This document discusses price elasticity of demand and its importance. It defines three types of price elasticity: inelastic (elasticity less than 1), unit elastic (elasticity equals 1), and elastic (elasticity greater than 1). It also discusses perfect inelasticity (elasticity equals 0) and perfect elasticity (elasticity equals infinity). The document explains how changes in price affect quantity demanded for each type and presents examples using demand curves. Additional topics covered include determinants of price elasticity, its relationship to total revenue, and income elasticity for normal versus inferior goods.
Proclaiming value via sustainable pricing strategiesRahul Dogra
This document discusses pricing strategies for sustainable products. It outlines the pricing process, which considers corporate objectives, pricing objectives, internal constraints like costs, legal constraints, customer demand, and competitors. It defines internal constraints as fixed and variable costs. Customer demand is defined as the desired benefits relative to the cost. Legal constraints regulate green product marketing at various governmental levels. Pricing strategies discussed include carbon offset pricing and strategies based on market position like break-even point, cost-based, and value-based pricing.
The document discusses three transfer pricing case studies:
1) Glaxo-Smithkline between US and UK - GSK was charged with undervaluing R&D costs in the UK and overvaluing marketing costs in the US to avoid taxes.
2) Compaq Computer between US and Singapore - Compaq justified transfer prices using cost-plus pricing which the IRS eventually accepted.
3) Seagate Technology between US and Singapore - The IRS claimed royalty payments between subsidiaries were too low but Seagate was unable to fully convince them.
The document discusses the price mechanism and how supply and demand analysis can be applied to commodity markets like crude oil and aluminum. It provides examples of how shifts in supply and demand factors like a slowdown in the Chinese economy or changes in OPEC output quotas can lead to changes in the market price. The summary also notes that volatility in commodity prices can create problems like risk/uncertainty for farmers and macroeconomic instability for commodity-exporting countries.
This document discusses methods for surveying market demand for a product or service. It describes demand surveying as estimating the amount of demand over a specific period, like a month or year. Common techniques include analyzing past sales records, using marketing projections, reviewing competitor data, and considering economic factors. The document also provides steps for estimating demand based on sales, government expenditure surveys, or conducting your own consumer surveys. The goal is to accurately gauge demand to avoid overproducing or underproducing goods.
1. Physical distribution channels refer to the methods used to transfer products from production to customers.
2. Companies have a variety of alternative channels to choose from to reach customers, often using a mix to target different buyer segments.
3. Alternative channels are described by the type and number of intermediaries used as well as the terms of responsibilities between members. Common alternatives include manufacturer direct to retail, manufacturer to wholesaler to retail, mail order, internet shopping, and factory direct to home or business.
FNSKU and SKU are connected, but FNSKU is used for processing the product in the entire Shipping process. SKU is for you and Amazon to track the product for inventory count and sale credit purposes.
This document discusses price elasticity of demand and its importance. It defines three types of price elasticity: inelastic (elasticity less than 1), unit elastic (elasticity equals 1), and elastic (elasticity greater than 1). It also discusses perfect inelasticity (elasticity equals 0) and perfect elasticity (elasticity equals infinity). The document explains how changes in price affect quantity demanded for each type and presents examples using demand curves. Additional topics covered include determinants of price elasticity, its relationship to total revenue, and income elasticity for normal versus inferior goods.
Proclaiming value via sustainable pricing strategiesRahul Dogra
This document discusses pricing strategies for sustainable products. It outlines the pricing process, which considers corporate objectives, pricing objectives, internal constraints like costs, legal constraints, customer demand, and competitors. It defines internal constraints as fixed and variable costs. Customer demand is defined as the desired benefits relative to the cost. Legal constraints regulate green product marketing at various governmental levels. Pricing strategies discussed include carbon offset pricing and strategies based on market position like break-even point, cost-based, and value-based pricing.
