
bioremediation of spills. However, this was the first demonstration of removal of gaseous-phase VOCs
by in situ soil microorganisms. These studies showed that the PPM represents a self-regulating
biofilter and phytoremediation unit of indoor air.
POTTED-PLANT VOC REDUCTION IN THE ‘REAL-WORLD’ - OFFICE STUDY
How many plants would make a difference to IAQ in the real-world? To start to answer this, we
sampled the effects of indoor plants on total VOC (TVOC) loads in 60 single-occupant offices (12 per
treatment), over two 5- to 9-week periods, in three buildings (two air-conditioned, one naturally
ventilated) (Burchett et al. 2005; Wood et al. 2006). Three planting regimes were used, plus reference
offices, as follows: (a) 3; or (b) 6, floor specimens of Dracaena ‘Janet Craig’ (300 mm diam. pots); or
(c) 6 mixed ‘table-sized’ specimens comprising 5 Spathiphyllum ‘Sweet Chico’ plus 1 Dracaena ‘Janet
Craig’ (200 mm pots). We found that: (i) ambient indoor TVOC loads ranged from ~80-400 ppb; (ii)
whenever levels rose above ~100 ppb, any of the three plantings reduced loads by up to 75%, to ~60
ppb (always below 100 ppb again); and (iii) the plantings were equally effective with or without air-conditioning.
The results demonstrate that the PPM works very effectively in the real world, being
induced to respond by TVOC loads above ~100 ppb, reducing them down to below 100 ppb once
more (very clean air). Since the three plantings worked equally well, it means that the smallest was still
more than enough for this air-cleansing purpose. Subsequent laboratory trials (Orwell et al. 2006)
confirmed the graded induction of VOC removal from a low threshold in the range encountered in the
office air and, from there, to meet tested concentrations of up to 500 times as high (to 100 ppm). One
of our current research directions is to determine the minimum amount of potted-plant material needed
for this VOC removal.
INDUCTION OF VOC REMOVAL IN TWO UNTESTED PLANT SPECIES
The main aim of this more recent test-chamber study was to compare VOC removal capacities in two
untested species - Aglaonema modestum and Zamioculcas zamiifolia. A second aim was to examine
whether removal rates with either species could be correlated with any plant or potting-mix attribute.
Materials and methods
Plants in 200 mm pots were used (Tropical Plant Rentals, Sydney). Plant and potting-mix variables
were analysed to provide alternative bases of comparison of removal rates: leaf area, and fresh and
dry weights of shoots, roots and potting-mix. Benzene was used as the test VOC. Six replicate
perspex test chambers were used (0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 m) as described in previous studies (e.g. Orwell et
al. 2006). Pots were first watered to saturation, drained for 1 h and placed in chambers, and an initial
dose of 25 ppm benzene was injected. Benzene vapour concentrations in the chamber air were
sampled (using a 1.0 mL syringe) at hourly or daily intervals, as required, using a GC. Leak tests were
carried out before and after experiments to ensure that benzene removal was solely related to the
4. PPM. Three sets of data were collected for each species: (a) induction removal rate: time taken for the
PPM to be stimulated to heightened activity and removal of initial dose - typically several days to one
week; (b) secondary removal rate: time taken to remove a second, top-up dose; generally some days
shorter than induction period; and (c) maximum removal rate: our previous results had shown that
maximum removal rates are normally achieved after the removal of the second dose, so, in these
trials, removal of the 3rd dose was taken to represent maximum removal rate.
Results
Benzene removal rates with the two species are shown in Figure 1. The Zamioculcas and Aglaonema
showed similar patterns of induction of a stimulated VOC removal with the first dose, and, by the third
dose, each removed the high benzene dose effectively to zero in less than 48 h. These results show a
similar pattern to those of the seven species previously tested.
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time (days)
[benzene] (% of 25 ppm)
Zamioculcas zamiifolia
Aglaonema modestum
Figure 1. Removal of benzene from test-chamber air by potted Zamioculcas zamiifolia and Aglaonema
modestum, challenged with three consecutive doses of 25 ppm benzene (means ± SE; n=6).
Plant and potting-mix parameters of the two species are shown in Table 1. The Zamioculcas had 70%
more leaf area and larger root and shoot weights than Aglaonema. The potting-mix of Aglaonema had
a greater water-holding capacity than that of Zamioculcas.
Table 1. Plant and potting-mix variables in two test species (means ± SE; n=6).
PLANT OR POTTING-MIX PROPERTY AGLAONEMA ZAMIOCULCAS
SHOOTS Leaf area (cm2) 2256 ± 588 3861 ± 81
Wet weight (g) 229 ± 43 1149 ± 63
Dry weight (g) 22.8 ± 4.6 66.0 ± 1.6
Water content (%) 90 94
ROOTS Wet weight (g) 155 ± 11 781 ± 60
Dry weight (dwt) (g) 13.8 ± 2.1 80.4 ± 4.6
Shoot/root (dwt ratio) 1.7 0.8
POTTING-MIX Wet weight (g) 2313 ± 289 2649 ± 115
Dry weight (g) 876 ± 14 2191 ± 93
5. Pot volume (incl. root mass) (cm3) 4360 4206
Table 2 presents the results of the maximum benzene removal rates on the basis of alternative
parameters. There were no correlations found between removal rates per pot and any plant attribute
per se. However, hourly removal rates per kg wet weight of potting-mix were equal, which is consistent
with the potting-mix microorganisms being the main VOC removal agents. Rates per kg dry weight of
potting-mix were different, however, suggesting that it is the water-holding matrix that is important for
the microorganisms functioning in VOC removal. The findings contribute to the body of evidence
showing that the PPM of any species can be expected to have a capacity for VOC removal.
