ZERONE 2010 - Annual Technical Journal, IOE, Nepal

Message from the Head of Department
It gives me great pleasure that the students of Bachelor’s degree of Electronics and Computer
Engineering are bringing out yet again another issue of “ZERONE”, an annual technological journal.
ZERONE contains academic, engineering articles and latest developments in field of digital
engineering. I am very much impressed with the quality of articles.
I would like to thank the contributors and members of ZERONE committee for compiling and editing
such wonderful array of articles. The effect of ZERONE may be small, but small differences do bring
large changes. I am assured that readers will get inspired from the articles and contribute further to
the field of “Information Technology”, which Nepal desperately needs to excel in.
Lastly, I would like to congratulate the ZERONE editorial board for their active and sincere effort for
this technological journal. This type of academic enhancing work is what Institute of Engineering
thrives for and will always be appreciated and encouraged by our Department of Electronics and
Computer Engineering. I hope readers will enjoy the articles and find them useful.
_____________
__________
Shashidhar Ram Joshi, Ph.D.
Professor and Head of Department

Message from the President
I am really glad to know about the continuity of ZERONE, an annual
technical journal, published by the students of the Department of
Electronics and Computer Engineering, Pulchowk Campus.
New technologies play a key role in the development of the country.
As the field of science and technology is ever changing, it is
indispensable for the students to keep themselves updated with
fast changing technologies. A technical journal of this kind provides
students with informative news about the new faces of the changing
world and creates enthusiasm among students in their related fields.
Lastly, my hearty congratulations to the ZERONE team for their
excellent work in bringing out this issue.
_____________________
Prakash Sapkota
President, FSU

ZERONE
An annual technical journal published by the students of
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus
Institute of Engineering
Volume 6•2067/2010
http://www.ioe.edu.np/zerone
Advisors
Dr. Shashidhar Ram Joshi
Dr. Subarna Shakya
Chief
Shristi Nhuchhe Pradhan
Co-ordinator
Nar Kaji Gurung
Editors
Bikram Adhikari
Presha Joshi
Ruchin Singh
Vandana Dhakal
Layout & Design
Saurab Rajkarnikar
Nar Kaji Gurung
Kailash Budhathoki
Printed at
Rajmati Press
Nakabahil, Lalitpur
G.P.O. Box: 2512
Tel: 5534527
few words...
The ZERONE team is delighted to bring out the
sixth issue of the journal on the hands of its keen
readers. Even though the leadership has been
handed down from one batch to another, we have
persistently tried to maintain the quality and the
standards of the issues.
This issue brings forward an array of information
rich articles. There are articles based on nascent
technologies like the Chemical Computing and 4G
Mobile Technology. Contemporary technologies,
as for example, the Cloud Computing, Photovol-
taic, Migration to IPV6 have been included. There
is an interesting article based on building a hu-
manoid robot with LEGO Mindstorms. Likewise,
we have focused on articles giving useful insight
to exciting projects which was undertaken suc-
cessfully by the students.
These kind of technical journals definitely help
and encourage the students to undertake the on-
going researches and innovate new ideas. The
team would like to thank all the organizations for
providing us with the financial support needed
to publish a freely distributed journal of this scale.
We would like to extend our gratitude towards our
colleagues and our teachers who have supported
Zerone through articles and valuable suggestions.
Without you all, Zerone wouldn’t exist at all.
Finally, we would like to wish a very best for the
new team. Keep the spirit alive!

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of Contents
Cutting Edge Technologies
Chemical Computing: A New Era in Technology....................................................................... 1
Prabhat Dahal, 2062 Electronics
4G Mobile Technology ................................................................................................................. 4
Sudha Lohani, 2063 Electronics
Be Ready! HTML 5 is coming ...................................................................................................... 6
Ganesh Tiwari, 2063 Computer
Quantum Teleportation: The Promises It Holds ..................................................................... 11
Barsha Paudel, 2063 Electronics
Contemporary Technologies
Cloud Computing ...................................................................................................................... 14
Nar Kaji Gurung, 2063 Computer
VPN - Solution to Remotely Connected Intranet ..................................................................... 20
Ranjan Shrestha, 2062 Electronics
Connecting to Matlab................................................................................................................ 23
Sugan Shakya, 2062 Electronics
Photovoltaic ................................................................................................................................ 25
Dipendra Kumar Deo, 2062 Electronics
Electromagnetic Interference ................................................................................................... 28
Rupendra Maharjan, 2062 Electronics
Migration to IPV6....................................................................................................................... 30
Mithlesh Chaudhary, 2062 Electronics
Magnetic Stripe Cards .............................................................................................................. 33
Pushkar Shakya, 2063 Computer
Robotics
My First Humanoid Robot:
An Experience worth Sharing with Freshman and Sophomore ........................................... 36
Bikram Adhikari, DOECE, Pulchowk Campus
Project Ideas
Spectrum Analysis and its Benefits ........................................................................................ 41
Prajay Singh Silwal, 2062 Electronics
SIMULINK Model of an Inverted Pendulum System
Using a RBF Neural Network Controller ............................................................................... 44
Bikram Adhikari, DOECE, Pulchowk Campus
IRIS Regognition and Identification System........................................................................... 50
Ruchin Singh / Sanjana Bajracharya / Saurab Rajkarnikar, 2062 Computer

RFID ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Ashish Shrestha, 2062 Electronics
Symphony and MVC Architecture........................................................................................... 56
Suraj Maharjan / Ram Kasula / Prasanna Man Bajracharya, 2062 Computer
Computer Operation & Programming
How to create a Symbian Installation Source using Visual C++ 6.0 .................................. 61
Kishoj Bajracharya, 2062 Computer
Implementing Virtual Hosting .................................................................................................. 64
Ganesh Tiwari / Biraj Upadhyaya, 2063 Computer

CHEMICAL COMPUTINGCHEMICAL COMPUTINGCHEMICAL COMPUTINGCHEMICAL COMPUTINGCHEMICAL COMPUTING
A New Era in Technology
Cutting-Edge TechnologiesCutting-Edge TechnologiesCutting-Edge TechnologiesCutting-Edge TechnologiesCutting-Edge Technologies
A
ll known life forms process information
on a bio-molecular level. Examples are:
signal processing in bacteria (e.g.,
chemotaxis), gene expression and morphogenesis,
defense coordination and adaptation in the
immune system, broadcasting information by the
endocrine system, or finding a short route to a
food source by an ant colony. This kind of
information processing is known to be robust,
self-organizing, adaptive, decentralized,
asynchronous, fault-tolerant, and evolvable.
Computation emerges out of an orchestrated
interplay of many decentralized relatively simple
components (molecules).We now expect to make
available a technology that allows to create
computational systems with the properties of their
biological counterpart. A couple of approaches
are already using the chemical metaphor (e.g.,
Gamma, MGS, amorphous computing, and
reaction-diffusion processors).
A chemical computer, also called reaction-
diffusion computer, BZ (Belousov-Zhabotinsky)
computer or gooware computer is an
unconventional computer based on a semi-solid
chemical "soup" where data is represented by
varying concentrations of chemicals. The
computations are performed by naturally
occurring chemical reactions. So far it is still in a
very early experimental stage, but may have great
potential for the computer industry.
The simplicity of this technology is one of the
main reasons why it in the future could turn into
a serious competitor to machines based on
conventional hardware. A modern
microprocessor is an incredibly complicated
device that can be destroyed during production
by no more than a single airborne microscopic
particle. In contrast, a cup of chemicals is a simple
and stable component that is cheap to produce.
In a conventional microprocessor, the bits behave
much like cars in city traffic; they can only use
certain roads, they have to slow down and wait
for each other in crossing traffic, and only one
driving field at once can be used. In a BZ solution,
the waves are moving in all thinkable directions
in all dimensions, across, away and against each
other. These properties might make a chemical
computer able to handle billions of times more
data than a traditional computer. An analogy
would be the brain; even if a microprocessor can
transfer information much faster than a neuron,
the brain is still much more effective for some
tasks because it can work with much higher
amount of data at the same time.
Historical background
Originally chemical reactions were seen as a
simple move towards a stable equilibrium which
was not very promising for computation. This
was changed by a discovery made by Boris
Belousov, a Soviet scientist, in the 1950s.
He created a chemical reaction between different
salts and acids that swing back and forth between
being yellow and clear because the concentration
of the different components changes up and down
in a cyclic way. He noted that in a mix of
potassium bromate, cerium(IV) sulfate,
propanedioic acid and citric acid in dilute sulfuric
acid, the ratio of concentration of the cerium(IV)
and cerium(III) ions oscillated, causing the colour
of the solution to oscillate between a yellow
solution and a colorless solution. This is due to
thecerium(IV)ionsbeing reduced bypropanedioic
acid to cerium(III) ions, which are then oxidized
back to cerium(IV) ions by bromate(V) ions. At
the time this was considered impossible because
it seemed to go against the second law of
thermodynamics, which states that in a closed
system the entropy will only increase over time,
causing the components in the mixture to
distribute themselves till equilibrium is gained
and making any changes in the concentration
062 Electronics
Prabhat Dahal