The document discusses three transfer pricing case studies:
1) Glaxo-Smithkline between US and UK - GSK was charged with undervaluing R&D costs in the UK and overvaluing marketing costs in the US to avoid taxes.
2) Compaq Computer between US and Singapore - Compaq justified transfer prices using cost-plus pricing which the IRS eventually accepted.
3) Seagate Technology between US and Singapore - The IRS claimed royalty payments between subsidiaries were too low but Seagate was unable to fully convince them.
The document discusses the price mechanism and how supply and demand analysis can be applied to commodity markets like crude oil and aluminum. It provides examples of how shifts in supply and demand factors like a slowdown in the Chinese economy or changes in OPEC output quotas can lead to changes in the market price. The summary also notes that volatility in commodity prices can create problems like risk/uncertainty for farmers and macroeconomic instability for commodity-exporting countries.
This document discusses methods for surveying market demand for a product or service. It describes demand surveying as estimating the amount of demand over a specific period, like a month or year. Common techniques include analyzing past sales records, using marketing projections, reviewing competitor data, and considering economic factors. The document also provides steps for estimating demand based on sales, government expenditure surveys, or conducting your own consumer surveys. The goal is to accurately gauge demand to avoid overproducing or underproducing goods.
1. Physical distribution channels refer to the methods used to transfer products from production to customers.
2. Companies have a variety of alternative channels to choose from to reach customers, often using a mix to target different buyer segments.
3. Alternative channels are described by the type and number of intermediaries used as well as the terms of responsibilities between members. Common alternatives include manufacturer direct to retail, manufacturer to wholesaler to retail, mail order, internet shopping, and factory direct to home or business.
FNSKU and SKU are connected, but FNSKU is used for processing the product in the entire Shipping process. SKU is for you and Amazon to track the product for inventory count and sale credit purposes.
The document discusses production with two variable inputs of capital and labor. It explains that firms can produce different levels of output by varying the amounts of capital and labor used. Isoquants show all the combinations of inputs that produce the same level of output. The isoquant curves are downward sloping, showing diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution between the two inputs. Holding one input constant and increasing the other results in diminishing marginal returns. The isoquant curves are convex due to the law of diminishing marginal returns. Different types of isoquants represent perfect substitutes, perfect complements, and fixed proportions production functions. The document also discusses minimizing costs using isoquants and isocost curves to determine the optimal input
Dokumen ini membahas tentang konsep lean logistics yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi sampah dalam proses logistik dengan menghilangkan aktivitas yang tidak menambah nilai, seperti penggunaan peralatan dan bahan yang berlebihan, waktu menunggu, perpindahan barang yang tidak perlu, dan persediaan yang berlebih. Konsep ini berfokus pada pengurangan biaya, peningkatan kualitas dan efisiensi dengan mengubah paradigma dari produksi berdasark
The production possibility frontier (PPF) or curve shows the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce while making full use of limited resources. It demonstrates the key economic problem of scarcity, showing that increasing output of one good requires reducing the output of the other as they compete for the same finite resources. The PPF assumes fixed resources and technology, and depicts the tradeoffs between alternative levels of two goods or services an economy can choose from but cannot have both at the same time.
This document discusses various pricing strategies that companies can use. It defines pricing as the element of the marketing mix that generates revenue. The document then outlines different factors companies should consider when setting prices, such as costs, competition, objectives. It provides examples of several common pricing strategies such as penetration pricing, skimming pricing, competition pricing, product line pricing, bundle pricing, premium pricing, optional pricing, cost-plus pricing, cost-based pricing, and value-based pricing.
This document discusses merit and demerit goods. Merit goods provide positive externalities to society and are underprovided in free markets. The government encourages their consumption through subsidies, free provision, compulsion, and information campaigns. Demerit goods cause negative externalities and are overconsumed in free markets. The government discourages them through taxes, regulations, bans, and education programs to correct for market failures around these goods.
This presentation consists of different pricing strategies that can be applied in businesses, and how do you solve or compute for the costing of your product, that would result to a positive profit.
