Season Extension Options - Making the Right Choice for Your Farm, Gardening Guidebook for Maine ~ Maine Rural Partners
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Presentation for prospective tree planters given as part of University of Wisconsin-Extension/Wisconsin DNR Learn About Your Land woodland owner class series.
The document provides information on key elements of nursery management, including planning the nursery, crop development, and propagation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site and layout for the nursery. The three phases of crop development - establishment, rapid growth, and hardening - are outlined. Different structures used for plant propagation, like greenhouses and shade houses, are described. The importance of planning crops and developing propagation protocols is emphasized. Hardening plants before field planting to prepare them for stress is also highlighted.
- Tree roots typically grow shallow and spread widely, with most fine roots located near the soil surface. Only a small percentage of a tree's roots are contained within the root ball of a balled-and-burlapped (B&B) tree.
- When planting B&B trees, it is important to dig a wide planting hole, preferably 3 times the diameter of the root ball, to promote rapid root regeneration beyond the boundaries of the root ball and reduce transplant stress.
- Planting trees too deeply is a common mistake that can stress the tree and slow growth. The top of the root ball should be slightly above grade with the main root flare visible at soil level.
The document provides information on planting trees and shrubs, including their environmental, economic, and social benefits. It discusses choosing high quality stock, properly planting trees by finding the root flare and digging a wide hole, and post-planting care like watering, staking, mulching, and pruning to promote tree health. Planting trees correctly with their root flare at grade and not too deeply is emphasized, as is calling before digging to locate underground utilities.
Row Covers - Protected Agriculture for Small-Scale Farmers ~ Ministry of Agriculture of Barbados ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The hottest landscape design trend in Utah is to "Flip your Strip". Switch out lawn for colorful, drought tolerant plants and enjoy more curb appeal and less weekly maintenance-- all while conserving an average of 7,000 gallons of water (or more) each season. Learn how to switch irrigation and which plants to use to create beautiful, functional park strips.
Raised Bed Gardening; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska ~ University of Alaska ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document discusses propagation of plants through grafting and budding. It describes reasons for using grafting and budding such as propagating plants that do not root easily from cuttings, changing cultivars, and repairing damaged plants. Key terms used in grafting and budding like scion, stock, and callus are defined. Factors that affect the success of grafting and budding are discussed, including the appropriate time of year, compatibility of the stock and scion, temperature, age of plant parts used, and care of grafted plants. Various grafting and budding methods are described along with tools and materials needed and handling of scion material.
Presentation for prospective tree planters given as part of University of Wisconsin-Extension/Wisconsin DNR Learn About Your Land woodland owner class series.
The document provides information on key elements of nursery management, including planning the nursery, crop development, and propagation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site and layout for the nursery. The three phases of crop development - establishment, rapid growth, and hardening - are outlined. Different structures used for plant propagation, like greenhouses and shade houses, are described. The importance of planning crops and developing propagation protocols is emphasized. Hardening plants before field planting to prepare them for stress is also highlighted.
- Tree roots typically grow shallow and spread widely, with most fine roots located near the soil surface. Only a small percentage of a tree's roots are contained within the root ball of a balled-and-burlapped (B&B) tree.
- When planting B&B trees, it is important to dig a wide planting hole, preferably 3 times the diameter of the root ball, to promote rapid root regeneration beyond the boundaries of the root ball and reduce transplant stress.
- Planting trees too deeply is a common mistake that can stress the tree and slow growth. The top of the root ball should be slightly above grade with the main root flare visible at soil level.
The document provides information on planting trees and shrubs, including their environmental, economic, and social benefits. It discusses choosing high quality stock, properly planting trees by finding the root flare and digging a wide hole, and post-planting care like watering, staking, mulching, and pruning to promote tree health. Planting trees correctly with their root flare at grade and not too deeply is emphasized, as is calling before digging to locate underground utilities.
Row Covers - Protected Agriculture for Small-Scale Farmers ~ Ministry of Agriculture of Barbados ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The hottest landscape design trend in Utah is to "Flip your Strip". Switch out lawn for colorful, drought tolerant plants and enjoy more curb appeal and less weekly maintenance-- all while conserving an average of 7,000 gallons of water (or more) each season. Learn how to switch irrigation and which plants to use to create beautiful, functional park strips.
Raised Bed Gardening; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska ~ University of Alaska ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document discusses propagation of plants through grafting and budding. It describes reasons for using grafting and budding such as propagating plants that do not root easily from cuttings, changing cultivars, and repairing damaged plants. Key terms used in grafting and budding like scion, stock, and callus are defined. Factors that affect the success of grafting and budding are discussed, including the appropriate time of year, compatibility of the stock and scion, temperature, age of plant parts used, and care of grafted plants. Various grafting and budding methods are described along with tools and materials needed and handling of scion material.
Graftage includes budding and grafting methods used to propagate fruit trees. Budding involves inserting a single bud from the desired cultivar into the rootstock and is usually done in late summer. Grafting joins a scion containing buds or shoots to the rootstock during winter dormancy. Both result in a tree with the scion cultivar but budding requires less skill and time. Knowledge of graftage techniques is important for fruit growers and nursery workers to propagate cultivars and preserve mutations. The document then provides detailed instructions for budding, grafting, and collecting and storing scion wood.
Topworking is a grafting technique used to repair or change the variety of fruit trees without removing and replacing the entire tree. The top of the tree is cut back to several major limbs and the stubs are then grafted or budded with the desired variety. Bark grafting is commonly used for topworking larger rootstocks, where several small scion pieces are inserted into slanted cuts in the bark. Bridge grafting is used to repair damaged bark areas, with scion wood attached across the injured part to reconnect the sections. Inarching is a similar repair method where healthy rootstock cuttings are planted next to the trunk and grafted on above the damaged area.
Grafting overview for vegetable crops acornorganic
Grafting vegetable plants can provide benefits like increased disease resistance, vigor, and yields. While commonly used for tomatoes, grafting is not as widely applied to other crops. Grafting separates the scion and rootstock, allowing plant breeders to focus on different goals for each. Rootstocks often use interspecific hybridization to provide benefits to the scion like stronger roots. Potential downsides include increased costs and labor. The document then provides an overview of the grafting process and different grafting techniques for solanaceous and cucurbit crops.