ZERONE 2010 7
Cutting-Edge Technologies
themanwhosoldtheworldimpossible. But modern theoretical analyses
shows sufficiently complicated reactions can
indeed comprise wave phenomena without
breaking the laws of nature. (A convincing directly
visible demonstration was achieved by Anatol
Zhabotinsky with the Belousov-Zhabotinsky
reaction showing spiraling colored waves.)
Basic principles
The wave properties of the BZ reaction means it
can move information in the same way as all other
waves. This still leaves the need for computation
performed by conventional microchips using the
binary code transmitting and changing ones and
zeros through a
complicated system of
logic gates. To perform any
conceivable computation,
it is sufficient to have
NAND gates. (A NAND
gate has two bits input. Its
output is 0 if both bits are
1, otherwise it's 1). In the
chemical computer
version, logic gates are
implemented by
concentration waves
blocking or amplifying
each other in different
ways.
Current research
Chemical computers can exploit several different
kinds of reaction to carry out the computation.
For example, so-called conformation computers
use polymer molecules that change shape in
response to a particular input.
Metabolic computing exploits the kinds of
reactions typically found inside a living cell. In
1989, how the light-sensitive chemical reactions
could perform image processing was
demonstrated. This led to an upsurge in the field
of chemical computing.
Andrew Adamatzky at the University of the West
of England demonstrated simple logic gates using
reaction-diffusion processes. Furthermore he had
theoretically shown how a hypothetical "2+
medium" modeled as a cellular automaton can
perform computation. The breakthrough came
when he read a theoretical article of two scientists
who illustrated how to make logic gates to a
computer by using the balls on a billiard table as
an example. Like in the case with the AND-gate,
two balls represent two different bits. If a single
ball shoots towards a common colliding point,
the bit is 1. If not, it is 0. A collision will only
occur if bothballs are sent toward the point, which
then is registered in the same way as when two
electronic 1's gives a new and single 1. In this
way the balls work together like an AND-gate.
Adamatzkys' greatachievement wasto transfer this
principle to the BZ-chemical reaction and replace
the billiard balls with waves. If it occurs, two
waves in the solution will meet and create a third
wave which is registered as a 1. He has tested the
theory in practice and has already documented
that it works. For the
moment, he is
cooperating with some
other scientists in
producing some
thousand chemical
versions of logic gates
that is going to become
a form of chemical
pocket calculator. One
of the problems with
the present version of
this technology is the
speed of the waves; they
only spread at a rate of
a few millimeters per
minute. According to Adamatzky, this problem
can be eliminated by placing the gates very close
to each other, to make sure the signals are
transferred quickly. Another possibility could be
new chemical reactions where waves propagate
much faster. If these teething problems are
overcome, a chemical computer will offer clear
advantages over an electronic computer.
Latest advancements
1. Reaction-diffusion computing
This type ofcomputation exploits waves travelling
through a beaker of chemicals to carry out useful
calculations. These waves are the information
carriers in the computer. They are created by
triggeringchemical reactions in thesoup atspecific
points.
As waves propagate from different areas they
collide and interact - effectively processing the
information they hold. At the site of their
interaction a point with a new chemical

8 ZERONE 2010
concentration is created, which is in effect an
answer. With a beaker full of thousands of waves
travelling and interacting witheach other, complex
computational problems can be solved.
An increasing number of individuals in the
computer industry are starting to realise the
potential of this technology. IBM is at the moment
testing out new ideas in the field of
microprocessing with many similarities to the
basic principles of a chemical computer.
2. Robot gel
Although the process sounds complicated and
esoteric it can be applied to almost all
computational problems. According to Dr
Adamatzky, Reaction-diffusion processors are
universal computers and they can solve all types
of problems. As a result, computer giant IBM is
already interested in the technology. Although
slower than silicon, its key advantage is that it is
cheap to produce and incredibly robust.
Working with chemist Ben De Lacy Costello, Dr
Adamatzky hasalready produced logic gates using
the technique that can be used to make chemical
"circuitry".
Here is an excerpt from news in Chemical
Computing that made a sensation in BBC
sometime back where Dr. Adamatzy says-
"Ultimately, we will produce a general purpose
chemical chip. The chip would be capable of
mathematical operations such as adding and
multiplying numbers. I believe we can take the
research even further to create intelligent,
amorphous robots. In these, silicon circuitry
would be of no use. Assume we have fabricated
an artificial amoeba, gel-based robot, without any
fixed shape, and capable for splitting into several
smaller robots. Cornventional silicon circuits will
not work because they have rigid architecture. But
as chemical computers are an amorphous blob
they could be cut in half and both would continue
functioning independently. You can not cut your
laptop in half and expect both parts to function
properly; you can do this with reaction-diffusion
processors."
3. Nano-chemical computation
Scientists have achieved the goal of creating a
nano-scale “chemical brain” that can transmit
instructions to multiple (at present as many as
16) molecular “machines” simultaneously. The
new molecular processor means that nano-
chemical computation may soon be possible,
ushering in a new era in super-light, super-fast,
more versatile computer processing capabilities
and, by extension, robotics.
The BBC reports that:
The machine is made from 17 molecules of the
chemical duroquinone. Each one is known as a
“logic device”. They each resemble a ring with
four protruding spokes that can be independently
rotated to represent four different states. One
duroquinone molecule sits at the centre of a ring
formed by the remaining 16. All are connected by
chemical bonds, known as hydrogen bonds. The
structure is just 2 nanometers in diameter, and
can produce 4 billion different permutations of
chemical transmission of “information”. This
allows for a far more efficient distribution of
information than a traditional binary circuit.
The researchers say the structure of the “chemical
brain” was inspired by the activity of glial cells in
the human brain. Glial cells are non-neuronal
“glue” or connective cells. In the brain, they are
estimated to outnumber neurons by 10 to 1 and
assist in chemical transmission of neural signals.
Their ability to transmit signals in parallel, or to
multiple tangent cells at once, reportedly gave rise
to the 17-molecule duroquinone design.
In recent years, the inability of research teams and
engineers to keep pace with “Moore’s law” —
which predicts that computing speed (by way of
the reduction in size of processing units or the
increasing density of circuits possible in a given
space) will double roughly every 18 months—
has been tested, due to heat-diffusion constraints
and the related energy bleed.
Nano-chemical processors would enable an
entirely new structure for the smallest-scale
computing circuits, and could lead to serious
advances in the nature and capabilities of
microprocessors, which are far larger in size and
could therefore contain many times more circuits
than at present.
The researchers have reportedly already moved
beyond the initial 17-molecule design, capable of
processing 16 instructions simultaneously, to
devices capable of 256 simultaneous
transmissions. They are also designing a molecular
device that would be capable of up to 1024
simultaneous transmissions.

ZERONE 2010 9
4
G refers to the fourth generation of cellular
wireless and is a successor to 3G and 2G
standards. Though different regions have
diversified approaches towards the next
generation mobile communication technology
(called 4th generation mobile, or 4G Mobile), the
future trend is same: Convergence among fixed,
mobile and wireless communications. A 4G
system is expected to upgrade existing
communication networks and is expected to
provide a comprehensive and secure IP based
solution where facilities such as voice, data and
streamed multimedia will be provided to users
on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis and at much
higher data rates compared to previous
generations.
Currently, the 3G mobile service is available in
the world. In the next stage, from around 2010,
Japanese mobile operators will upgrade to "Long
Term Evolution (LTE)" services. LTE technology
is sometimes also termed 3.9G or Super-3G. 4G
technologies enable still higher data speeds, and
are currently under development and testing. It
is currently not possible to predict when exactly
4G services will be introduced to the markets,
however it could be around 2015 or later.
Objectives
• 4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS
(Quality of Service) and rate requirements set by
forthcoming applications like wireless broadband
access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS),
video chat, mobile TV, High Definition
Television(HDTV) content, Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB).
• A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and
bits/s/Hz/site).
• High network capacity, more simultaneous
users per cell.
• Reduce blips in transmission when a device
moves between areas covered by different
networks.
• A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any
two points in the world.
•Smooth handoff (handover) across
heterogeneous networks. An instance of handover
is, when the phone is moving away from the area
covered by one cell and entering the area covered
by another cell, the call is transferred to the second
cell in order to avoid call termination when the
phone gets outside the range of the first cell.
• Compatible operation with existing wireless
standards.
Key 4G technologies
• Modulation can also be employed as a multiple
accesstechnology (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access; OFDMA). In this case, each
OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from
several users using a different set of sub-carriers
(sub-channels).
• MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output to attain
ultra high spectral efficiency.
MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple
transmitting antennas (space
multiplex) and time or frequency.
• Adaptive Radio Interface: There will be two
radio processor modules, connected by digital
interconnection system to conform to a
predetermined radio communications channel
patching arrangement.
• Modulation, spatial processing including multi-
antenna and multi-user MIMO.
• The cooperative relaying concept, which
exploits the inherent spatial diversity of the relay
channel by allowing mobile terminals to co-
operate.
Sudha Lohani
063 Electronics
4G Mobile4G Mobile4G Mobile4G Mobile4G Mobile TTTTTechnologyechnologyechnologyechnologyechnology

10 ZERONE 2010
• Access Schemes: Schemes like Orthogonal
FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-
FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-carrier code
division multiple access (MC-CDMA) are gaining
more importance for the next generation systems.
For the next generation UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System), OFDMA is being
considered for the downlink. By contrast, IFDMA
is being considered for the uplink.
• Multimedia service delivery, service adaptation
and robust transmission: Audio and video coding
are scalable. For instance, a video flow can be
split into three flows which can be transported
independently. The first flowprovides availability,
the other two quality and definition.
Advantages
• In the 4G mobile era, the access to the mobile
services will be evolved to an open Mobile Cloud
and will be fully open to any developers and
providers. Thus, any non-wireless industries,
such as Google, Microsoft, Oracle can provide
services for their mobile users.
• The mobile device system architecture will be
open in order to converge multiple RTTs (radio
transmission technologies) in one same device.
Like laptop computer, the future Smartphone will
be based on open wireless architecture (OWA)
technology which means, when you change the
wireless standards, you do not need to change
phone. It is totally different from current multi-
standards phone which is in closed system
architecture, and users can not remove the unused
RTT modules. In the OWA system, RTT card can
be changed to switch wireless standards, or
multiple wireless standards can be integrated in
one RTT SIM card. Based on this OWA platform,
you can integrate home phone, office phone and
mobile phone into one common Personal device -
it is more than just a phone. In fact, this 4G mobile
device is a system to bring the world in the hand,
can be called iHand - the World in Hand.
• Any portable consumer electronics device can
be a mobile phone by inserting the OWA-powered
mobile RTT(s) card. This approach is truly
converging the mobile wireless technology with
the computer technology.
The first commercial launch of 3G was also by
NTT DoCoMo in Japan on October 1, 2001 and
slowly it spread over the world, while the
technology arrived in Nepal in 2007, May 17th.
The 4G is expected to be in market by 2015.But it
seems we will have to wait for a while before we
will get to enjoy the service.