The document discusses the concepts of economic costs, short-run production costs, and long-run production costs. It defines economic costs as the opportunity costs of resources used for production. Short-run costs are fixed for a given plant size, while long-run costs allow varying the plant size. The law of diminishing returns affects costs as more of a variable input is added. Economies and diseconomies of scale impact long-run average total costs. Minimum efficient scale is the smallest output level that minimizes average costs.
This document discusses product and brand management. It defines a product as anything offered for sale, whether a good, service, physical or virtual item. A product needs a name to become a brand that helps it stand out. Products can be tangible goods or intangible services. They have features like tangibility and customer satisfaction. Products are classified by durability, consumer types, and business purpose. Services differ from goods in their delivery. Products have core, tangible and augmented levels. Successful brands create a unique name and image through advertising to attract loyal customers.
This document provides an introduction to basic macroeconomics terminology and concepts. It defines macroeconomics as focusing on the large picture of the overall economy, while microeconomics examines individual markets and economic actors. Key terms explained include inflation, recession, GDP, fiscal and monetary policy tools, and business cycles. GDP is discussed as a measurement of economic growth, and the relationships between actual, potential, nominal, and real GDP are outlined.
This document discusses monopoly power in markets. It defines a pure monopolist as a single supplier that dominates an entire market with 100% concentration. In reality, a working monopoly is deemed to be any firm with over 25% market share, while a dominant firm has at least 40% share. Monopolies can lead to higher prices and lower output compared to competitive markets. However, monopoly power also allows firms to invest profits into research and development. There are economic arguments both for and against monopolies, and intervention may or may not be effective depending on the specific market.
4 the theory of the firm and the cost of productionMalinga Perera
The document discusses the theory of the firm and the cost of production. It defines the production function as the relationship between inputs and outputs. It classifies inputs as land, labor, and capital. It then discusses the mathematical representation of the production function and analyzes production in the short run and long run. It also discusses concepts like marginal product, diminishing marginal returns, total cost, average cost, marginal cost, revenue, and profit.
Long run aggregate supply is determined by factors that affect an economy's potential output over the long run, including: labor supply and quality, capital investment, productivity advances, and technology improvements. An outward shift in long run aggregate supply represents an increase in potential output and real economic growth. Productivity, especially output per hour worked, is a major driver of potential growth for economies like the UK in the long run.
Digitální exportní akademie - Den 2 - See-Think-Do-Care - Případová studie Un...Sun Marketing
Naše část přednáškového programu druhého dne Digitální exportní akademie, pořádané ve spolupráci Google a CzechTrade. Představení komunikační a obsahové strategie See-Think-Do-Care a ukázka exportní PPC kampaně pro našeho klienta, společnost Union pojišťovna.
Poznáte silné stránky a rizika svého podnikání a naučíte se s nimi pracovat.
Oprášíte svůj původní podnikatelský záměr a přizpůsobíte ho současnému trhu.
Uděláte si přehled o marketingových nástrojích, které se hodí pro malé firmy.
Naučíte se měřit účinnost marketingových nástrojů, které používáte.
Zjistíte, kudy vám z firmy zbytečně utíkají peníze.
Získáte novou inspiraci a motivaci pro další práci.
The document discusses production with two variable inputs of capital and labor. It explains that firms can produce different levels of output by varying the amounts of capital and labor used. Isoquants show all the combinations of inputs that produce the same level of output. The isoquant curves are downward sloping, showing diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution between the two inputs. Holding one input constant and increasing the other results in diminishing marginal returns. The isoquant curves are convex due to the law of diminishing marginal returns. Different types of isoquants represent perfect substitutes, perfect complements, and fixed proportions production functions. The document also discusses minimizing costs using isoquants and isocost curves to determine the optimal input
Dokumen ini membahas tentang konsep lean logistics yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi sampah dalam proses logistik dengan menghilangkan aktivitas yang tidak menambah nilai, seperti penggunaan peralatan dan bahan yang berlebihan, waktu menunggu, perpindahan barang yang tidak perlu, dan persediaan yang berlebih. Konsep ini berfokus pada pengurangan biaya, peningkatan kualitas dan efisiensi dengan mengubah paradigma dari produksi berdasark
The production possibility frontier (PPF) or curve shows the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce while making full use of limited resources. It demonstrates the key economic problem of scarcity, showing that increasing output of one good requires reducing the output of the other as they compete for the same finite resources. The PPF assumes fixed resources and technology, and depicts the tradeoffs between alternative levels of two goods or services an economy can choose from but cannot have both at the same time.