This document discusses various vegetative propagation techniques used in horticulture, including cutting, layering, grafting and budding. It describes different types of cuttings like stem cuttings, leaf cuttings and root cuttings. It also explains different layering techniques like simple layering, air layering, mound layering and trench layering. Rooting hormones and rooting media used for vegetative propagation are also discussed in detail.
This is a ppt on grafting.... It giives a brief information about it..... It tells about the process of grafting..... It also tells the techniques of grafting...... And also it gives an example of grafting....
Growing Everbearing Strawberries as Annuals in Alaska; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 - Tanana District Master Gardeners, University of Alaska, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
This document discusses research advances in grafting and propagation techniques for vegetables. It begins by explaining what grafting is and its benefits, such as improved yield, stress tolerance, and production in non-traditional areas. Various grafting methods are described, and case studies of grafting for crops like tomato, cucumber, and cucurbit vegetables in India are provided. The history and current status of vegetable grafting are reviewed. The document also discusses specific benefits like increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, improved growth, nutrient uptake and yield, and enhanced fruit quality.
Planning & design protected cultivationpavanknaik
This document discusses the planning and design of greenhouses. It covers site selection, structural design, covering materials, ventilation systems, and cooling/heating systems. The key points are:
1. Greenhouses must be designed to control the environment for optimal plant growth through heating, cooling, ventilation and insulation.
2. Site selection considers factors like solar exposure, drainage, wind protection and proximity to trees. Structural design aims to maximize light transmission while supporting the greenhouse.
3. Covering materials must balance light transmission and insulation properties. Popular options include glass, polycarbonate and polyethylene films.
4. Ventilation systems can be passive (natural) or active (forced) using fans. Cooling
This document describes a new grafting method for propagating seedless watermelon plants. The method involves grafting cuttings from seedless watermelon scions onto rootstocks of different gourd varieties, including bottle gourd, pumpkin, and squash. The grafted plants showed increased growth, yields, fruit characteristics, and sugar content compared to seedless watermelon grown without grafting. The new grafting technique could help reduce the high costs of producing seedless watermelon in Egypt by providing a means of asexual propagation to minimize the need for expensive hybrid seeds.
1) Grafting is usually done in winter or early spring while plants are dormant, while budding can be done during or before the growing season. Scion wood is harvested and stored properly to maintain quality.
2) There are several types of grafts including cleft grafting, bark grafting, side-veneer grafting, and splice grafting, each with specific preparation and joining techniques.
3) Proper alignment of the vascular cambium layers of the scion and rootstock is important for successful grafting.
This document discusses rules for estimating tree irrigation demand and surviving drought. It introduces four factors to consider: 1) transpiration rate, 2) rooting depth, 3) desiccation tolerance, and 4) tree size. It then discusses specific rules, including using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and plant factors to estimate water use, grouping plants into hydrozones based on water needs, and estimating individual tree water use based on density and crown diameter. The goal is to provide a simple method for estimating when and how much to irrigate trees to keep them healthy with limited water supplies.
Floating Row Covers Season Extension; Gardening Guidebook for Community Gardens in the Great Lakes States www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ US Department of Agriculture, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
To find square footage or measure for lawn fertilizer, multiply the length by the width of the area. To find cubic yards of material, multiply the length by the width and divide by 82 at a depth of 3-4 inches. Landscape fabric comes in 4' or 6' widths by up to 250' rolls, measure the area to determine which width uses less waste. Purchase staples and cut the fabric around plants at least 6 inches from the stem after planting. Compost, bark, pea gravel and drain rock can be delivered in 1-10 cubic yard amounts but you pay more for less than 10 cubic yards and need to check for overhead wires if ordering 10 cubic yards. Plants come in 1, 2,
This document discusses soil, mulch, and irrigation requirements for trees. It begins by outlining the negative effects of drought on trees, such as wilting leaves and reduced growth. It then discusses the myth that tree roots need oxygen and explains that as long as gases can freely exchange, roots will not die from a lack of oxygen. The document also covers ideal soil composition, including the importance of organic matter and pore space. Finally, it provides recommendations for amending soil, applying mulch, and using drip irrigation to improve drought resilience in trees.
The document provides guidance on post-planting care for newly planted trees, including watering, drainage issues, mycorrhizae, fertilizer use, pruning, sunscald prevention, and mulching. It recommends watering the root ball based on its size and applying 1 gallon per inch of trunk diameter daily. Poor drainage is a major cause of death and correcting drainage problems is better than just in the planting hole. Mycorrhizae form a symbiotic relationship with tree roots and help with nutrient and water uptake and stress tolerance. Fertilizer may not be needed if soil conditions already support mycorrhizae. Pruning should be minimal at planting to encourage root growth. Mulch around trees
The document provides planting instructions for using a Waterboxx planting device. It outlines 6 main steps:
1. Preparing the soil by digging holes and adding compost/fertilizer or just watering.
2. Assembling the Waterboxx by placing the wick, mid-plate, lid, and siphons.
3. Preparing plants by pruning roots to encourage deep growth.
4. Planting in holes aligned east-west within the Waterboxx hole.
5. Placing the assembled Waterboxx over the planted area.
6. Watering the plants and filling the Waterboxx for the first time.
Growing out of season vegetable crops, in hot weather and cold weather. Growing vegetables to store for out-of-season use. Techniques to success in all seasons: germinating seeds, growing plants, protecting crops from hot weather, pests, cold weather. Choosing suitable crops that will work for your farm or garden.
This document discusses various season extenders that can be used to lengthen the growing season for vegetable crops in New England. Plastic mulches and row covers work by warming the soil and air around plants. Structures like cold frames and hoop houses provide protection from cold temperatures at the beginning and end of the growing season. Individual plant covers called hot caps can also provide a few degrees of frost protection and accelerate growth.
Hotbeds & Cold Frames - for Winter Gardening in Montana ~ Montana State University
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Starting Plants Early Outdoors - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides several methods for starting plants early outdoors, including using peat pots, seed flats, cold frames, hot beds, mulches, and protective structures like inner tubes and plastic jugs. It emphasizes the importance of gradually exposing young plants to the outdoors and using techniques like shading, watering, and mulches to harden plants off. Various materials for protecting seedlings from cold and wind are described, such as cold frames, hot beds, hot caps, walls of water, and black plastic mulch.