ZERONE 2010 11
T
o give users more flexibility and
interoperability, and enable more
interactive and exciting websites and
applications, HTML 5 introduces and enhances
a wide range of features including form controls,
APIs, multimedia, structure, and semantics.
HTML 5 is said to become a game-changer in Web
application development, one that might even
make obsolete such plug-in-based rich Internet
application (RIA) technologies as Adobe Flash,
Microsoft Silverlight, and Sun JavaFX.
Work on HTML 5, originally referred to as Web
Applications 1.0, was initiated in 2004 and is
currently being carried out in a jointeffortbetween
the W3C HTML WG (Work Group) and the Web
Hypertext Application Technology Working
Group (WHATWG). Many key players are
participating in the W3C effort including
representatives from the four major browser
vendors: Apple, Mozilla, Opera, and Microsoft;
and a range of other organizationsand individuals.
Specification is still a work in progress has quite
a long way from completion.
In addition to specifying markup, HTML 5
introduces a number of APIs that help in creating
Web applications. These can be used together with
the new elements introduced for applications:
• 2D drawing API which can be used with the
new canvas element.
• API for playing of video and audio which can
be used with the new video and audio elements.
• An API that enables offline Web applications.
• An API that allows a Web application to register
itself for certain protocols or media types.
• Editing API in combination with a new global
content editable attribute.
• Drag & drop API in combination with a
draggable attribute.
• API that exposes the history and allows pages
to add to it to prevent breaking the back button.
• Cross-document messaging
Existing DocumentObject Model (DOM) interfaces
are extended and de facto features documented.
HTML 5 is defined in a way that it is backwards
compatible with the way user agents handle
deployed content. To keep the authoring language
relatively simple for authors several elements and
attributes are not included as outlined in the other
sections of this document, such as presentational
elements that are better dealt with using CSS.
1. Structure
The HTML serialization refers to the syntax that
is inspired by the SGML syntax from earlier
versions of HTML, but defined to be more
compatible with the way browsers actually handle
HTML in practice.
Example document that conforms to the HTML5
syntax:
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Example
document</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Example paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
The XML serialisation refers to the syntax using
XML 1.0 and namespaces, just like XHTML 1.0.
Example document that conforms to the XML
syntax of HTML 5 :
Be Ready !Be Ready !Be Ready !Be Ready !Be Ready !
HTML5 is coming
Ganesh Tiwari
063 Computer

12 ZERONE 2010
<?xml version="1.0"
encoding="UTF-8"?><html
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Example
document
</title>
</head>
<body><p>Example paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
2. Replacement of <div> tag
The use of div elements is largely because current
versions of HTML 4 but lack the necessary
semantics for describing these parts more
specifically. HTML 5 addresses this issue by
introducing new elements for representing each
of these different sections.
The div elements can be replaced with the new
elements: header, nav, section, article, aside, and
footer.
The markup for the above document could look
like the following:
<body>
<header>...</header>
<nav>...</nav>
<article>
<section>
...
</section>
</article>
<aside>...</aside>
<footer>...</footer>
</body>
3. Embedded media
Video on the Web is booming, but it's almost all
proprietary. YouTube uses Flash, Microsoft uses
Windows Media®, and Apple uses QuickTime.
HTML currently lacks the necessary means to
successfully embed and control multimedia itself.
Whether any one format and codec will be
preferred is still under debate. Probably Ogg
Theora support at least will be strongly
recommended, if not required. Support for
proprietary formats patent-encumbered formats
will be optional.
The simplest way to embed a video is to use a
video element and allow the browser to provide
a default user interface. The controls attribute is
a boolean attribute that indicates whether or not
the author wants this UI on or off by default. The
optional poster attribute can be used to specify
an image which will be displayed in place of the
video before the video has begun playing.
<video src="video.ogg" id="video"
controls="true" poster="poster.jpg">
</video><p>
<button type="button"
onclick="video.play();">
Play</button>
onclick="video.pause();">
Pause</button>
onclick="video.currentTime = 0;"><<
Rewind</button>
HTML4 Structure
HTML5 Structure

ZERONE 2010 13
A complementary audio element is also proposed.
Most of the attributes are common between the
video and audio elements, although for obvious
reasons, the audio element lacks the width, height,
and poster attributes.
<audio src="music.mp3"
controls=”true” autoplay="autoplay">
<a href="music.mp3">Download song</a>
</audio>
Figure can be used to associate a caption together
with some embedded content, such as a graphic
or video.
<figure>
<img src="pic.png">
<legend>Example</legend>
</figure>
4. Canvas
Canvas is used for dynamic scriptable rendering
of bitmap graphics on the fly. It was initially
introduced by Apple for use inside their own Mac
OX WebKit component, powering components
like Dashboard widgets and the Safari browser.
Some browsers already support the <canvas>
tag, like Firefox and Opera.
The <canvas> tag is only a container for graphics;
you must use a script to actually paint graphics.
Canvas consists of drawable region defined in
html code with height and width attributes.
<canvas id=”a_canvas”
width=”400”
height=”300”>
</canvas>
JavaScript code may access the area through full
set of draing function similar to other common
2D APIs, thus allowing for dynamically generated
graphics.
2D and 3D graphics both will be possible with
the help of API, which is expected to be popular
for online gaming, animations and image
composition.
5. MathML and SVG
The HTML syntax of HTML 5 allows for MathML
and SVG elements to be used inside a document.
E.g. a very simple document using some of the
minimal syntax features could look like:
<!doctype html>
<title>SVG in text/html</title>
<p>
A green circle:<svg> <circle
r="50"cx="50" cy="50" fill="green"/>
</svg> </p>
6. Interactivity
HTML 5 also goes under the rubric of Web
Applications 1.0. Several new elements are
focused on more interactive experiences for Web
pages:
• details
• datagrid
• menu
• command
These elements all have the potential to change
what is displayed based on user action and choice
without loading a new page from the server.
datagrid
The datagrid element serves the role of a grid
control. It's intended for trees, lists, and tables
that can be updated by both the user and scripts.
By contrast, traditional tables are mostly intended
for static data.
<datagrid>
<table>
<tr><td>Jones</td><td>Allison</
td><td>A-</td><td>B+</td><td>A</
td></tr>
<tr><td>Smith</td><td>Johnny</
td><td>A</td><td>C+</td><td>A</
td></tr>
...
</table>
</datagrid>
What distinguishes this from a regular table is
that the user can select rows, columns, and cells;
collapse rows, columns, and cells; edit cells; delete
rows, columns, and cells; sort the grid; and
otherwise interact with the data directly in the
browser on the client. The JavaScript code may
monitor the updates.

14 ZERONE 2010
Menu and command
The menu element has actually been present in
HTML since at least version 2. It was deprecated
in HTML 4, but it comes roaring back with new
significance in HTML 5. In HTML 5, a menu
containscommand elements,eachofwhichcauses
an immediate action. For example,
The label attribute gives a title for the menu. For
example,
<menu type="popup" label="Edit">
<command onclick="undo()"
label="Undo"/>
<command onclick="redo()"
label="Redo"/>
<command onclick="cut()"
label="Cut"/>
<command onclick="copy()"
label="Copy"/>
<command onclick="paste()"
label="Paste"/>
<command onclick="delete()"
label="Clear"/>
</menu>
Menus can be nested inside other menus to create
hierarchical menus.
7. Web forms 2
Web forms 2 specification adds lots of features
for authoring forms for basic client side validation,
new input types, and repetition blocks. Several
JavaScript implementations are under
development.
Some examples of web form 2 are:
<input type="email” value="a@b">
<input pattern="[1-
]{10}"value="1234567891">
<input type="number" min="7"
max="25" step="2"> </label>
<input type="date” required>
Other elements
The following elements have been introduced for
better structure:
• dialog can be used to mark up a conversation
like this:
<dialog>
<dt> hello, how r u
<dd> fine and you?
<dt> mee to good
</dialog>
• embed is used for plugin content.
• mark represents a run of marked (highlighted)
text. It is not similar as <em> tag.
You searched for <m>marker</m>
• meter represents a measurement, such as disk
usage, user ratings.
Rating: <meter min=“0”
max=“5”value=“3”>
• progress represents a completion of a task, such
as downloading or when performing a series of
expensive operations. We can use the progress
element to display the progress of a time
consuming function in JavaScript.
<progress value=“128”
max=“1024”>72.5%</progress>
• time represents a date and/or time, which solves
Accessibility Issue. It can be used in Microformats
like hCalendar
<time datetime="2007-08-02T23:30Z">
Fri, Aug 03 2007 at 09:30</time>
• details represents additional information or
controls which the user can obtain on demand.
• datalist together with the a new list attribute for
input is used to make comboboxes:
<input list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Safari">
<option value="Internet Explorer">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Firefox">
</datalist>
• keygen represents control for key pair
generation.
• bb represents a user agent command that the
user can invoke.
• output represents some type of output, such as
from a calculation done through scripting.

ZERONE 2010 15
1.www.en.wikipedia.org
2.www.w3.org
3.www.whatwg.org
1. www.en.wikipedia.org
2. www.w3.org
3. www.whatwg.org
References
• ruby, rt and rp allow for marking up ruby
annotations.
The input element's type attribute now has the
following new values:
datetime, datetime-local, date,
month, week, time, number, range,
email, url, search, color
The idea of these new types is that the user agent
can provide the user interface, such as a calendar
date picker or integration with the user's address
book, and submit a defined format to the server.
It gives the user a better experience as his input
is checked before sending it to the server meaning
there is less time to wait for feedback..
At last
Work on HTML 5 is rapidly progressing, yet it is
still expected to continue for several years. Due
to the requirement to produce test cases and
achieve interoperable implementations, current
estimates have work finishing in around ten to
fifteen years.
During this process, feedback from a wide range
of people including web designers and
developers, CMS and authoring tool vendors and
browser vendors is vital to ensure its success.
Everyone is not only welcome, but actively
encouraged to contribute feedback on HTML 5.
There are numerous venues through which you
may contribute. You may join the W3C’s HTML
WG and subscribe/contribute to the HTML WG
mailing lists, WHATWG mailing lists, or wiki.