This document discusses various pricing strategies that companies can use. It defines pricing as the element of the marketing mix that generates revenue. The document then outlines different factors companies should consider when setting prices, such as costs, competition, objectives. It provides examples of several common pricing strategies such as penetration pricing, skimming pricing, competition pricing, product line pricing, bundle pricing, premium pricing, optional pricing, cost-plus pricing, cost-based pricing, and value-based pricing.
This document discusses merit and demerit goods. Merit goods provide positive externalities to society and are underprovided in free markets. The government encourages their consumption through subsidies, free provision, compulsion, and information campaigns. Demerit goods cause negative externalities and are overconsumed in free markets. The government discourages them through taxes, regulations, bans, and education programs to correct for market failures around these goods.
This presentation consists of different pricing strategies that can be applied in businesses, and how do you solve or compute for the costing of your product, that would result to a positive profit.
The document discusses the concepts of economic costs, short-run production costs, and long-run production costs. It defines economic costs as the opportunity costs of resources used for production. Short-run costs are fixed for a given plant size, while long-run costs allow varying the plant size. The law of diminishing returns affects costs as more of a variable input is added. Economies and diseconomies of scale impact long-run average total costs. Minimum efficient scale is the smallest output level that minimizes average costs.
This document discusses product and brand management. It defines a product as anything offered for sale, whether a good, service, physical or virtual item. A product needs a name to become a brand that helps it stand out. Products can be tangible goods or intangible services. They have features like tangibility and customer satisfaction. Products are classified by durability, consumer types, and business purpose. Services differ from goods in their delivery. Products have core, tangible and augmented levels. Successful brands create a unique name and image through advertising to attract loyal customers.
This document provides an introduction to basic macroeconomics terminology and concepts. It defines macroeconomics as focusing on the large picture of the overall economy, while microeconomics examines individual markets and economic actors. Key terms explained include inflation, recession, GDP, fiscal and monetary policy tools, and business cycles. GDP is discussed as a measurement of economic growth, and the relationships between actual, potential, nominal, and real GDP are outlined.
This document discusses monopoly power in markets. It defines a pure monopolist as a single supplier that dominates an entire market with 100% concentration. In reality, a working monopoly is deemed to be any firm with over 25% market share, while a dominant firm has at least 40% share. Monopolies can lead to higher prices and lower output compared to competitive markets. However, monopoly power also allows firms to invest profits into research and development. There are economic arguments both for and against monopolies, and intervention may or may not be effective depending on the specific market.
4 the theory of the firm and the cost of productionMalinga Perera
The document discusses the theory of the firm and the cost of production. It defines the production function as the relationship between inputs and outputs. It classifies inputs as land, labor, and capital. It then discusses the mathematical representation of the production function and analyzes production in the short run and long run. It also discusses concepts like marginal product, diminishing marginal returns, total cost, average cost, marginal cost, revenue, and profit.
Long run aggregate supply is determined by factors that affect an economy's potential output over the long run, including: labor supply and quality, capital investment, productivity advances, and technology improvements. An outward shift in long run aggregate supply represents an increase in potential output and real economic growth. Productivity, especially output per hour worked, is a major driver of potential growth for economies like the UK in the long run.