Latest Techniques with High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Pennsylvania ~ Pennsylvania State University, New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Cold Frames & Hot Beds - Season Extenders for Winter Gardening in Virginia ~ Virginia Tech
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Graftage includes budding and grafting methods used to propagate fruit trees. Budding involves inserting a single bud from the desired cultivar into the rootstock and is usually done in late summer. Grafting joins a scion containing buds or shoots to the rootstock during winter dormancy. Both result in a tree with the scion cultivar but budding requires less skill and time. Knowledge of graftage techniques is important for fruit growers and nursery workers to propagate cultivars and preserve mutations. The document then provides detailed instructions for budding, grafting, and collecting and storing scion wood.
Topworking is a grafting technique used to repair or change the variety of fruit trees without removing and replacing the entire tree. The top of the tree is cut back to several major limbs and the stubs are then grafted or budded with the desired variety. Bark grafting is commonly used for topworking larger rootstocks, where several small scion pieces are inserted into slanted cuts in the bark. Bridge grafting is used to repair damaged bark areas, with scion wood attached across the injured part to reconnect the sections. Inarching is a similar repair method where healthy rootstock cuttings are planted next to the trunk and grafted on above the damaged area.
Grafting overview for vegetable crops acornorganic
Grafting vegetable plants can provide benefits like increased disease resistance, vigor, and yields. While commonly used for tomatoes, grafting is not as widely applied to other crops. Grafting separates the scion and rootstock, allowing plant breeders to focus on different goals for each. Rootstocks often use interspecific hybridization to provide benefits to the scion like stronger roots. Potential downsides include increased costs and labor. The document then provides an overview of the grafting process and different grafting techniques for solanaceous and cucurbit crops.
This document discusses various vegetative propagation techniques used in horticulture, including cutting, layering, grafting and budding. It describes different types of cuttings like stem cuttings, leaf cuttings and root cuttings. It also explains different layering techniques like simple layering, air layering, mound layering and trench layering. Rooting hormones and rooting media used for vegetative propagation are also discussed in detail.
This is a ppt on grafting.... It giives a brief information about it..... It tells about the process of grafting..... It also tells the techniques of grafting...... And also it gives an example of grafting....
Growing Everbearing Strawberries as Annuals in Alaska; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 - Tanana District Master Gardeners, University of Alaska, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
This document discusses research advances in grafting and propagation techniques for vegetables. It begins by explaining what grafting is and its benefits, such as improved yield, stress tolerance, and production in non-traditional areas. Various grafting methods are described, and case studies of grafting for crops like tomato, cucumber, and cucurbit vegetables in India are provided. The history and current status of vegetable grafting are reviewed. The document also discusses specific benefits like increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, improved growth, nutrient uptake and yield, and enhanced fruit quality.
Planning & design protected cultivationpavanknaik
This document discusses the planning and design of greenhouses. It covers site selection, structural design, covering materials, ventilation systems, and cooling/heating systems. The key points are:
1. Greenhouses must be designed to control the environment for optimal plant growth through heating, cooling, ventilation and insulation.
2. Site selection considers factors like solar exposure, drainage, wind protection and proximity to trees. Structural design aims to maximize light transmission while supporting the greenhouse.
3. Covering materials must balance light transmission and insulation properties. Popular options include glass, polycarbonate and polyethylene films.
4. Ventilation systems can be passive (natural) or active (forced) using fans. Cooling
This document describes a new grafting method for propagating seedless watermelon plants. The method involves grafting cuttings from seedless watermelon scions onto rootstocks of different gourd varieties, including bottle gourd, pumpkin, and squash. The grafted plants showed increased growth, yields, fruit characteristics, and sugar content compared to seedless watermelon grown without grafting. The new grafting technique could help reduce the high costs of producing seedless watermelon in Egypt by providing a means of asexual propagation to minimize the need for expensive hybrid seeds.
1) Grafting is usually done in winter or early spring while plants are dormant, while budding can be done during or before the growing season. Scion wood is harvested and stored properly to maintain quality.
2) There are several types of grafts including cleft grafting, bark grafting, side-veneer grafting, and splice grafting, each with specific preparation and joining techniques.
3) Proper alignment of the vascular cambium layers of the scion and rootstock is important for successful grafting.
This document discusses rules for estimating tree irrigation demand and surviving drought. It introduces four factors to consider: 1) transpiration rate, 2) rooting depth, 3) desiccation tolerance, and 4) tree size. It then discusses specific rules, including using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and plant factors to estimate water use, grouping plants into hydrozones based on water needs, and estimating individual tree water use based on density and crown diameter. The goal is to provide a simple method for estimating when and how much to irrigate trees to keep them healthy with limited water supplies.
Floating Row Covers Season Extension; Gardening Guidebook for Community Gardens in the Great Lakes States www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ US Department of Agriculture, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
To find square footage or measure for lawn fertilizer, multiply the length by the width of the area. To find cubic yards of material, multiply the length by the width and divide by 82 at a depth of 3-4 inches. Landscape fabric comes in 4' or 6' widths by up to 250' rolls, measure the area to determine which width uses less waste. Purchase staples and cut the fabric around plants at least 6 inches from the stem after planting. Compost, bark, pea gravel and drain rock can be delivered in 1-10 cubic yard amounts but you pay more for less than 10 cubic yards and need to check for overhead wires if ordering 10 cubic yards. Plants come in 1, 2,
This document discusses soil, mulch, and irrigation requirements for trees. It begins by outlining the negative effects of drought on trees, such as wilting leaves and reduced growth. It then discusses the myth that tree roots need oxygen and explains that as long as gases can freely exchange, roots will not die from a lack of oxygen. The document also covers ideal soil composition, including the importance of organic matter and pore space. Finally, it provides recommendations for amending soil, applying mulch, and using drip irrigation to improve drought resilience in trees.