16 ZERONE 2010
T
eleportation is the name given by science
fiction writers to the feat of making an
object or person disintegrate in one place
while a perfect replica appears somewhere else.
Teleportation involves de-materializing an object
at one point, and sending the details of that
object's precise atomic configuration to another
location, where it will be reconstructed. What this
means is that time and space could be eliminated
from travel - we could be transported to any
location instantly, without actually crossing a
physical distance. This, until now, has only been
available to read in si-fi novels and watch with
thrill and excitement over si-fi movies.
Imagination leads to great innovations and so there
are scientists working right now on such a method
of travel to convert this imagination into reality
by combining properties of telecommunications
and transportation to achieve a system called
teleportation.
But, Quantum teleportation is not the same as
the teleportation most of us know from science
fiction, where an object (or person) in one place
is “beamed up” to another place where a perfect
copy is replicated. In quantum teleportation two
photons or ions (for example) are entangled in
such a way that when the
quantum state of one is
changed the state of the
other also changes, as if the
two were still connected.
This enables quantum
information to be teleported
if one of the photons/ions is
sent some distance away.
It works by entangling two objects, like photons
or ions. The first teleportation experiments
involved beams of light. Once the objects are
entangled, they're connected by an invisible wave,
like a thread or umbilical cord. That means when
something is done to one object, it immediately
happens to the other object, too. Einstein called
this "spooky action at a distance."
Although the first proof-of-principle
demonstration was reported in 1997 by the
Innsbruck and Rome groups, long-distance
teleportation had so far only been realized in fibre
with lengths of hundreds of metres apart until
this recent experiment. And those distances have
been accomplished with fiber channels, which
help preserve the photons' state. But the ongoing
vast research and experiments have continuously
tried bringing this quantum teleportaion concept
to a whole new level now.
Recently in what promises to be a milestone
experiment led by Jian-Wei Pan and Cheng-Zhi
Peng at the University of Science and Technology
of China and Tsinghua University (Beijing,
China), quantum information was ‘transmitted’
through the open air between two stations 16
kilometers (10 miles) apart. The previous record
was a few hundred meters using fiber optic cable.
At the distance of 10 or more kilometers, this
almost mysterious form of communication, called
“spooky action at a distance” by Einstein,
becomes possible for Earth to orbiting satellites.
What’s so spooky is the nature
of quantum entanglement, how
separated particles can share
quantum properties as if they
were one particle. Entangled
photon pairs were generated
for this experiment at the
teleportation site using a
semiconductor, a blue laser beam, and a crystal
of beta-barium borate (BBO). The pairs of photons
were entangled in the spatial modes of photon 1
and polarization modes of photon 2. The research
team designed two types of telescopes to serve as
optical transmitting and receiving antennas. It’s
one thing to imagine this kind of 2=1 condition
Barsha Paudel
063 Electronics
“Once the objects are
entangled, they're connected
by an invisible wave, like a
thread or umbilical cord.”
QuantumTeleportation!
The Promises it Holds

ZERONE 2010 17
for distances no bigger than an atom, but over
kilometers?
The researchers set up two ‘stations:’ “Alice”
located in a suburb of Beijing and 16 kilometers
away on the other side of a reservoir was “Bob.”
Alice and Bob each received one of a pair of
entangled photons. Photons, the equivalent of
electrons for light, are often used for entanglement
experiments as they are good for transmission and
can be manipulated by specialized lasers. At the
Alice station, one entangled photon was measured
in combination with an unknown qubit (a
quantum unit of information), in a sense was
charged-up by a maximally applied entangling
force with both spatial and polarization (laser)
methods. The result, a more highly entangled
particle, was sent via telescope to Bob. At the Bob
station, that photon then also projected the status
of the unknown qubit as did Alice. The mumbo
jumbo means that the state of one photon (Alice)
instantly reflected is the state of the other
entangled photon (Bob). These researchers found
that even at this distance the photon at the
receiving end still responded to changes in state
of the photon remaining behind. The qubit is the
piece of quantum information that is passed, so
this is a form of communication.
This experiment required a great deal of
groundbreaking work, including specialized
telescopes designed for the open air transfer, active
feedback control for transmission stability, and
synchronized real-time information transfer. The
result was information fidelity approaching 89%,
good enough for a lot of quantum jazz.
That does not mean this is ready for real-world
applications. It does mean that practical
applications can be envisioned. Between now and
the time when quantum teleportation is used for
communication, there needs to be a lot of work
done with the size, cost, and reliability of the
equipment needed to generate and control the
entanglement effect. The entangled photons will
need better control. Charged electrons – ions –
are easier to manipulate, for example to create
encryption patterns; but something will be needed
to achieve a similar level of manipulation for
photons. Nevertheless, this is a mind-opening
achievement.
Now, why is this a big deal? Well, in the past
scientists have only been able to teleport
information across a small span of a few meters
and even then they had to do so through some
kind of conduit like a fiber optic cable. What
happened recently was an open-air quantum
teleportation from across ten miles. An optical
free-space link is highly desirable for extending
the transfer distance, because of its low
atmospheric absorption for certain ranges of
wavelength. Scientists in China have succeeded
in teleporting information between photons
further than ever before. They transported
quantum information over a free space distance

18 ZERONE 2010
of 16 km (10 miles), much further than the few
hundred meters previously achieved, which
brings us closer to transmitting information over
long distances without the need for a traditional
signal. This thus has proved itself to be an
unprecedented achievement.
Quantum teleportation is central to the practical
realization of quantum communication and with
the distance of 16 km which is greater than the
effective aerosphere thickness of 5-10 km, the
group's success could pave the way for
experiments between a ground station and a
satellite, or two ground stations with a satellite
acting as a relay. The experiments confirm the
feasibility of space-based quantum teleportation,
and represent a giant leap forward in the
development of quantum communication
applications. This means quantum
communication applications could be possible on
a global scale in the near future. This result
confirms the feasibility of space-based
experiments, and is an important step towards
quantum-communication applications on a global
scale.
So the promises of quantum teleportation is huge
and hard to miss. We never know, soon walking
could be so 2010.
1. www.physorg.com/news193551675.html
2 . w w w . e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i /
Quantum_teleportation
3. www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v4/n6/
full/nphoton.2010.87.html
4. www.scitechstory.com/2010/05/20/quantum-
teleportation-over-16-km-in-open-air/
References
An umbrella that lets you surf the Internet while
walking in the rain takes mobile electronics to a
new level.
Called Pileus, the Internet umbrella sports a large
screen, which drapes across the inside of the
umbrella, and a camera, digital compass, GPS,
and motion sensor, all located in the umbrella’s
handle.
So far, the umbrella, which is only in prototype
form, has two capabilities: photo-sharing through
Flickr and 3-D map navigation. To operate this
handheld electronic umbrella, you just rotate the
grip of the handle.
The umbrella was created at Keio University by
Takashi Matsumoto and Sho Hashimota, who
have now co-founded the company Pileus LLC.
[Source: www.technewsdaily.com]
Ordinary Things Turned Hi-Tech!
The Internet Umbrella

ZERONE 2010 19
C
loud computing is a model for enabling
convenient, on-demand network access to
a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction.
This cloud model promotes availability and is
composed of five essential characteristics, three
delivery models, and four deployment models.
In another way, Cloud computing is a style of
computing in which dynamically scalable and
often virtualized resources are provided as a
service over the Internet. A user can have as much
or as little of a service as they want at any given
time; and the service are fully managed by the
provider (the consumer needs nothing but an IP
enabled devices (PC, laptop, cell phone and
Internet access).
Cloud computing supportGrid computing ("a form
of distributed computing whereby a 'super and
virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of
networked, loosely-coupled computers, acting in
concert to perform very large tasks") by quickly
providing physical and virtual servers on which
the grid applications can run. It also supports
non grid environments, such as a three-tier Web
architecture running standard or Web 2.0
applications. Cloud computing can be confused
with utility computing (the "packaging of
computing resources, such as computation and
storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional
public utility such as electricity") and autonomic
computing ("computer systems capable of self-
management").
CloudComputing
Nar Kaji Gurung
063 Computer
Contemporary TechnologiesContemporary TechnologiesContemporary TechnologiesContemporary TechnologiesContemporary Technologies
Some vendors supplying cloud computing