Digitální exportní akademie - Den 2 - See-Think-Do-Care - Případová studie Un...Sun Marketing
Naše část přednáškového programu druhého dne Digitální exportní akademie, pořádané ve spolupráci Google a CzechTrade. Představení komunikační a obsahové strategie See-Think-Do-Care a ukázka exportní PPC kampaně pro našeho klienta, společnost Union pojišťovna.
Poznáte silné stránky a rizika svého podnikání a naučíte se s nimi pracovat.
Oprášíte svůj původní podnikatelský záměr a přizpůsobíte ho současnému trhu.
Uděláte si přehled o marketingových nástrojích, které se hodí pro malé firmy.
Naučíte se měřit účinnost marketingových nástrojů, které používáte.
Zjistíte, kudy vám z firmy zbytečně utíkají peníze.
Získáte novou inspiraci a motivaci pro další práci.
Jak funguje marketing malých firem a živnostníků? Jaké postupy a nástroje použít k oslovení zákazníků? A jak důležitá je konkurenční výhoda či správné nastavení ceny? Proč mít marketingový plán a jak ho sestavit?
Tento Branding Workshop je zaměřený na definování příslibu značky - nepsané smlouvy uzavírané se zákazníkem. Svým obsahem - úvodní teorií, příklady značek z praxe, cvičeními a závěrečnou tvorbou příslibů účastníků workshopu - je koncipován na 4 hod.
Marketingový plán je jednoduchý nástroj, díky němuž dokážete zvýšit svůj zisk i obrat a mít marketing vaší firmy pod kontrolou.
Zjistíte, jak si stanovit motivující cíle.
Ujasníte si, kdo je váš zákazník a jak se na něj zaměřit.
Pochopíte, že za úspěchem firmy vždy stojí správná marketingová strategie.
Poznáte rozdíl mezi cílem, strategií a taktikou.
Zjistíte, jak si sestavit rozpočet na marketing.
Google Partners Online Academy - Adwords Search chytře a efektivněVerka Koukalova
Webinář ze série Google Partners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88-nWQrSE58
Valentýn už máme za sebou a do Velikonoc je daleko. Pro vaše klienty je následující období ideální na testování a přípravu na sezónu. Podíváme se na to:
- jak chytře a efektivně optimalizovat kampaně a ještě ušetřit čas pomocí flexibilních strategií
- jak si posvítit na konkurenci, zmapovat trh klienta a pokrýt celý jeho zákaznický cyklus ve vyhledávání
- jak si rozšířit nebo naopak zpřesnit zásah kampaní pomocí remarketingu ve vyhledávání
2. Produktová
strategie
01 Proč a nač je produktová strategie
1. Základním kamenem produktové strategie je úvaha,
jak by měla vypadat pozice produktu na trhu, která mu
poskytne nejvyšší konkurenční výhodu.
2. Strategie mohou být a jsou různé, ale v zásadě se dělí
na udržitelné a neudržitelné.
3. Možností, jak popsat pozici produktu na trhu je hodně,
může to být i extra složité, ale jde to i jednoduše, ve
dvourozměrném prostoru: cena a vnímaná hodnota
produktu nebo služby.
4. Produktová
strategie
03 1. Low Price and Low Value Added
■ Postavení s malou konkurenční výhodou. Produkt není
dobře odlišený od konkurence a zákazník vnímá jeho
velmi nízkou hodnotu i přes nízkou cenu.
■ Je to v podstatě strategie výprodeje, dlouhodobě je
těžko udržitelná.
■ Jediný způsob, jak zůstat konkurenceschopný, je být
tak levný, že vás nikdo jiný nemůže cenově podlézt?
5. Produktová
strategie
04 2. Low Price
■ Podniky, které se s touto strategií snaží být cenovými
lídry na trhu.
■ Aby byla tato strategie úspěšná, je často nutné
minimalizovat náklady, což je často spojeno s
úsporami z rozsahu (velkovýroba).