The document provides guidance on post-planting care for newly planted trees, including watering, drainage issues, mycorrhizae, fertilizer use, pruning, sunscald prevention, and mulching. It recommends watering the root ball based on its size and applying 1 gallon per inch of trunk diameter daily. Poor drainage is a major cause of death and correcting drainage problems is better than just in the planting hole. Mycorrhizae form a symbiotic relationship with tree roots and help with nutrient and water uptake and stress tolerance. Fertilizer may not be needed if soil conditions already support mycorrhizae. Pruning should be minimal at planting to encourage root growth. Mulch around trees
The document provides planting instructions for using a Waterboxx planting device. It outlines 6 main steps:
1. Preparing the soil by digging holes and adding compost/fertilizer or just watering.
2. Assembling the Waterboxx by placing the wick, mid-plate, lid, and siphons.
3. Preparing plants by pruning roots to encourage deep growth.
4. Planting in holes aligned east-west within the Waterboxx hole.
5. Placing the assembled Waterboxx over the planted area.
6. Watering the plants and filling the Waterboxx for the first time.
Growing out of season vegetable crops, in hot weather and cold weather. Growing vegetables to store for out-of-season use. Techniques to success in all seasons: germinating seeds, growing plants, protecting crops from hot weather, pests, cold weather. Choosing suitable crops that will work for your farm or garden.
This document discusses various season extenders that can be used to lengthen the growing season for vegetable crops in New England. Plastic mulches and row covers work by warming the soil and air around plants. Structures like cold frames and hoop houses provide protection from cold temperatures at the beginning and end of the growing season. Individual plant covers called hot caps can also provide a few degrees of frost protection and accelerate growth.
Hotbeds & Cold Frames - for Winter Gardening in Montana ~ Montana State University
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Starting Plants Early Outdoors - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides several methods for starting plants early outdoors, including using peat pots, seed flats, cold frames, hot beds, mulches, and protective structures like inner tubes and plastic jugs. It emphasizes the importance of gradually exposing young plants to the outdoors and using techniques like shading, watering, and mulches to harden plants off. Various materials for protecting seedlings from cold and wind are described, such as cold frames, hot beds, hot caps, walls of water, and black plastic mulch.
Latest Techniques with High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Pennsylvania ~ Pennsylvania State University, New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Cold Frames & Hot Beds - Season Extenders for Winter Gardening in Virginia ~ Virginia Tech
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Growing More & Growing Longer in the Colorado Mountains, Gardening Guidebook for Colorado ~ Colorado Master Gardeners
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Use of Plastic Mulch & Row Covers in Vegetable Production; Gardening Guidebook for Oklahoma ~ Oklahoma State University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Heat Wave Havoc: Top Tips to Keep Your Garden Green and HealthybluetroyvictorVinay
Managing a garden during hot weather can be challenging, but several strategies can help your plants thrive. Watering wisely by providing deep, infrequent irrigation early in the day is crucial. Create shade for your plants using shade sails, umbrellas, or strategically planted trees and shrubs. Maintaining soil health with compost and mulch helps retain moisture and provides nutrients. Selecting heat-tolerant plants that are adapted to your region’s climate is also beneficial. Regularly monitor your plants for signs of stress and adjust your care routine accordingly to keep your garden vibrant and healthy.
Season Extension Techniques for Market Gardeners; Gardening Guidebook ~ National Sustainable Ag ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Season Extension Techniques for Market Gardeners Gardening
ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology through a USDA grant. This publication discusses season extension techniques that market gardeners can use to grow crops year-round, such as cultural practices, plastic mulches, row covers, low tunnels, and high tunnels. It describes these techniques and provides resources for further information.
Plant Season Extension in the Desert; Gardening Guidebook for Nevada ~ University of Nevada ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Plug and Transplant Production for Organic SystemsGardening
This document provides information on producing vegetable and ornamental plugs and transplants for organic systems. It discusses that while many large commercial suppliers exist, they do not offer organic plugs, so growers must produce their own or purchase locally. The document then covers key aspects of organic plug production including containers, media, equipment, nutrition, irrigation, lighting, scheduling, and pest management. It also lists some commercial suppliers of organic plugs in the US.
Greenhouses and Season Extenders for Vegetable Gardening - Fairbanks, AlaskaFawn85w
This document discusses different season extension techniques for Alaska gardens, including greenhouses. It describes how cold frames, hoop houses, cloches, and row covers can be used to protect plants from cold and extend the growing season. Greenhouses provide the greatest control over the environment but are more expensive. Attached greenhouses have easier access but may introduce moisture or pests to the home. Freestanding greenhouses are more flexible in design but have higher heating costs. A-frame greenhouses are inexpensive but have limited space.
Cold Frame Manual - for Winter Gardening ~ Community GroundWorks
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Extending the Vegetable Growing Season in Wyoming, Gardening Guide for Wyoming ~ University of Wyoming
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Community Garden Guide Season Extension - Floating Row Cover; Gardening Guidebook for Ingham County, Michigan www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document discusses nursery containers and structures used for plant propagation. It describes common container types like clay pots, plastic pots, polythene bags, and wood containers. Greenhouses, shade houses, and plastic tunnels are nursery structures that provide controlled environments for growing plants. Greenhouses allow plants to grow faster than outdoors and protect them from extreme weather. Shade houses provide outdoor shade. Plastic tunnels warm the air around plants to promote early growth. The document also covers sexual plant propagation through seeds and seed dormancy types like physical, chemical, physiological, and morphological dormancy.
This document provides instructions for setting up and maintaining a straw bale garden. It discusses choosing a site with full sun exposure and at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day. The rows of straw bales should be spaced at least 24 inches apart and oriented in a north-south direction. It is important to place the cut side of the bale facing upward to allow for easier water and fertilizer penetration. Proper site selection and bale orientation are essential for growing a successful straw bale garden.
Growing Vegetables with an Extended Growing Environment; Gardening Guidebook for New Zealand www.scribd.com/doc/239851313, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Similar to Season Extension Options - Making the Right Choice for Your Farm, Gardening Guidebook for Maine (20)
Marthe Cohn was a Jewish French spy who risked her life to gather intelligence for the French resistance during WWII. She infiltrated Nazi Germany using her fluent German and managed to discover key military information. As a result, the French army was able to achieve an important victory. Cohn went on to have a long career as a nurse and nurse anesthetist. She has received numerous honors for her wartime heroism and courageously fights to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive.