Introduction to cloud computing
Cloud computing infrastructures can allow
enterprises to achieve more efficient use of their
IT hardware and software investments. Cloud
computing is an example of an ultimately
virtualized system, and a natural evolution for
data centers that employ automated systems
management, workload balancing, and
virtualization technologies.
The Cloud makes it possible to launch Web 2.0
applications quickly and to scale up applications
as much as needed when needed. The platform
supports traditional Java™ and Linux, Apache,
MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack-based applications
as well as new architectures such as Map Reduce
© IBM Corporation 2007 Cloud Computing 5 and
the Google File System, which provide a means
to scale applications across thousands of servers
instantly. Cloud computing users can avoid
capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware,
software, and services when they pay a provider
only for what they use. Consumption is billed
on a utility (e.g. resources consumed, like
electricity, telephone) or Subscription (e.g. time
based, like a newspaper) basis with little or no
upfront cost. Other benefits of this time sharing
style approach are low barriers to entry, shared
infrastructure and costs, low management
overhead, and immediate access to a broad range
of applications. Users can generally terminate the
contract at any time (thereby avoiding return on
investment risk and uncertainty) and the services
are often covered by service level agreements
(SLAs) with financial penalties.
Essential characteristics
On-demand self-service: A consumer can
unilaterally provision computing capabilities,
such as server time and networkstorage, as needed
automaticallywithoutrequiringhuman interaction
with each service’s provider.
Ubiquitous network access: Capabilities are
available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g.,
mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).
Location independent resource pooling: The
provider’s computing resources are pooled to
serve all consumers using a multi-tenant model,
with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according
to consumer demand. The customer generally has
no control or knowledge over the exact location
of the provided resources but may be able to
specify location at a higher level of abstraction
(e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of
resources include storage, processing, memory,
network bandwidth, and virtual machines.
Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be rapidly and
elastically provisioned to quickly scale up and
rapidly released to quickly scale down. To the
consumer, the capabilities available for
provisioning often appear to be infinite and can
be purchased in any quantity at any time.
Measured Service: Cloud systems automatically
control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of abstraction
appropriate to the type of service (e.g,
storage,Processing, bandwidth, and active user
accounts). Resource usage can be monitored,
controlled, and reported providing transparency
for both the provider and consumer of the utilized
service.
Note: Cloud software takes full advantage of the
cloud paradigm by being service oriented with a
focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity,
and semantic interoperability.
Delivery models of cloud computing
Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS): The
capability provided to the consumer is to use the
provider’s applications running on a cloud
infrastructure and accessible from various client
devices through a thin client interface such as a
Web browser (e.g., web-based email). The
consumer does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure, network, servers,
operating systems, storage, or even individual
application capabilities, with the possible
exception of limited user-specific application
configuration settings. In the software-as-a-service
cloud model, the vendor supplies the hardware
infrastructure, the software product and interacts
with the user through a front-end portal.
Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS): Platform-
as-a-service in the cloud is defined as a set of
software and product development tools hosted
on the provider's infrastructure. Developers create
applications on the provider's platform over the
Internet. PaaS providers may use APIs, website
portals or gateway software installed on the
customer's computer. Force.com, (an outgrowth

ZERONE 2010 21
of Salesforce.com) and GoogleApps are examples
of PaaS. Developers need to know that currently,
there are not standards for interoperability or data
portability in the cloud. Some providers will not
allow software created by their customers to be
moved off the provider's platform.
Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): The
capability provided to the consumer is to
provision processing, storage, networks, and other
fundamental computing resources where the
consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary
software, which can include operating systems
and applications. The consumer does not manage
or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but
has control over operating systems, storage,
deployed applications, and possibly select
networking components (e.g., firewalls, load
balancers).
Deployment models
(types of cloud)
Private cloud: The cloud infrastructure is
operated solely for an organization. It may be
managed by the organization or a third party and
may exist on premise or off premise. Private
clouds are a good option for companies dealing
with data protection and service-level issues.
Community cloud: The cloud infrastructure is
shared by several organizations and supports a
specific community that has shared concerns (e.g.,
mission, security requirements, policy, and
compliance considerations). It may be managed
by the organizations or a third party and may exist
on premise or off premise.
Public cloud: Public clouds are run by third
parties and jobs from many different customers
may be mixed together on the servers, storage
systems, and other infrastructure within the cloud.
End users don’t know who else’s job may be
running on the same server, network, or disk as
their own jobs. The cloud infrastructure is made
available to the general public or a large industry
group and is owned by an organization selling
cloud services.
Hybrid cloud: Hybrid clouds combine the public
and private and community cloud models..
Hybrid clouds offer the promise of on-demand,
externally provisioned scale, but add the
complexity of determining how to distribute
applications across these different environments.
Architecture of cloud computing
It typically involves multiple cloud components
communicating with each other over application
programming interfaces, usually web services.
Cloud computing types

22 ZERONE 2010
Cloud computing system is divided it into two
sections: the front end and the back end. The
front end is the side the computer user, or client,
sees. The back end is the "cloud" section of the
system. Most of the time, servers don't run at full
capacity. That means there's unused processing
power going to waste. It's possible to fool a
physical server into thinking it's actually multiple
servers, each running with its own independent
operating system. The technique is called server
virtualization. By maximizing the output of
individual servers, server virtualization reduces
the need for more physical machines. On the back
end of the system are the various computers,
servers and data storage systems that create the
"cloud" of computing services. A central server,
monitoring traffic and client demands to ensure
everything runs smoothly. It follows a protocol
and uses a special kind of software called
middleware which allows networked computers
to communicate with each other. If a cloud
computing there's likely to be a high demand for
a lot of storage space. Cloud computing systems
need at least twice copy of storage devices
(redundancy).It supports RAID architecture.
Layers of the cloud computing
1. Application: A cloud application leverages the
Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating
the need to install and run the application on the
customer's own computer, thus alleviating the
burden of software maintenance, ongoing
operation, and support. For example: Peer-to-peer
/ volunteer computing (Bit torrent, BOINC
Projects, Skype),Web application
(Facebook),Software as a service (Google Apps,
SAP and Salesforce),Software plus services
(Microsoft Online Services)
2. Client: A cloud client consists of computer
hardware and/or computer software which relies
on cloud computing for application delivery, or
whichis specifically designed for delivery of cloud
services and which, in either case, is essentially
useless without it. For example: Mobile (Android,
iPhone, Windows Mobile),Thin client (CherryPal,
Zonbu, gOS-based systems),Thick client / Web
browser (Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox)
3. Infrastructure: Cloud infrastructure, typically
a platform virtualization environment, as a service.
For example: Full virtualization (GoGrid,
Skytap),Grid computing (Sun Grid),Management
(RightScale),Compute (Amazon Elastic Compute
Cloud),Platform (Force.com)
4. Platform: A cloud platform, such as Platform
as a service, the delivery of a computing platform,
and/or solution stack as a service, facilitates
deployment of applications without the cost and
complexityofbuyingand managing theunderlying
hardware and software layers. For example: Web
application frameworks (Java Google Web Toolkit
(Google App Engine),Python Django (Google App
Engine),Ruby on Rails (Heroku),.NET (Azure
Services Platform),Web hosting
(Mosso),Proprietary (Force.com) )
5. Service: A cloud service includes "products,
services and solutions that are delivered and
consumed in real-time over the Internet". For
example, Web Services which may be accessed
by other cloud computing components, software,
e.g., Software plus services, or end users directly.
Specific examples include: Identity (OAuth,
OpenID), Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments
Service, Google Checkout, and PayPal), Mapping
(Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps), and Search (Alexa,
Google Custom Search, and Yahoo! BOSS)
6. Storage: Cloud storage involves the delivery
of data storage as a service, including database-
like services, often billed on a utility computing
basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For example:
Database ( Google App Engine's BigTable
datastore),Network attached storage (MobileMe
Cloud computing sample architecture

ZERONE 2010 23
iDisk, Nirvanix CloudNAS),Synchronization
(Live Mesh Live Desktop component, MobileMe
push functions),Web service (Amazon Simple
Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN) Backup (Backup
Direct, Iron Mountain Inc services) Cloud storage
can be delivered as a service to cloud computing,
or can be delivered to end points directly.
Cloud computing applications
The applications of cloud computing are
practically limitless. Why would anyone want to
rely on another computer system to run programs
and store data? Here are just
a few reasons:
• Clients would be able to
access their applications
and data from anywhere at
any time.
• It could bring hardware
costs down. Cloud
computing systems would
reduce the need for advanced hardware on the
client side.
• Cloud computing systems give these
organizations company-wide access to computer
applications. The companies don't have to buy a
set of software or software licenses for every
employee.
• Servers and digital storage devices take up
space. Some companies rent physical space to
store servers and databases because they don't
have it available on site. Cloud computing gives
these companies the option of storing data on
someone else's hardware, removing the need for
physical space on the front end.
• Corporations might save money on IT support.
Streamlined hardware would, in theory, have
fewer problems than a network of heterogeneous
machines and operating systems.
• If the cloud computing system's back end is a
grid computing system, then the client could take
advantage of the entire network's processing
power. The cloud system would tap into the
processing power of all available computers on
the back end, significantly speeding up the
calculation.
Criticism and disadvantages of
cloud computing
• Since cloud computing does not allow users to
physically possess the storage of their data (the
exception being the possibility that data can be
backed up to a user-owned storage device, such
as a USB flash drive or hard disk) it does leave
responsibility of data storage and control in the
hands of the provider.
• Cloud computing has been criticized for limiting
the freedom of users and making them dependent
on the cloud computing provider, and some
critics have alleged that is
only possible to use
applications or services that
the provider is willing to offer.
Thus, The London Times
compares cloud computing to
centralized systems of the
1950s and 60s, by which
users connected through
"dumb" terminals to mainframe computers.
Typically, users had no freedom to install new
applications and needed approval from
administrators to achieve certain tasks. Overall,
it limited both freedom and creativity. The Times
argues that cloud computing is a regression to
that time.
• Similarly, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free
Software Foundation, believes that cloud
computing endangers liberties because users
sacrifice their privacy and personal data to a third
party. He stated that cloud computing is "simply
a trap aimed at forcing more people to buy into
locked, proprietary systems that would cost them
more and more over time."
Companies using cloud computing
Google: Google has opened its cloud to outside
developers. Google's Application Engine is a free
service that lets anyone build and run web
applications on Google's very own distributed
infrastructure. "Google Application Engine gives
you access to the same building blocks that Google
uses for its own applications, making it easier to
build an application that runs reliably, even under
heavy load and with large amounts of data.” In
particular, the platform offers:
• Dynamic web serving, with full support of
common web technologies
“Cloud computing
infrastructures are next
generation platforms that can
provide tremendous value to
companies of any size.”