■ Marže na produktu jsou nízké, ale díky vysokému
objemu produkce může stále generovat vysoké
celkové zisky.
■ Konkurence mezi podniky s nízkou cenovou pozicí je
obvykle intenzivní a často zahrnuje cenové války.
6. Produktová
strategie
05 3. Hybrid
■ Jak název napovídá, hybridní pozice je kombinací
nízkých cen (ve vztahu k konkurenci) a jasného
odlišení produktů (design, komunikace, distribuce…).
■ Cílem je přesvědčit spotřebitele, že má váš produkt
solidní přidanou hodnotu prostřednictvím kombinace
rozumné ceny a částečné diferenciace výrobků.
■ Je to velice účinná strategie, pokud jste v komunikaci
přidané hodnoty konzistentní.
7. Produktová
strategie
06 4. Differentiation
■ Cílem odlišení je nabídnout zákazníkům nejvyšší
úroveň vnímané přidané hodnoty.
■ Klíčovou roli hraje v tomto případě branding a to
minimálně stejnou jako kvalita produktu a USP (unique
selling proposition).
■ Vysoce kvalitní produkt v kombinaci se silnou značkou
a loajalitou je asi nejvhodnější strategie pro dosažení
relativně vysokých cen, opakovaných nákupů a přidané
hodnoty, kterou strategie odlišení vyžaduje.
8. Produktová
strategie
07 5. Focused Differentiation
■ Tato strategie si klade za cíl umístit produkt na
nejvyšší cenovou úroveň, kde zákazníci nakupují
výrobek z důvodu vysoké vnímané hodnoty.
■ To je typické pro luxusní značky, jejichž cílem je
dosáhnout prémiových cen vysoce cílenou
segmentací na menším trhu (pouze bohatí s určitým
zájmem), propagací (módní návrhy) a distribucí (pouze
značkové obchody).
■ Strategie vede k velmi vysokým ziskovým maržím, ale
pouze několik značek dokáže tuto strategii udržet
dlouhodobě.
9. Produktová
strategie
08 6. Risky High Margins
■ Strategie s vysokým rizikem, která není udržitelná a v
dlouhodobém horizontu je odsouzena k neúspěchu.
■ S touto strategií nastavuje podnik vysoké ceny, aniž by
nabízel něco navíc z hlediska vnímané hodnoty, a
generuje vysoký zisk. Zákazníci však nakonec najdou
produkt, který nabízí vyšší vnímanou hodnotu za
stejnou nebo nižší cenu.
■ Prodávat s prémiovou cenou bez ospravedlnění je na
běžném konkurenčním trhu obtížné.
Příklad: V případě Viagry hrálo roli omezení vyplývající z intelektuálního
vlastnictví, dokud se neobjevily další pilule s podobným účinkem.
10. Produktová
strategie
09 7. Monopoly Pricing
■ Situace, kdy je na trhu pouze jeden podnik nabízející
určitý produkt, se nazývá monopol.
■ Monopolistu nezajímá, jak vnímá zákazník hodnotu
produktu – v případě potřeby má jedinou možnost,
koupit ho. Neexistují žádné alternativy.
■ Teoreticky monopolista může nastavit jakoukoliv
cenu, kterou si přeje. Ve většině zemí jsou monopoly
naštěstí přísně regulovány.
Příklad: Ceny paušálů prvního mobilního operátora byly z dnešního pohledu
astronomické. Situace se zásadně změnila až s příchodem třetího operátora,
ale stále zde máme v podstatě oligopolní situaci na trhu.
11. Produktová
strategie
09 8. Loss of Market Share
■ Tato pozice je receptem na katastrofu na jakémkoliv
konkurenčním trhu.
■ Je nepravděpodobné, že by nastavení střední nebo
standardní ceny pro produkt s nízkou vnímanou
hodnotou uspělo, pokud mají zákazníci na trhu lepší
možnosti (např. vyšší hodnotu za stejnou cenu od
jiných konkurentů).