This document provides links to resources about organic gardening techniques, urban farming, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, straight vegetable oil vehicles, garden therapy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, solar energy training, and eco-friendly coffee beans. It discusses how organic gardening technologies can increase plant yields by 400% and provides catalogs and manuals about topics such as city farming, backyard farming, rain gardens, and aquaponics systems. The links provide free information for organic and sustainable living practices.
Ruth Jones, a Christian teacher without a master's degree or administrative experience, was unexpectedly named principal of a struggling inner city elementary school in Grand Rapids, Michigan that was on the verge of closure due to poor academic performance. Through prayer, addressing students' practical needs, and recruiting volunteers, Jones led a dramatic turnaround of the school over 20 years. Test scores and graduation rates increased sharply, and the school now has a waiting list despite originally facing closure. Jones attributes the school's success to aligning herself with God.
- Coconut oil may help slow or prevent Alzheimer's disease in some people by providing an alternative fuel for brain cells in the form of ketones. Dr. Mary Newport put her husband Steve, who had Alzheimer's, on a diet supplemented with coconut oil, which led to improvements in his symptoms and cognitive abilities.
- Researchers have developed a ketone ester that is more potent than coconut oil, but it is very expensive to produce. Coconut oil remains a viable alternative source of ketones. Taking coconut oil may also help with other neurological diseases due to its ability to increase ketone levels and good cholesterol while reducing bad bacteria.
A teacher in Baltimore transformed the lives of students from the slums. In the 1920s, college students evaluated 200 boys from the slums and said they had no chance of success. Twenty-five years later, it was found that 176 of the 180 boys who could be located had achieved success as lawyers, doctors, and businessmen. The professor interviewed each man and they all credited their success to a teacher who had loved and believed in them. When interviewed, the elderly teacher said her simple method was that she loved those boys.
Robert Raikes witnessed the poor conditions of children in Gloucester, England in the late 18th century due to the Industrial Revolution. This inspired him to create the first Sunday school to educate and reform street children. The Sunday school used the Bible as its textbook and proved hugely successful in improving behavior and civic responsibility. Raikes' idea then spread across Britain and to other parts of Europe and America, revolutionizing religious education of children and community outreach efforts of churches. Late in life, Raikes had a profound spiritual experience witnessing a young girl reading the Bible that gave him a new understanding of faith.
The document discusses using Groasis Waterboxx devices to help plant and grow trees in dry environments like the Sahara Desert. It describes how the author and a colleague tried using 10 Waterboxx devices to plant trees in M'hamid, Morocco but their luggage containing the devices was initially lost. They were eventually found and the devices were used to plant tamarisk trees to compare growth with traditional planting methods. The document provides details on how the Waterboxx works, collecting condensation and directing water to tree roots, and hopes the experiment will help increase tree survival rates in the dry climate.
The Groasis Waterboxx is a low-tech device that helps seeds and saplings grow into strong trees in dry environments. It collects and stores rainwater and condensation to slowly water the roots daily. In tests, 88% of trees grown with the Waterboxx survived compared to only 10.5% without it. The inventor believes using this technology could reforest billions of acres and offset humanity's carbon emissions by capturing CO2 in new tree growth.
The document discusses the Groasis Technology, a planting method that uses a Waterboxx and other techniques to plant trees in dry areas with 90% less water. It summarizes that the technology (1) improves soil, maps planting areas, harvests rainfall, and uses the right planting techniques to help trees grow deep roots in the first year to survive independently. It also describes how the technology terraces slopes to harvest and direct rainfall to trees, uses 3D imaging to map ideal planting lines, and a capillary drill to quickly plant thousands of trees per day.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities due to lack of income from farming dry areas.
This document provides instructions for growing vegetables using the Groasis Waterboxx system. It details recommendations for greenhouse design, soil preparation, planting methods, plant spacing, watering schedules, and pest and disease management. Proper installation and maintenance of the Waterboxx system is emphasized to ensure healthy plant growth and high crop yields. Close monitoring of climate conditions and plant needs is also advised.
The document is a report on the Groasis waterboxx, a device that aims to allow farming without irrigation. It provides an overview of the waterboxx's history and development, describes its components and how it works, reviews testing that has been done, and evaluates its suitability for organic farming. In the conclusion, the report recommends that the cooperative discussed in the document not use the waterboxx yet, as more data is still needed, but could consider conducting their own tests with support from their technical services.
The document summarizes an invention called the Groasis that helps plants survive in arid climates by collecting and storing rainfall to provide steady watering to seedlings. It notes that most rainfall in deserts occurs within one week but is then unavailable, and that the Groasis uses evaporation-proof containers and wicking to deliver water to young plants over longer periods, allowing their roots to develop and access deeper groundwater reserves. Large-scale projects have used the Groasis in countries like Kenya to aid reforestation efforts and combat desertification.
The document summarizes the work of the Sahara Roots Foundation in Morocco and their use of the Groasis Waterboxx to help plant trees and reduce desertification. The Sahara Roots Foundation was established to implement development projects to conserve the Moroccan Sahara through activities like tree planting, irrigation, education, and desert cleaning. They have started using the Groasis Waterboxx, an "intelligent water battery" developed by AquaPro, to improve the survival rate of newly planted trees. The Waterboxx produces and captures water through condensation and rain, allowing trees to be planted in dry areas like rocks and deserts with a 100% success rate.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities.
Groasis Technology is compared to drip irrigation over a 50-year project for a 500-hectare tree plantation. Key financial indicators show that using Groasis Waterboxes results in a higher net present value (NPV) of €26.62 million compared to €21.15 million for drip irrigation, and a slightly higher internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.1% versus 23.4% for drip irrigation. Waterboxx also has a longer payback period of 7 years compared to 5 years for drip irrigation. The document provides assumptions and calculations for costs and revenues for both systems over the 50-year period.
A new technology called the Groasis Waterboxx shows promise for reclaiming desert landscapes and increasing plant survival rates. The simple device regulates temperature and moisture levels around young plants, allowing trees and crops to grow with little watering even in dry conditions. Initial trials in Africa found tree survival rates increased to 88% with the Waterboxx compared to only 10% without it. Researchers in Kenya are optimistic this technology could significantly reduce desertification and help transform the country's deserts into productive, economic areas through increased vegetation.