24 ZERONE 2010
• Persistent storage (powered by Bigtable and GFS
with queries, sorting, and transactions)
• Automatic scaling and load balancing
• Google APIs for authenticating users and
sending email
• Fully featured local development environment
Amazon.com: Amazon.com offers the Amazon
Web Services, including its Elastic Computing
Cloud (for processing power), Simple Storage
Service (for storage), and SimpleDB (for database
queries)
Microsoft: Microsoft has offered developers a
quick peek at an unreleased Windows Mobile
client for its fledgling "Live Mesh" service. Live
Mesh has been described as a "software-plus-
service platform." Intended to integrate desktop
and mobile operating systems, it provides
synchronization and remote access services
similar to those offered by products.
Conclusion
In today's global competitive market, companies
must innovate and get the most from its resources
to succeed. This requires enabling its employees,
business partners, and users with the platforms
and collaboration tools that promote innovation.
Cloud computing infrastructures are next
generation platforms that can provide tremendous
value to companies of any size. They can help
companies achieve more efficient use of their IT
hardware and software investments and provide
1. wikipedia.org/wiki/cloud_computing
2. Cloud Computing, Andy Bechtolsheim,
Chairman & Co-founder, Arista Networks
November 12th, 2008
3. Cloud computing primer, Sun Microsystem.
4. Cloud computing, Greg Boss, Padma Malladi,
Dennis Quan, Linda Legregni, Harold Hall
5. Application architecture for cloud
computing, info.rpath.com
6. Cloud computing for science and
engineering, CSIDC, www.computer.org
References
a means to accelerate the adoption of innovations.
Cloud computing increases profitability by
improving resource utilization. Costs are driven
down by delivering appropriate resources only
for the time those resources are needed. Cloud
computing has enabled teams and organizations
to streamline lengthy procurement processes.
Cloud computing enables innovation by
alleviating the need of innovators to find resources
to develop, test, and make their innovations
available to the user community. Innovators are
free to focus on the innovation rather than the
logistics of finding and managing resources that
enable the innovation.
Source: www.xkcd.com

ZERONE 2010 25
L
et’s get started with a familiar scenario. Let’s
suppose a XYZ bank has its central office
in Kathmandu (for obvious reasons). Its
branch offices are located at different major cities
all over Nepal. Whenever you carry out
transactions from any of the offices, all branch
offices get informed about it and the database is
updated accordingly. But how? You may answer,
there is connectivity between these branch offices
or all branch offices communicate with central
office. Yes, that is obvious. The connectivity could
be Wired or Wireless. In Wired connectivity, it
could be dedicated Leased line to create private
Wide Area Network (WAN). It provides better
quality, reliability and speed. But, it would cost a
huge amount for the bank to use optical fibers or
other kinds of wires like coaxial, twisted cable
(for ISDN) which wouldn’t be a wise decision.
Also, another alternative is Wireless connectivity.
It can use transmitters and receivers (using
antenna) following the principles of Line of Sight
(direct)/indirect to create private WWAN (Wireless
Wide Area Network) to connect all the offices.
But wireless communication isn’t much reliable.
The radio/micro waves would interfere much
with the noisy (unwanted signals) environment
and distort the original signals. Also, the
inappropriate weather conditions would degrade
the quality and speed. Also, the installation of
Wireless systems would cost much. For a large
company, the capital mayn’t be a problem though
there are other technical difficulties.
But, we have a much better approach which we
can access at a cheap rate. The concept is VPN
which is an acronym for Virtual Private Network.
We all know about Internet which is expanding
rapidly. The Internet is more like an infrastructure.
Most parts of the country/world have a global
reach through Internet. The dedicated
communication satellites have global reachto each
VPNVPNVPNVPNVPN
Ranjan Shrestha
062 Electronics
Solution to remotely connected intranetSolution to remotely connected intranetSolution to remotely connected intranetSolution to remotely connected intranetSolution to remotely connected intranet

26 ZERONE 2010
and every part of the world. Hence, instead of
using dedicated leased lines(Wired)/Wireless over
a large geographic area, VPN uses cheap public
network, such as the Internet as a backbone to
create a virtually circuited private network for the
company to stay connected with its branch offices
(here bank). Also, a well
designed VPN can reduce
operational cost, increase in
security, extend to much
larger geographic area, builds
a concept of global
networking (assume branch
offices in other countries),
connect to extranet
(connecting with other
company’s private networks).
Types of VPN
1. Remote access VPN
It is a user to LAN connection used by company
that has employees who need to connect to the
private network from various remote locations.
Generally, Enterprise Service Provider (ESP) sets
up a Network Access Server (NAS) and provides
remote users with client softwares. Then, the
remote users can communicate with the corporate
network through NAS using the client software.
The Remote Access VPN permit secure, encrypted
connections between a company’sprivate network
and remote users through a third party service
provider.
2. Site to site VPN
With the use of dedicated equipments and
encryption algorithms, a company can connect to
multiple fixed sites over a public network such
as the internet. The Site to Site VPN can of the
following types.
Intranet based
If a company has one or more remote locations
that they wish to join in a single private network,
they can create an intranet VPN to connect LAN
to LAN.
Extranet based
When the network of a company wants to
communicate with network of another company
(may be a partner, supplier, and customer), they
can build an extranet VPN that connects LAN to
LAN and that allows various companies to work
in a shared environment.
Tunneling concept
Most VPNs rely on tunneling to communicate
with private networks that reach across the
Internet. The tunneling protocol provides a secure
path through an untrusted network. It is the
process of placing entire packet within another
packet and sending it over a network.
This means the actual packet
(information) isn’t disclosed in the
public network. The tunneling uses
three different protocols: Carrier
protocol used by the network that the
information is travelling over,
Encapsulating protocol uses Generic
Routing Encapsulation(GRE), IPSec,
etc that is wrapped around the
original information and Passenger protocol
process on original data(IPX, IP) being carried.
Security implementation in VPN
The VPN networks are designed using internet
resources. We all know the public network; the
internet is not much secure. Hence, a well
designed VPN uses several methods for keeping
the connection and data secure.
1. Firewall
A firewall is a part of computer system or network
that is designed to block unauthorized access
while permitting authorized communication. It
can be implemented in either hardware or
software, or a combination of both. The gateway
(routes packets to outside of local network) can
be configured to permit/deny access certain ports.
A Cisco’s 1700 series routers can be upgraded
with appropriate IOS (Internetwork Operating
System) to include firewall capabilities.
2. Encryption
It is the process of transforming information using
an algorithm to make it unreadable to anyone
except those processing special knowledge usually
referred to as a key. It is used to protect data in
transit. Most encryption systems belong to one of
the two categories: Symmetric-key encryption and
Public-key encryption. In Symmetric-key
encryption, each computer has a secret key that it
can use to encrypt a packet of information before
it is sent over the network to another computer.
Both the communicating partners must know the
key used for encryption and decryption. In Public-
key encryption, it uses a combination of a private
"a well designed VPN can
reduce operational cost,
increase in security, extend
to much larger geographic
area, builds a concept of
global networking ,
connect to extranet etc..”

ZERONE 2010 27
key and a public key. The private key is kept
secret, while the public key may be distributed
widely. The messages are encrypted with the
recipient’s public key and can only be decrypted
with the corresponding private key. The keys are
related mathematically but the private key can’t
be easily derived from the public key.
3. IPSec
The Internet Protocol Security is a protocol that
is used to secure IP communications by
authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a
data stream. The two encryption modes are
Tunnel and Transport. IPSec can be used to
protect (encrypt) data flow between PC to router,
PC to server, between gateways, firewall to
gateway. IPSec has a dual mode, end-to-end,
security scheme operating at OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model Layer 3(Network layer).
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
2. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/
vpn.htm
3. Image by Cisco Systems, Inc.
References
4. AAA server
The AAA (Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting) servers are used for more secure
access in VPN environment. Before a session is
established, the request is proxied to AAA server.
Then, it authenticates (knows who is trying to
access), authorizes (provides access in accordance
to the predefined settings), accounts (security
auditing, billing or reporting).

28 ZERONE 2010
M
ATLAB is a high-performance language
for technical computation of complex
algorithm. This provide easy mean to
implement of algorithm on digital signal
processing, image processing, signal and
communication model etc.
Today all the circuits designs arecarried out on
µC and FPGA and they are usually digital
computations. for these types of computations
on computer matlab is a powerful tool.While
performing the digital I/p and o/p we always
preferred to use microcontroller (µC)(ie, cheap
and easy).But when speed and parallel computing
are of chief issue, FPGAs are the best
alternative(though expensive and complex).But
computer interface still find its own worth when
you are performing complex algorithm, which
will be tedious to implement in µC and FPGA.
Accessing matlab through matlab is justified for
the projects which perform complex algorithm
on digital data.
How to connect to the hardware port of computer
using MATLAB
1. Create a digital IO (DIO) object
2. All lines to it (we may treat device object as a
container for lines)
3. Line and Port Characterization
(to specify whether it is input or output or
bidirectional).
Parallel port
It is a 25 pin (also available as 36 pin) intended for
8 bits parallel data transmission in TTL logic.
• 8 output pins accessed via the DATA Port
• 5 input pins (one inverted) accessed via the
STATUS Port
• 4 output pins (three inverted) accessed via the
CONTROL Port
• 8 grounds pins
The PC supports up to three parallel ports that are
assigned the labels LPT1, LPT2, and LPT3 With
addresses (in hex) 378, 278, and 3BC, respectively.
The addresses of the ports are
Printer Data Port Status Control
LPT1 0x0378 0x0379 0x037a
LPT2 0x0278 0x0279 0x027a
LPT3 0x03bc 0x03bd 0x03be
CONNECTING TO MATLAB
Sugan Shakya
062 Electronics