Table 2. Averaged hourly, fully induced benzene removal rates (ppm/h) in two test
species, expressed on basis of alternative pot-plant parameters.
RATES OF REMOVAL(ppm/h) / PROPERTY AGLAONEMA ZAMIOCULCAS
PER POT (AS INDICATED IN FIG. 1, AFTER DAY 20) 0.5 0.5
SHOOTS Leaf area (/m2) 2.2 1.3
Wet weight (/kg) 2.1 0.4
Dry weight (/kg) 22 7.5
ROOTS Wet weight (/kg) 156 0.64
Dry weight (g) 36 6.3
POTTING-MIX Wet weight (/kg) 0.2 0.2
Dry weight (/kg) 0.6 0.2
EFFECTS OF POTTED-PLANTS ON CO2 AND CO LEVELS IN OFFICES
With adequate lighting, green plants photosynthesise and, in the process, refresh air in two ways -
absorbing CO2, and releasing equimolecular concentrations of O2 as a by-product. There has been no
research on the ability of indoor plants to refresh air via this gas exchange. However, it is recognised
that the main purpose of ventilation is not so much to replenish O2 as to remove CO2 (Höppe and
Martinac 1998). Studies have shown that student performance declines with increasing CO2
(Shaughnessy et al. 2006), as does workplace productivity (Seppänen et al. 2006). Carbon monoxide
is a very much more toxic fuel combustion product. However, plants and some soil bacteria consume
CO. In plants, CO can stimulate root growth and seed germination and alleviate salt stress (Dekker
and Hargrove 2002; Huang et al. 2006; Xu et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2007). Bacteria can use it as a
nutrient (King and Crosby 2002; King 2007) and in normal metabolic redox processes (Tolli and King
2005; Chan and Steudler 2006). There has also been no previous research on effects of indoor plants
on CO levels. Therefore, along with our studies on potted-plants to reduce office TVOC levels
(discussed above), we also sampled CO2 and CO levels in two sets of 12 offices. The results of this
preliminary study are presented below.
Methods
The study was conducted May–October (winter/spring; outdoor max. temp. range 17-21oC). The
offices had areas of 10-12 m2 (vol. 30-50 m3). One building was air-conditioned, offices being supplied
with 6-8 air changes h-1, with 10-15% external air input. The other building was not air-conditioned;
windows were frequently closed and flueless gas heaters were intermittently used. Weekly 5-min
6. samplings of CO2 and CO were made in all offices, over two 9-week periods, each comprising ten 30-
sec readings taken from all parts of the office, using a Portable IAQ-Calc Indoor Air Quality Meter (TSI
Inc., MN, USA). In each building, 6 offices were unplanted (reference), and 6 supplied with three floor-specimens
of Dracaena ‘Janet Craig’ (300 mm pots).
Results
Combined results for levels of CO2 and CO in offices, with and without plants, are shown in Table 3.
We found that potted-plant presence was associated with significant reductions in both CO2 and CO
concentrations (P<0.004) in offices without air-conditioning. In the presence of plants, CO2 levels were
reduced by about 10% in offices in the air-conditioned building, and by about 25% in the naturally
ventilated building. We are investigating factors of lighting, plant placement and species differences
that may render the PPM more effective in CO2 reduction. The CO concentrations were greatly
reduced with plant presence, with or without air-conditioning, down to about 8-14% of those in
unplanted offices (Table 3). We are further researching this impressive phenomenon, including the
relative roles of plant and potting-mix microorganisms in the removal.
Table 3. Effects of three potted-plants (floor specimens of Dracaena ‘Janet Craig’) on levels of CO2
and CO (ppm) in office air, in an air-conditioned and a naturally ventilated building (n>50
offices / treatment).
Air conditioning No. of plants Mean [CO2] ± SE (ppm) Mean [CO] ± SE (ppm)
Yes 0 409 ± 6.2 0.225 ± 0.035
Yes 3 366 ± 7.3 0.017 ± 0.008
No 0 386 ± 17 0.071 ± 0.024
No 3 290 ± 15 0.010 ± 0.005
CONCLUSIONS
Air
conditioning
No. of
plants
Mean [CO2] ±
SE (ppm)
Removal % Mean [CO] ± SE
(ppm)
Removal %
Yes 0 409 ± 6.2 0.225 ± 0.035
Yes 3 366 ± 7.3 10 0.017 ± 0.008 92
No 0 386 ± 17 0.071 ± 0.024
No 3 290 ± 15 25 0.010 ± 0.005 86
Together, the numerous studies reported here, from both our own research and a number of different
sources around the world, show conclusively that the potted-plant microcosm (PPM) can greatly
improve IAQ by removing many major pollutants. Thus the PPM represents an adaptive, self-regulating,
portable, flexible, low-cost, sustainable and beautiful biofiltration and bioremediation system
for IAQ. This innovative technology can complement any engineering measures and can be used in
any building. To ensure sustainability of the urban environment, satisfying the ‘triple bottom line’ of
environmental, social and economic considerations, it is expected that indoor plants will become
standard technology - a vital building installation element, for improving IAQ.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Horticulture Australia Ltd, Rentokil Tropical Plants, National Interior Plantscape Association,
Tropical Plant Rentals, The Container Connection and the Flower Council of Holland, for funding
support. We also thank former colleagues, R. Wood and R. Orwell, for their major part in our studies
reported here.
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