The document summarizes an experiment using Groasis Waterboxx devices to establish tree seedlings at nine bus stops in North Central Austin. It provides updates on the condition of the trees over time, noting that as of late August all trees remained alive with varying health. Challenges included heat waves, lack of rain, and competition between trees and grass. The Waterboxx devices appeared to successfully provide water through condensation.
More from School Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens (20)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Season Extension Options - Making the Right Choice for Your Farm, Gardening Guidebook for Maine
1. Laying plastic mulch and trickle irrigation line. Photo by Caragh
Fitzgerald, The University of Maine
Season Extension Options: Making the
Right Choice for Your Farm
There are many options available for
produce growers to extend their
growing seasons. This brief article
describes some of the options and
factors to consider. As with most
farm activities, success or failure will
depend on the details of the
materials, management and
implementation. The resources
listed at the end of the article
provide you with many of these
details. Other farmers, Cooperative
Extension personnel, consultants,
and vendors will also be valuable
resources to help with your decision-
making.
Season extension techniques allow you to grow your products for longer than they can be
grown under typical conditions in the field. In
the Northeast, these techniques focus on
getting a crop to produce earlier or continue
later in the season. Some techniques also
allow for “winter harvest” of cool season
crops. Direct benefits of season extension
include: getting a product to market earlier,
when prices are higher; being able to harvest
a warm-season crop that typically performs
inconsistently due to cool weather; and having
a longer harvest period overall. Other benefits
may include a reduction in weather, pest,
and disease damage, lower control costs,
and improved quality.
FINDING A GOOD FIT FOR YOUR OPERATION
How do you decide what, if any, season extension techniques are the best for you?
Inexpensive techniques can be tested on a small scale with little risk beyond time, energy,
some plant material, and a little bit of money. But before investing in a costly alternative,
such as a high tunnel or a greenhouse, you should carefully weigh the value of the
technology and its costs.
Diverse crops in high tunnel: raspberries, tomatoes, and
strawberries. Photo by Mark Davis
2. Page 2 Extending the Production Season
Before you invest heavily in
season extension methods,
consider:
• What you want to achieve
• Where you will sell your
products
• The price you need to charge
• The time, money, labor, and
technology requirements
• How it will affect other aspects
of your farm
High tunnel under construction. Photo by Caragh Fitzgerald, The
University of Maine
First, decide what you want to achieve.
1. What new crops do you want to grow
or which ones do you want to grow
differently? Be sure there is a
market for these products. Don’t
skip number 4.
2. When will you be growing? Some
high tunnels and greenhouses are
designed to support or shed a
winter’s snow load. But, they are
much more expensive per square foot
than row cover and/or plastic over
low tunnels or caterpillar tunnels. If
you aren’t growing or harvesting
crops when there is likely to be snow,
then you can use a less sturdy (and less expensive) structure.
3. When will the new market season be? It is easier to add a product to an existing market
outlet than it is to develop a new market or buyers.
4. What price can you charge for your products? Will you be able to recoup the higher cost
of production from using the season extension technology? Keep in mind that there can
be benefits that are hard to calculate. You may not make much money on a specific
item, but if it draws customers to your farm stand, then it can increase overall income.
5. What will you need to implement this technology successfully? Irrigation under the
plastic mulch? Time and equipment to bend hoops for low tunnels? Labor and
equipment for high tunnel construction? Sometimes farmers (and others) will purchase
new equipment with the best of intentions, only to find out that they don’t have the time
to install it or to learn how to use it effectively.
6. Can your farm accommodate something new now? New methods can create a mental
and emotional drain as you learn how to implement them. They may take personnel or
funds away from other parts of the farm, perhaps leaving those areas critically
unsupported. Field and pest management activities will be different. Structures may
need frequent monitoring, even
multiple times a day. Yield
reductions or crop losses are
possible if temperatures get too
high or if high winds destroy the
structure. This is especially true
for those structures that are
passively ventilated. While none
of these demands is a deal-
breaker, it is important to keep
these points in mind. If you or
your farm business is already
struggling, a significant new
undertaking might be helpful, or
it might strain the situation to the
breaking point.
3. Making the Right Choice for Your Farm Page 3
Black plastic mulch covering no-frame raised beds.
Photo by Caragh Fitzgerald, The University of Maine
TECHNIQUES
No-cost or very low-cost options. Some methods of season extension are free or very
inexpensive. They may also require little or no cost or equipment. These include:
• Field selection. Take advantage of southern-sloping fields that warm fastest in the
spring. Avoid planting your earliest, most tender crops in low areas, since this is
where the cold air will sink. Soil that dries out quickly will warm faster than a heavy,
wet, high-clay soil.
• Variety selection and planting dates. Choose varieties that are more heat- or cold-
tolerant to extend the harvest season. Many seed catalogs now recommend certain
varieties for season extension or for growing in high tunnels. Succession planting
can also ensure harvestable product later in the season.
• Transplants. For plants that will grow well from transplants, use them to give you a
head start on the season. By the time the soil and weather warms sufficiently for
outdoor growth, you will be putting a small plant out, not a seed.
• Wind breaks. Wind breaks can create a small area with locally warmer conditions.
Small grains, perennial grasses, trees, or a fence may help to block crops from early-
season winds. Careful selection must be made to be certain that the wind break is of
sufficient height to be effective and that it does not shade the crop or compete for
water or nutrients.
• Raised beds. Soil in raised beds will dry and warm faster than soil that is flat in the
field. Home gardeners often use frames to contain the soil of their raised beds, but
no-frame raised beds are more practical for commercial production. Bed heights of
6-8 inches are common.
Mulch. Plastic mulches are used to raise the
temperature of soil beneath them. Much of
the temperature increase occurs when the
plastic is in direct contact with the soil, so it
is important that the plastic is laid tightly
against the soil. Black plastic mulch
suppresses weed growth and will raise
daytime soil temperature. Compared to bare
soil, the temperature will be about 5° higher
at 2 inch soil depth and 3° higher at 4 inches.