ZERONE 2010 29
Normally there is one parallel port LPT1 in our
pc but you can check for your pc using device
manager.
We can access the parallel port through MATLAB
using following code:
parallelPort=
digitalio('parallel','LPT1');
hwlines =
addline(parallelPort,0:7,'out');
(or, hwlines =
addline(parallelPort,0:7,'in');
(or, addline
(dio,0:7,{'in','in','in','in','out','out','out','out'});
Line specification is as per our requirement.
We can write or read value to the port as follows:
Write:
val=12
putvalue(parallelPort,val)
Read:
valbin=getvalue(parallelPort)
% it is binary vector
val=binvec2dec(valbin)
MATLAB also has facility to implement a
timer.Suppose we need to monitor the value at
port every 5 seconds for 1hour duration.
portTimer.m
parallelPort =
digitalio('parallel',’LPT1’);
addline(parallelPort,0:7,'in');
set(parallelPort,'TimerFcn',@findvalue);
set(parallelPort,'TimerPeriod',5.0);
start(parallelPort)
pause(60)
delete(parallelPort)
clear parallelPort
findValue.m
function y=findsum(obj,event)
%find sum of array;
val=getvalue(obj)
Serial port
Serial ports consist of two signal types: data
signals and control signals. To support these
signal types, as well as the signal ground, the
RS-232 standard defines a 25-pin connection.
However, most PC's and UNIX platforms use a 9-
pin connection. In fact, only three pins are
required for serial port communications: one for
receiving data, one for transmitting data, and one
for the signal ground. The logic level for serial
port is defined by RS 232 standard and is not
TTL compatible.
The serial data format includes one start bit,
between five and eight data bits, and one stop
bit. Usually there is one serial port at the rear
part of computer with label COM1 and address
03F8 in hex. To display all properties and their
current values:
s = serial('COM1');
get(s)
Before you can write or read data, both the serial
port object and the device must have identical
communication settings. Configuring serial port
communications involves specifying values for
following properties:
s = serial('COM1');
%create a serial port object
set(s,'BaudRate',19200)
%configuring port for its baud rate
fopen(s)
%connect to the device connected to
the port
%reading data and
%writing data
fclose(s)
delete(s)
clear s
We can write a binary data using fwrite function.
We can read a binary data using fread function.
We can write a text using fprintf function.
We can read a text using fscanf function.

30 ZERONE 2010
P
hotovoltaic (PV) system converts sunlight
into electricity. Sunlight energy generates
free electrons in a semiconductors device
to produce electricity.The sun supplies all the
energy that drives natural global systems and
cycles. Each wavelength in the solar spectrum
corresponds to a frequency and an energy; shorter
the wavelength, higher the frequency and greater
the energy. The great majority of energy is in the
visible region (wavelength range from about 0.2µm
to 4µm). An average of 1367w of solar energy
strikes each square meter of the Earth’s outer
atmosphere. Although the atmosphere absorbs
and reflects this radiation, a vast amount still
reaches the Earth’s surface. The amount of
sunlight striking the Earth varies by region,
season, time of day, climate and measure of air
pollution. The amount of electricity produced by
PV devices depends on the incident sunlight and
the device efficiency.
Characteristics of PV system:
• They rely on sunlight.
• They generate electricity with little impact on
the environment.
• They have no moving parts to wear out.
• They are modular, which means they can be
matched to a need for power at any scale.
• They can be used as independent power
sources, or in combinations with other sources.
• They are reliable and long-lived.
• They are solid-state technology and are easily
mass-produced and installed.
Knowing how the PV effect works in crystalline
silicon helps us understand how it works in all
Photovoltaic
Dipendra Kumar Deo
062 Electronics
Sun with solar cell

ZERONE 2010 31
devices. All matters are composed of atoms.
Positive protons and neutral neutrons comprise
the nucleus of the atom. Negative electrons lie in
the orbits which are at different distances
depending on their energy levels. Outermost or
valence electrons determine the way solid
structures are formed. Four of silicon’s 14
electrons are valence electrons. In a crystalline
solid a silicon atom share each of its four valence
electrons with four valence electrons of other
silicon atom. Light of sufficient energy can
dislodge an electron from its bond in the crystal,
creating a hole. These negative and positive
charges (free electrons and holes) are the
constituents of electricity. PV cells contain an
electric field that forces free negative and positive
charges in opposite directions, driving an electric
current. To form the electric field, the silicon
crystal is doped to alter the crystal’s electrical
properties. Doping the crystal with phosphorus
adds extra, unbounded electrons to the crystal,
producing n-type material. Doping the crystal with
boron leaves holes (bonds missing electrons act
as possible charges) in the crystal, producing p-
type material. In p-type material, holes, which
are more numerous than free electrons, are the
majority charge carriers. In n-type material, free
electrons, which are more numerous than holes,
are the majority charge carriers. The majority
carriers respond physically to an electric field.
When n-type and p-type material come in contact,
an electric field forms at the junction (known as
p-n junction). Once the materials are in contact,
the majority carriers diffuse across the junction.
This creates (in the immediate vicinity of the
junction) excess electrons on the p-side and excess
holes on the n-side. At equilibrium there is a net
concentration of opposite charges on either side
of the junction, which creates an electric field
across the junction. Photons absorbed by a cell
createelectron-hole pairs. Theelectric field attracts
photo generated minority carriers across the
interface and repels photo generated majority
carriers. This sorting out of the photo generated
electrons and holes by the electric field are what
drive the charge in an electric circuit. Attaching
an external circuit (eg: bulb) allows electrons to
flow from the n-layer through a load and back to
the p-layer. The band-gap energy is the amount
of energy required of a photon to move an electron
from valence band to conduction band. Band-gap
energies of PV material range from about 1 to
3.33eV; crystalline silicon’s band-gap energy is
1.1eV. Photons with too light energy pass through
the material or create heat; photons with too much
energy create charge carriers, but also heat up the
cell. Material with lower band-gap energies creates
greater current: material with higher band-gap
energies have higher voltages. The electric power
produced by a PV cell is I*V, the product of the
current and voltages.
The PV cell is the basic unit in a PV system. An
individual PV cell typically produces between 1
and 2W, hardly enough power for the great
majority of applications. But the power can be
increased by connecting cells together to form
larger units called modules. Modules, in turns,
can be connected to form even large units known
as arrays, which can be interconnected for more
Cell, Module, Array

32 ZERONE 2010
power, and so on. In this way, PV system can be
built to meet almost any power need, no matter
how small or great.
This can be implemented in the Grid system, as
the grid connected photovoltaic power system is
connected to the commercial electric grid. These
are generally small and 3kW for private resistance,
20kW for multiple dwelling, 100-200kW for
school and factories. The operation of such system
is based on the principle of feeding power in to
grid when the solar generation exceeds the load
demand (during day time) and taking power from
the grid during the night.
These systems do not require storage of energy
but require additional components to regulate
voltage, frequency, and waveform to meet the
stringent requirements of feeding the power into
the grid.
Application of photovoltaic system
Telecommunications: The power consumption
oftelecommunication equipmenthas considerably
reduced due to use of solid devices. Transmitters
and relays stations now consume 50-100W. These
stations are often located in remote and difficult
to access areas like mountain tops and deserts.
Cathodic protection: Various metallic structures
like pipe lines, well heads, bridges etc. are
protected from corrosion by cathodic protection
system. In this technique a small direct current is
impressed on the structure at regular intervals to
prevent electrochemical corrosion. Small PV
panels may be used to provide this current very
efficiently.
Navigational aids: Marine beacons and
navigational lights on buoys around the world
are now-a-days being powered reliably and cost
effectively by simple PV generators, which were
earlier powered by kerosene or batteries with
several maintenance problems.
Remote aircraft beacons: Remote radio and
beacons near the airports may be powered
economically by solar PV. One of the earliest
examples of powering light beacons by PV is seven
mountain peaks near Medina airport in Saudi
Arabia.
Alarm systems: PV systems are beings used to
power railway signals, alarm system, fog, fire and
flood hazard warning, traffic lights and highway
telephones.
Automatic meteorological stations: For precise
weather forecasting it is necessary to collect
meteorological at fixed time of intervals at several
locations and then transmit them to a weather
stations for analysis.Solar powered meteorological
stations are reliable, economical and relatively free
of maintenance problems.
Defence equipment: Many defence equipments
like mobile telephones, remote instrumentations,
radar, water purifier etc may be effectively
powered by PV.
Emergency equipment: Battery charging on life
boats and rafts. Providing essential services after
earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters
may be done efficiently by PV system. Providing
electric power to remote villages and islands
specially in developing countries by PV systems
where large number of villages remain
unconnected to main grid.
Set of arrays of solar cell
Set of arrays of solar cell in each roof of house

ZERONE 2010 33
E
lectromagnetic interference (EMI), also
termedas radiofrequency interference(RFI),
is any undesirable electromagnetic emission
or any electrical or electronic disturbance, man-
made or natural, which causes an undesirable
response, malfunctioning or degradation in the
performance of electrical equipment. The
disturbance may interrupt, obstruct, or otherwise
degrade or limit the effective performance of the
circuit. The source may be any object, artificial or
natural, that carries rapidly changing electrical
currents such as an electrical circuit, the Sun or
the Northern Lights. Radiated RFI is most often
found in the frequency range from 30MHz to
10GHz.
Types
EMI can broadly be divided into two types:
narrowband and broadband.
Narrowband interference: arises from
intentional transmissions such as radio and TV
stations, pager transmitters, cell phones, etc.
Broadband interference: arises from incidental
radio frequency emitters which include electric
power transmission lines, electric motors,
thermostats, microprocessors, etc. Anywhere
electrical power is being turned off and on rapidly
is a potential source. The spectra of these sources
generally resemble to that of synchrotron sources,
stronger at lower frequencies and diminishing at
higher frequencies, though this noise is often
modulated, or varied, by creating device in some
way. These sources include computers and other
digital equipments such as televisions, mobiles
etc. The rich harmonic content of these devices
means that they can interfere over a very broad
spectrum. Characteristic of broadband RFI is an
inability to filter it effectively once it has entered
the receiver chain.
EMI in ICs
ICs are often a source of EMI, but they must
usually couple their energy to larger objects such
as heatsinks, circuit board planes and cables to
radiate significantly.On ICs, EMI are usually
reduced by usage of bypass or decoupling
capacitors on each active device, rise time control
of high speed signals using series resistors, and
power Vcc filtering. However, shielding is a last
option after all other techniques have failed.
At lower frequencies, radiation is almost
exclusively via input/output cables; RF noise gets
onto the power planes and is coupled to the line
drivers via the VCC and ground pins. The RF is
then coupled to the cable through the line driver
as common mode noise. Common Mode Noise is
a noise signal which is found in phase on both
the line and neutral conductors with respect to
ground. Common mode noise also typically has
equal amplitude on both line and neutral
conductors. So, one of the ways to deduce its
effect is to use choke or braid-breaker.
At higher frequencies, traces get electrically longer
and higher above the plane. So, two techniques
are used: wave shaping with series resistors and
embedding the traces between two planes. Even
ElectrElectrElectrElectrElectromagnetic Interferomagnetic Interferomagnetic Interferomagnetic Interferomagnetic Interferenceenceenceenceence
Rupendra Maharjan
062 Electronics
Electromagnetic interference