IRT (infrared-transmitting) plastic raises soil
temperatures more than black plastic. It also
transmits more light, so weed suppression is
reduced. In some parts of the country,
colored plastic mulches have been shown to
reduce insect incidence. This has not been
shown to be true in Maine.
Plastic mulches conserve water, but many growers, especially those on sandy soils, will use
trickle irrigation under the plastic to provide adequate moisture.
4. Page 4 Extending the Production Season
Peppers getting an early start in a low tunnel. Row cover is supported
by wire hoops. Note plastic mulch. Photo courtesy of Johnny’s
Selected Seeds.
Biodegradable mulches are also available. They tend to be more expensive, but recent
research shows that some types provide soil-warming and weed-suppression similar to
black plastic. For more information about biodegradable mulches, see
http://www.newenglandvfc.org/pdf_proceedings/biomulches.pdf
Other mulches, such as straw or newspaper, are good at conserving soil moisture, and they
can also help suppress weeds. However, they will keep soils cooler than if the ground were
bare.
Row cover. Row cover is translucent spun-bonded material. The lighter weights of this
material are often used as a physical barrier to insects. Heavier weights of the material will
keep the temperature of the enclosed area elevated. These materials can be applied in long
narrow rows to cover one or two beds, or they can be used in large sheets. It is important
to secure the edges, or else the row cover will blow away.
The thicker the row cover is, the more
heat it will retain. The thicker materials
also allow less light to penetrate, so you
will need to strike a balance between
heat retention and light. If you use
heavy weight materials, you will also
have to be careful that temperatures
don’t get too high for the plants
underneath.
The lighter weight materials can be laid
directly on most plants without support.
Some plants, such as eggplant and
pepper, have sensitive growing points,
though, which may be damaged
without support.
Plastic cover. Plastic cover is even more effective at raising and retaining heat than row
cover. But, it does not allow any water in, and plants can be “cooked” if the enclosure is
not vented. Venting by lifting or removing plastic by hand can be time-consuming, so some
farmers use slitted or perforated plastic covers. When temperatures are cold, the slits are
mostly closed. When temperatures under the plastic heat up, the hot air rises through the
pre-cut slits in the plastic.
If plastic is being used to keep frost off the plants, it must not be allowed to touch them.
Low tunnel. Low tunnels are structures built from short (usually less than 3 feet high)
supports that hold plastic or row cover above the plants. The cover can then be used to
protect the plants from frost, since the material is not touching the plants. The supports will
prevent any potential distortion in plant growth from contact with the cover. The cover still
needs to be secured on the ground. Depending on your area’s snow load, the material used
for the supports, and the spacing of these supports, low tunnels may or may not be able to
withstand winter snows.
Walk-in or caterpillar tunnel. Walk-in or caterpillar tunnels use still taller supports. They
are typically between 8’ and 18’ wide, around 6’ or more tall, and 24’ to 300’ long. The
cover (plastic or row cover) is held above the supports by a rope between the centers of the
supports and by ropes crossing between the supports from side to side. Ventilation is
5. Making the Right Choice for Your Farm Page 5
High tunnel with raised beds. Note roll-up sides. Photo
by Caragh Fitzgerald, The University of Maine
Walk-in or caterpillar tunnel. Photo courtesy of Johnny’s Selected Seeds.
necessary to keep the crops from
overheating. This is achieved by
pushing the cover up along the
sides. Friction keeps the cover up,
although sometimes clamps or other
techniques are needed. The type
and spacing of supports will
influence the structure’s ability to
withstand high winds and winter
snows.
High tunnel/hoophouse. High
tunnels (or hoophouses) were
originally envisioned as a low-cost
alternative to greenhouses. They
consist of hoop-style supports
covered with plastic. The structures
are tall, typically 6 feet or higher at
the center. The plastic is attached
in a way that the sides can be either rolled up or dropped down for ventilation. High tunnels
protect the crops from some of the season’s later or earlier frosts. They are often used to
enhance the production of warm season crops as well as growing and holding cool season
crops for winter harvest as made popular in Eliot Coleman’s book Four Season Harvest.
Many structures have no heat or electricity. This is a highly-adaptable type of structure,
though, and farmers have designed many modifications by using a variety of materials,
adding supplemental heat sources, and using fans for supplemental ventilation. You may
also include other season extension techniques in a high tunnel, such as plastic mulch, row
covers, or low tunnels.
In Maine, the weight of the snow is a very
serious concern for high tunnel owners. Some
designs (gothic vs. Quonset) and materials
(galvanized pipe vs. PVC pipe) are better than
others at withstanding the weight of winter
snow. Removing the plastic in the fall eliminates
the possibility of collapse for a weaker high
tunnel. You may also roll the plastic up to the
peak of the house and secure it there.
Although high tunnels were originally designed
to not have heat, some farmers have installed
supplemental heat. Techniques range from a
wood or corn stove to in-ground heat provided
by propane, waste vegetable oil, or solar hot
water. If you are considering adding
supplemental heat, first carefully evaluate the economic benefit you hope to gain and the
cost of the system. Then, be sure to watch your crops carefully to be sure that you don’t
create other production problems with this heat source.
Conventional greenhouse. While some of the techniques discussed above may be described
as low-input greenhouses, a conventional greenhouse will have electricity and heat.
Because of the type and number of crops grown, the production often occurs in flats or pots
on tables or benches, rather than in the ground. With a conventional greenhouse, you can
6. Page 6 Extending the Production Season
Greenhouse showing intensive production methods and
diverse crops. Furnaces are at both ends of the greenhouse.
Photo by Mark Hedrich, Agricola Farms
grow plants far beyond their typical production period. Plant growth in a greenhouse is
rapid, and pest development can be rapid also.
Because of the cost of materials and
equipment, a conventional greenhouse is
expensive to set up and maintain. Carefully
evaluate the needs of your crops to be certain
a conventional greenhouse is warranted. You
should also develop a good marketing and
business plan.
There are many greenhouse styles, materials
(supports and covering), benches, heat
sources, lighting, and ventilation options to
consider. Consult the references at the end
of this article for more specific information
and links.