34 ZERONE 2010
if these measures can’t reduce EMI to the
permissible level, shielding technique such as RF
gadgets and copper tape can be used.
Necessity of regulation of EMI
Because these EMIs are unwanted potentials, they
are regulated to allow today’s sensitive equipment
to function properly without suffering degradation
in performance due to interference generated by
other electronic devices. The EMI spectrum is a
limited natural resource that must be maintained
to allow reliable radio frequency communications.
The successful regulation of EMI will allow future
electronic devices to operate as defined, in the
intended environment, without suffering any
degradation in performance due to interference,
and without disrupting the performance of other
equipment.
EMI filter
An EMI filter is a passive electronic device used
to suppress conducted interference present on
any power or signal line. It may be used to
suppress the interference generated by the device
itself as well as to suppress the interference
generated by other equipment to improve the
immunity of a device to the EMI signals present
within its electromagnetic environment. Most EMI
filters include components to suppress both
common anddifferential modeinterference.Filters
can also be designed with added devices to
provide transient voltage and surge protection as
well as battery backup.
An EMI filter has a high reactive component to
its impedance. That means the filter looks like a
much higher resistance to higher frequency
signals. This high impedance attenuates or
reduced the strength of these signals so they will
have less of an effect on other devices.
1. http://en.wikipedia.org
2. http://www.jmk.filters.com
3. http://www.pcguide.com
4. http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/
sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci213940,00.html
References
Use The Best...
Linux for Servers
Mac for Graphics
Palm for Mobility
Windows for Solitaire
- T-Shirt
The Horror,The Heartbreak:
Facebook is under major revision.The site will be online
after few weeks
Credit: Ruchin Singh
ruchin 2010

ZERONE 2010 35
T
he world changed tremendously over the
last 10-20 years as the result of the growth
and maturation of the internet and
networking technologies in general. Twenty years
ago, no global network existed to which the
general population could easily connect. Ten year
age, the public internet had grown to the point
where people in the most part of the world could
connect to him Internet. Today, practically
everyone seems to have access, through their PCs,
handheld devices and phones.
The original design for the Internet required
unique IP addresses thatare connected in network.
The peopleadministrating the program ensure that
none of the IP address was reused. Internet was
growing so fast that there arises the lack of IP
address.
Its reality that number of people and devices that
get connected to networks increase each and every
day. That’s not a bad thing at all- we are finding
new and exciting way to communicate to more
people all the time, and that’s good thing. Infact,
it’s a basic human need.
IPv4 has only about 4.3
billions addresses
available- in theory, and
we know that we don’t
even get to use all of
those. There really are
only about 250 million
addresses that can be
assigned to devices.
China is barely online,
and we know that
there’s a huge
population of people
and corporations there
that surely want to be.
Moreover, it’s estimated
that just over 10% of
populationis connected
to internet.
The above statistics revels the ugly truth of IPV4’s
capacity. So, we have to do something before we
run out of addresses and lose the ability to connect
with each other.
The main long term solution was to increase the
size of IP address. So, IPV6 came. The problem
is that most of the Cisco’s router and switches
that are using in IPV4 do not support IPV6. XP
doesn’t support IPV6. Even most of ISPs doesn’t
have sufficient infrastructure to support IPV6. For
IPV6, it must have hardware support and software
support.
Many short term solutions to the addressing
problem were suggested. Some of them are
discussed here:
1. Dual stacking
The term dual stacks mean that the host or routers
uses both IPV6 and IPV4 at the same time. Hosts
have both IPV4 and IPV6 addresses. This means
that host can send IPV4 packets to other IPV4
hosts and that the host can send IPV6 packets to
other IPV6 hosts.
Configuration of dual stack:
MIGRATIONTOIPV6
Mithlesh Chaudhary
062 Electronics

36 ZERONE 2010
R (config) #ipv6 unicast-routing
R (config) #interface fast Ethernet
0/0
R (config_if) #ipv6 addresses
2001:db8:3c4d:1::/64 eui-64
R (config-if) #ip address
192.168.255.2 255.255.255.0
2. Tunneling
Tunnel function is generally to take IPV6 packet
sent by a host and encapsulates it inside an IPV4
packet. The IPV6 packets can then be forward
over an existing IPV4 internetwork. The other
device then removes the IPV4 header, reveling the
original IPV6 packet.
Fig shows IPV6 to IPV4 (6 to 4) tunnel (meaning
IPV6 inside IPV4).
In the fig, we need two encapsulates or tunnel
the IPV6 packet into new IPV4 header, with
destination address (IPV4) of router R4.
R2 and R3 easily forward the packet, while
R4 de-encapsulates the original IPV6
packets, forwarding it to IPV6 pc2.
Configuration 6 to 4 tunneling
Router1 (config) # int tunnel 0
Router1 (config-if) #ipv6
address 2001:db8:1:1::1/64
Router1 (config-if) #tunnel
source 192.168.30.1
destination192.168.40.1
mode ipv6ip
Router2 (config) #int tunnel 0
Router2 (config-if) #ipv6
address 2001:db6:2:2::1/64
source 192.168.40.1
destination 192.168.30.1
mode ipv6ip
3. Network Address
Translation (NAT)
NAT is the protocols that are used to
reduce the demands of number of
ipv4.NAT function changes the private
IP addresses to publicly registered IP
addresses inside each packet. Router
(performing NAT),changesthe packet’s
source IP address when packet leaves the private
organization. The router (performing NAT) also
changes the destination address in each packet
that is forwarded back into private network. Cisco
IOS software supports several variations of NAT.
There are generally three types of NAT:
a. Static NAT
b. Dynamic NAT
c. Port address translation (PAT)
a. Static NAT
It is one to one mapping of IP address i.e. the
NAT router simple configures a one to one
mapping between private address and registered
address.
IP V4 Network
Internet

ZERONE 2010 37
The design concern of NAT is to save the IP
address.So, if we use one to one function of inside
local and global than Nat aim can’t be archived.
Static NAT configuration
Router (config) #ip Nat inside source
static 192.168.10.2 202.16.52.140
Router (config) #int f0
Router (config-if) #ip Nat inside
Router (config) #int S0
Router (config-if) #ip Nat outside
Here 192.168.10.2 is inside local address and
202.16.52.140 is inside global address.Also, f0 is
the inside interface and S0 is outside interface.
After creating the static NAT entries, the router
needs to know which interfaces are “inside” and
which interfaces are “outside”. The ‘ip Nat inside’
and ‘ip Nat outside’ interface subcommands
identify each interface appropriately.
b. Dynamic NAT
Like static, Dynamic NAT also creates a one to
one mapping between inside local and inside
global address. However, mapping of an inside
local address to an inside global address happens
dynamically.
Dynamic NAT sets up a pool of possible inside
global address and defines matching criteria to
determine which inside local IP addresses should
be translated with NAT.
Nat can be configured with more IP addresses in
the inside local address list than in inside global
address pool. If all the ip address of the NAT
pool are in used and if at this time, new packet
arrive at router, the router simply discards the
packet. The user must try again until there would
be an ip address in NAT pool.
Dynamic NAT configuration
Dynamic NAT configuration requires identifies as
either inside or outside interface. It uses an access
control list (ACL) to identify which inside local
IP address need to have their address translated.
Router (config) #int F0
Router (config) # access-list 1
permit 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
Router (config) #ip Nat pool ioe
202.16.52.140 202.168.52.149
netmask 255.255.255.0
list 1 pool ioe
c. Port address translation (PAT)
Dynamic NAT lessens the problem of static NAT
by some degree because every single host in an
internet work should seldom need to
communicate with the internet at the same time.
However, large percent of IP hosts in a network
will need Internet access throughout that
company’s in normal business hours. So the NAT
still requires a large number of registered IP
addresses, again failing to reduce ipv4 address
consumption.
When PAT creates the dynamic mapping, it selects
not only an inside global IP address but also
unique port number. The NAT router keeps a
NAT table entry for every unique combination of
inside global address and a unique port number
associate with the inside global address. And
because port number field has 16 bits, NAT
overload can use more than 65,000 port numbers,
allowing it to scale well without needing many
registered IP addresses.
Port address translation (PAT)
configuration
Router (config) #int F0
Router (config) # access-list 1
permit 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
202.16.52.140 202.168.52.149
netmask 255.255.255.0
list 1 pool ioe overload
For PAT, we generally need only one
IP address in the pool. For this,
we have a command:
170.168.2.1 170.168.2.1 netmask
255.255.255.0
Note that for ip pool we use global address and
for access-list we use local address.

ZERONE 2010 - Annual Technical Journal, IOE, Nepal

ZERONE 2010 - Annual Technical Journal, IOE, Nepal

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ZERONE 2010 - Annual Technical Journal, IOE, Nepal