There have been a number of case studies
written about heating options for Vermont
greenhouses. See http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/energylinks.html for links to these
reports.
ESTIMATED COSTS OF VARIOUS SEASON EXTENSION TECHNIQUES
These estimates are provided for general planning purposes only. Actual costs are
extremely variable, and depend on specific materials, amounts or sizes purchased and used,
and labor. Do your research!
$ Plastic mulch, row cover, plastic cover, low tunnel: less than $0.10/ft2
material.
Additional costs are likely (such as trickle irrigation, supports, staples or pins to secure
material). The amount of row cover or plastic cover needed will often be greater than the
square footage covered, since the material will be raised over plants or supports.
$$ Walk-in tunnel: less than $0.50/ft2
.
$$$ High tunnel: less than $1.00 to $3.00/ft2
or more.
$$$$ Conventional greenhouse: $3.00 to $10.00 or more/ft2
.
(Values from costs from commercial suppliers, January 2011; Blomgren and Frisch, 2007;
Diver, Steve. 2000. Organic greenhouse vegetable production. ATTRA/NCAT.
http://attra.org/attra-pub/ghveg.html)
SUMMARY
There are a variety of techniques that can help you extend your production or harvest
season. These will allow you to increase the number of products available and/or the period
they are available. Choosing the technique(s) that will work for you depends on what you
want to achieve, the markets available to you, the price you can charge, the requirements
of the technology, and your ability to incorporate something new. Many farmers have found
these techniques to be important to their overall profitability. Careful research,
experimentation, and record-keeping will tell you if one or more is a good fit for you.
7. Making the Right Choice for Your Farm Page 7
High tunnel showing intensive vegetable planting to
maximize use of space. Photo by Caragh Fitzgerald,
The University of Maine
RESOURCES
On-line publications
Bachman, Janet. (2005) Season extension techniques for market gardeners.
ATTRA/NCAT. http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/seasonext.pdf 42-page publication outlining
cultural practices, plasticulture, and economics of season extension.
Blomgren, Ted and Tracy Frisch. (2007) High tunnels: using low-cost technology to
increase yields, improve quality, and extend the season. Produced by Regional Farm and
Food Project and Cornell University with funding from USDA Northeast Sustainable Agriculture
Research and Education. http://www.uvm.edu/sustainableagriculture/hightunnels.html 77-page
manual focusing on high tunnels, but also including walk-in tunnels and low tunnels. Sections on
marketing, site considerations, selecting a structure, construction tips, environmental
management, soil and crop management, and pest management. Six case studies.
Healy, Will, James Hanson, and Stanton Gill. (no date) Starting in the greenhouse
business. Fact Sheet 593. Maryland Cooperative Extension.
http://extension.umd.edu/publications/pdfs/fs593.pdf 8-page fact sheet including lists of crops,
outlining types of production, site selection, costs of construction (1990 prices).
Roos, Debbie and Doug Jones. (no date) Season Extension. North Carolina Cooperative
Extension, Chatham County Center.
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/SeasonExtensionOctober2005a.pdf
16-page publication describing the mechanisms of season extension, cultural practices, fabrics,
and structures.
Print/video publications
High tunnel production manual. 2nd
edition.
(2003) Center for Plasticulture. The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, PA.
Construction and maintenance, planting, irrigation,
environment, pest management, nutrient
management, mulching, crop production (vegetable,
berry, cut flower, sweet cherry), economics,
marketing, organic methods, heating with waste
plastics. http://plasticulture.psu.edu/node/115 book
order information.
Blomgren, Ted and Tracy Frish, producers. (no date)
High Tunnels. Using low cost technology to
increase yields, improve quality, and extend
the season. Produced by Regional Farm and Food
Project and Cornell University with funding from
USDA Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education. 43-minute video featuring 6
farms in 5 northeastern states. http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/Videos/hightunnelvideo.html
DVD order form.
Byczynski, Lynn, ed. (2009) The hoophouse handbook: growing produce and flowers in
hoophouses and high tunnels. 2nd
edition. Growing for Market (single issue magazine).
Farmer experiences, materials, design, construction.
Coleman, Eliot. (2009) The winter harvest handbook. Chelsea Green Publications.
Schedules, “cold” and “cool” greenhouses, crop types, greenhouse design, cropping methods,
pests, marketing and economics, and tools.
8. Page 8 Extending the Production Season
Coleman, Eliot. (1992) Four-season harvest: organic vegetables from your home
garden all year long. Chelsea Green Publications. Written for home gardeners, but useful
information about cold frames and mobile high tunnels, as well as planting schedules.
Web Links
Construction of high tunnels: Resources for organic farmers.
http://www.extension.org/article/18369 eXtension. Brief article and links.
Cornell University High Tunnels http://www.hort.cornell.edu/hightunnel/index.html Cornell
University. Links to sections about structures, crops, business and marketing.
Energy information for vegetable and berry growers.
http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/energylinks.html University of Vermont Extension.
Includes case studies of greenhouse heating options.
Greenhouse. http://newfarm.osu.edu/crops/greenhouse.html Ohio State University. Links to
information about greenhouse production.
Greenhouse crops and floriculture.
http://umass.edu/umext/floriculture/fact_sheets/business_management/resources_bus_mgt.html
UMass Extension. Resources for starting a Massachusetts greenhouse business.
Hightunnels.org. http://www.hightunnels.org/ Project of K-State Research and Extension,
University of Missouri Extension, and University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. Information for
educators and growers.
The Pennsylvania State Center for Plasticulture. http://plasticulture.psu.edu/ Pennsylvania
State University. Links to research and information about crops, plastic mulches, high tunnels.
Worldwide Greenhouse Education. http://www.uvm.edu/wge/ University of Vermont,
University of Florida, University of Arizona, Ohio State University, USDA/CSREES. Educational
materials and links.
Written by:
Caragh B. Fitzgerald
Assistant Extension Professor
University of Maine Cooperative Extension
cfitzgerald@maine.edu
622-7546, 800-287-1481 (toll free in Maine)
January, 2011
Reviewed by:
Mark Hutchinson, Associate Extension Professor, University of Maine Cooperative Extension
Richard Kersbergen, Extension Professor, University of Maine Cooperative Extension
Produced with
funding support from